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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
131

Desenvolvimento de um Sistema de Dosagem de Gás (SDG) adequado para calorimetria de adsorção de gases em materiais sólidos / Development of a Gas Dosing System (SDG) suitable for calorimetric : studies of adsorption of gases on solids

Oliveira Junior, Nilton Geraldo de 10 November 2012 (has links)
Orientador: José de Alencar Simoni / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T16:07:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OliveiraJunior_NiltonGeraldode_D.pdf: 4930044 bytes, checksum: 204f1c5204b5f67286a3096436fe5742 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta os aspectos teóricos e práticos do desenvolvimento de um novo Sistema de Dosagem de Gás, denominado SDG, projetado para medir a quantidade de gás adsorvida em materiais sólidos. O SDG é um dispositivo mecânico-eletrônico, de volume fixo, controlado por computador e com geometria adequada para ser inserido dentro do calorímetro comercial LKB 2277, possibilitando o acesso às informações termoquímicas sobre o processo de adsorção em estudo. Os procedimentos experimentais e os detalhes práticos mais importantes sobre o funcionamento do SDG são abordados. Resultados de adsorção de vapor de etanol e vapor de água em sílica gel, bem como de CO2 em carvão ativado, são apresentados e discutidos à luz dos objetivos do projeto; que consistiu na construção e no desenvolvimento do SDG. São apresentados, ainda, aspectos sobre estudos preliminares de adsorção de CO2 que foram realizados em materiais à base de sílica modificados com grupos amina na superfície. O SDG comporta amostras sólidas com valores de massa que podem chegar a até 300 miligramas e operar nas escalas de sensibilidade do microcalorímetro comercial LKB 2277. Devido às características próprias do SDG e do calorímetro comercial, os resultados de entalpia de adsorção gás/sólido experimentais mais confiáveis se originam de dados de variação de pressão com DP acima de 3 mmHg e de efeitos térmicos acima de 100 mJ / Abstract: This work presents the theoretical and the practical aspects of development of a Gas Dosing System (SDG) that was projected for the calorimetric study of gas/solid adsorption. The SDG is a computer controlled electromechanical device that could be inserted into the commercial calorimeter LKB 2277. The experimental procedures and the more important practical details on the operation of the SDG are described here. The results of the adsorption of ethanol vapor, water vapor and gaseous CO2 onto silica gel are herein presented and discussed taking into consideration the goal of the project, that is, the development of the SDG. Here is also presented some initial studies of CO2 adsorption onto carbon nanotubes and silica gel with surface anchored amine groups. In general, the SDG showed be suitable for the use ethanol vapor and CO2 gas but not suitable to water vapor. The diversity of materials that make up the SDG and its own characteristics and unprecedented, lead to restrictions on the uses of certain gases. In the current configuration, the SDG operating logic (device control, and collection and processing of data) is fully established and the equipment is suitable to perform measurements of adsorption of gases on solids, and can be used for gas pressures between 0 and 100 mmHg, with accuracy of 0.1 mmHg. The SDG holds solid samples (adsorbate) of mass values of up to 300 milligrams and operates on scales of sensitivity of the calorimeter LKB 2277. Due to the SDG characteristics, the enthalpies of the gas/solid adsorption are more reliable for pressure variations (DP) greater than 3 mmHg and for thermal effects greater than 100 mJ / Doutorado / Físico-Química / Doutor em Ciências
132

Estudo calorimétrico da influência de xenobióticos na atividade microbiana de alguns solos cultivados por algodão / Calorimetric study of xenobiotic influence on the microbial activity of some cotton cultivated soils

Ullah, Hameed, 1983- 20 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: José de Alencar Simoni / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T04:40:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ullah_Hameed_D.pdf: 3883316 bytes, checksum: 16c65c6adf8cd9be149151992846d83b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O presente estudo investiga a influência da adição de alguns xenobióticos comuns em práticas agrícolas, na atividade microbiana de três solos de diferentes regiões, utilizando a calorimetria isotérmica. Amostras de Latosolo vermelho do Brasil: Unik (Unicamp-Campinas) de mata original, Lebra (Leme-SP) cultivada por algodão, e Pak (Faisalabad, Paquistão) cultivada por algodão. Esses solos foram caracterizados por análise elementar de CHN, pH e acidez total, análise microbiológica e análises térmicas (TGA e DSC). A atividade microbiana foi acompanhada por calorimetria isotérmica, com o objetivo de se investigar a influência de fatores como: tempo de armazenamento, estação de coleta, adição de herbicidas do grupo das sulfoniluréias; clorimuron e metsulfurom, e arsênio. Utilizou-se a glicose como substrato principal, como fonte de carbono, nesse estudo. Os principais resultados evidenciam que o uso dos herbicidas conjuntamente com glicose aumentou a liberação de energia e, portanto, de CO2, quando comparado à adição simples de glicose. A emissão de CO2 (catabolismo) também foi maior para os solos com cultivo intensivo de monocultura de algodão, sendo que a ordem de emissão foi Pak>Lebra>Unik1. Por outro lado a adição de As provoca uma diminuição do catabolismo e, portanto, diminuindo a emissão de CO2 / Abstract: The present study investigates the influence of the addition of some xenobiotics, commonly used in agricultural practices, on the microbial activity of soils from three different regions, by using isothermal calorimetry. Samples of red Latosol from Brazil: Unik (Unicamp-Campinas) of the original forest, Lebra (Leme, São Paulo) cultivated with cotton, and Pak (Faisalabad, Pakistan) cultivated with cotton. These soils were characterized by CHN elemental analysis, pH, total acidity, microbiological analysis and thermal analysis (TGA and DSC). Microbial activity was monitored by isothermal calorimetry, in order to investigate the influence of factors such as time of storage, collection station, the addition of the sulfonylurea herbicides, chlorimuron and metsulfuron, and arsenic ion. Glucose was used as main substrate as carbon source in this study. The main results show that the use of the herbicides together with glucose increased the release of energy, so CO2, compared to the simple addition of glucose. The CO2 emissions (catabolism) was also higher for soils with intensive cultivation of cotton monoculture, and the order was Pak > Lebra > Unik1. Moreover the addition of As causes a decrease in catabolism and thus decreasing the CO2 production to the environment / Doutorado / Físico-Química / Doutor em Ciências
133

Sílica gel quimicamente modificada com epicloridrina na presença ou ausência de solvente = estudo termodinâmico da interação envolvendo o cobre / Chemically modified silica gel with epichlorohydrin in presence or absence of solvent : termodynamic study involving copper interaction

Silva, Irlene Maria Pereira e, 1982- 20 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Claudio Airoldi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T09:35:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_IrleneMariaPereirae_M.pdf: 2812788 bytes, checksum: 83395128353119e4c0fa5e54a5e9748a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O polímero inorgânico sílica gel foi usado como suporte em reações de modificações de superfície, devido à presença de grupos silanol (Si-OH) na superfície, que confere grande reatividade em processo de imobilização. A superfície da sílica gel foi organofuncionalizada com epicloridrina a partir de uma nova rota sem a presença de silano ou solvente, reduzindo assim o impacto ambiental e o custo da reação. Este método, denominado de "rota sem solvente¿, foi otimizado com a realização de um planejamento experimental 2, variando o tempo da reação, a temperatura e o volume de epicloridrina utilizado. Para fins de comparação, a sílica gel também foi funcionalizada com epicloridrina a partir de duas rotas convencionais: a homogênea e a heterogênea, utilizando tolueno como solvente, 3-aminopropiltrietoxissilano como silano, além da epicloridrina. Para aumentar a disponibilidade de sítios básicos, foi adicionada uma nova cadeia orgânica a partir da reação com a dietanolamina para favorecer a sorção de cobre. Os produtos destas reações foram denominados de SiDM, SiDT e SiD, para as rotas homogênea, heterogênea e sem solvente, respectivamente. As sílicas obtidas foram caracterizadas por de análise elementar, espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, ressonância magnética nuclear no estado sólido para os núcleos de carbono e silício, e termogravimetria. Foram determinadas as capacidades de sorção dos íons de cobre (sorbato) através das sílicas modificadas (sorvente) obtidas pelas rotas homogênea, SiDM, heterogênea, SiDT, e sem solvente, SiD. A primeira sílica apresentou maior capacidade de sorção, 0,32 mmol g, seguida pelas sílicas SiD e SiDT com os valores de capacidade de sorção de 0,27 e 0,11 mmol g. A sílica obtida sem solvente satisfaz melhor o compromisso com a Química Verde. Sua capacidade de sorção superou SiDT, mesmo tendo um centro básico de nitrogênio a menos em relação as sílicas funcionalizadas com silano. As grandezas termodinâmicas calculadas a partir da titulação calorimétrica e batelada mostraram que em todos os sistemas estudados a interação entre os íons de cobre com os centros básicos na interface sólido/líquido é energeticamente favorável, pois apresentaram valores negativos de energia de Gibbs e entalpia exotérmica, e valores positivos de entropia, exceto para SiDM. Apesar desse valor de entropia negativo, ele não tornou o processo desfavorável / Abstract: The inorganic polymer silica gel was used as support of reactions on surface modifications due to the presence of silanol (Si-OH) groups that confers greater reactivity in immobilization process. The silica gel surface was organofunctionalized with epichlorohydrin from a new route without the presence of silane or solvent, thus reducing the environmental impact and cost of the reaction. This method, called "absence solvent route¿ was optimized with the realization of an experimental planning 2, varying reaction time, temperature and amount of epichlorohydrin. For comparison, the silica gel was functionalized with epichlorohydrin also from two conventional routes: a homogeneous and heterogeneous, using toluene as solvent, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane and epichlorohydrin. To increase the availability of basic sites it was added a new organic chain from a reaction with diethanolamine, to favor the sorption of copper. The products of these reactions were named SIDM, SIDT and SiD for the homogeneous, heterogeneous and absence solvent routes, respectively. All silicas were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance in solid state for carbon and silicon nuclei and thermogravimetry. The sorption capacity of copper ions (sorbate) using the modified silicas (sorbent) obtained by the homogeneous, SIDM, heterogeneous SIDT, and without solvent, SiD, routes was determined. The first silica showed higher sorption capacity 0.31 mmol g, followed by SiD and SIDT silicas, as 0.27 and 0.11 mmol g. The silica obtained without solvent performs the best agreement to green chemistry. The sorption capacity of SIDT silica surpassed even having one basic nitrogen center less than that one functionalized with silane. The calculated thermodynamic properties from calorimetric titration and batch wire process showed that for all studied systems the interaction between copper ions with basic centers at the solid/liquid interface is energetically favorable, since they have negative Gibbs energies and exothermic enthalpies, and positive entropy values, except with SiDM. In despite of entropy with negative value, it did not make the process unfavorable / Mestrado / Quimica Inorganica / Mestra em Química
134

O biopolímero quitosana, modificado quimicamente ou reticulado com metais, em forma de pó ou esfera, aplicado no estudo termiquímico da interação com cobre e aminas alifáticas / The biopolymer chitosan, chemically modified or crosslinked with metals in powder or bead forms, applied in thermochemical study of copper and aliphatic amine interactions

Oliveira, Margarete, 1955- 20 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Claudio Airoldi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T16:49:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_Margarete_D.pdf: 1553747 bytes, checksum: be6468e728bf6f82ae6cb1e127a8f600 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O biopolímero quitosana foi sintetizado através da desacetilação alcalina do polissacarídeo precursor quitina, mediante reação com hidróxido de sódio e o seu grau de desacetilação foi determinado a partir da espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho. A quitosana foi quimicamente modificada através de reações com acetilacetona, epicloridrina e glutaraldeído, explorando-se a reatividade dos grupos hidroxila e amino livres da estrutura polimérica original. Os derivados na forma de pó foram usados como sorventes para o cátion cobre em solução aquosa. Esferas de quitosana reticulada com Cu foram obtidas através de uma única etapa de reação, o que foi possível devido à grande habilidade do biopolímero em se coordenar ao cátion, através da disponibilidade da função amina na estrutura polimérica. Por adaptação dessa nova metodologia foram obtidas também esferas com Ni e Co. Os novos biopolímeros sintetizados contendo cobre e níquel atuaram com sucesso na remoção de monoaminas de soluções aquosas. Os dados termodinâmicos calculados a partir da titulação calorimétrica mostram que, na sorção do cátion cobre com quitosanas quimicamente modificadas ou de aminas com esferas reticuladas, os efeitos interativos são favoráveis e espontâneos, refletindo em entalpias exotérmicas e valores negativos de energias de Gibbs. Os valores positivos das entropias refletem um aumento de espécies livres em solução, após o efeito interativo, decorrentes da liberação de moléculas do solvente, com dessolvatação tanto do biopolímero, como do cátion ou das moléculas de aminas ligadas ao solvente / Abstract: The biopolymer chitosan was synthesized by alkaline deacetylation of the precursor polysaccharide chitin by reaction with sodium hydroxide, which degree of deacetilation was determined from absorption spectroscopy in the infrared region. Chitosan were chemically modified by reactions with acetylacetone, glutaraldehyde and epichlorohydrin, exploring the reactivity of hydroxyl and amino free pendant groups linked to original polymeric structure. The derivatives in powder form were used as sorbents for copper cation in aqueous solution. Beads of chitosan crosslinked with Cu were obtained from one step reaction, due to the fact that the biopolymer has high ability in cation coordination, through the availability of the amine functions in the polymeric structure. Based on this methodology other spheres containing Ni and Co were also synthesized. The new biopolymers crosslinked with copper and nickel act with success in monoamine removal from aqueous solution. Thermodynamic data calculated from calorimetric titration show that the copper cation sorption on chitosan chemically modified or amines with crosslinked beads at the solid/liquid interface, gave exothermic enthalpies and negative Gibbs energy values, demonstrating that the interactive effects are thermodynamically favorable and spontaneous. The entropic positive values reflect an increase in free species in solution, after interactive effect due to the solvent molecules released, with biopolymer desolvation, as well as, from cation in solution or solvent molecules bonded to aliphatic amines / Doutorado / Quimica Inorganica / Doutor em Ciências
135

The Effect of Progressive Heat Acclimation on Change in Body Heat Content

Poirier, Martin January 2013 (has links)
Heat acclimation increases the local heat loss responses of sweating and skin blood flow which is thought to persist for up to 3 weeks post-acclimation. However, the extent to which increases in local heat loss affect whole-body heat loss as a function of increasing levels of heat stress remains unresolved. Using direct calorimetry, we examined changes in whole-body evaporative heat loss (EHL) during progressive increases in metabolic heat production 1) prior to (Day 0), during (Day 7) and following a 14-day heat acclimation protocol (Day 14) – Induction phase, and; 2) at the end of a 1-week (Day 21) and 2-week decay period (Day 28) – Decay phase. Ten males performed intermittent exercise (3 x 30-min (min) bouts of cycling at 300 (Ex1), 350 (Ex2), and 400 watts•meters2 (W•m2) (Ex3) separated by 10 and 20 min rest periods, respectively). During the induction period, EHL at Day 7 was increased at each of the three exercise bouts (Ex1: + 6%; Ex2 +8%; Ex3: +13%, all p≤0.05) relative to Day 0 (EHL at Ex1: 529 W; Ex2: 625 W; Ex3: 666 W). At Day 14, EHL was increased for all three exercise bouts compared to Day 0 (Ex1: 9%; Ex2: 12%; Ex3: 18%, all p≤0.05). As a result, a lower cumulative change in body heat content (ΔHb) was measured at Day 7 (-30%, p≤0.001) and Day 14 (-47%, p≤0.001). During the decay phase, EHL at Day 21 and 28 was only reduced in Ex 3 (p≤0.05) compared to Day 14. In parallel, ΔHb increased by 39% (p=0.003) and 57% (p≤0.001) on Day 21 and Day 28 relative to Day 14, respectively. When Day 28 was compared to Day 0, EHL remained elevated in each of the exercise bouts (p≤0.05). As such, ΔHb remained significantly lower on Day 28 compared to Day 0 (-16%, p=0.042). We show that 14 days of heat acclimation increases whole-body EHL during exercise in the heat which is maintained 14 days post-acclimation.
136

Termodinâmica da partição do poli (oxido de propileno) em sistemas bifasicos aquosos/orgânicos / Thermodynamics of partitioning of poly (propylene oxide) in aqueous/organic systems

Anselmo, Aleteia Garcia 10 March 2006 (has links)
Orientador: Watson Loh / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T11:45:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Anselmo_AleteiaGarcia_M.pdf: 1348079 bytes, checksum: 03480ee468bf0185ae57c464c2020046 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Neste trabalho estudou-se a partição do poli (óxido de propileno), PPO, poli (N - isopropilacrilamida), PNIPAM, poli (N-vinil-2- pirrolidona), PVP, e poli (óxido de etileno), PEO em sistemas líquidos bifásicos, entre as fases aquosa e orgânica (CHCI3, CH2Cl2 e C6H5CI). Os resultados obtidos indicaram que a partição do PPO, polímero hidrofóbico, é preferencial para as fases orgânicas em todos os sistemas bifásicos estudados, enquanto que para os polímeros hidrofílicos, tais como, o PVP e PNIPAM, a partição ocorre preferencialmente para a fase aquosa. As entalpias de transferência, da fase aquosa para a fase orgânica para estes polímeros, foram determinadas através da técnica de titulação calorimétrica isotérmica e revelaram que para todos os sistemas estudados o processo de transferência é endotérmico. Isto sugere que a solvatação dos polímeros pela fase aquosa é mais energética que quando comparada com a solvatação dos polímeros pela fase orgânica, e que, portanto, para o PPO, o processo de transferência é entropicamente dirigido. Spitzer e colaboradores observaram resultados similares para a partição do poli (óxido de etileno), PEO, em sistemas bifásicos contendo CHCl3 e CH2Cl2, (Spitzer et aI.; J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 12448). Em comparação com o PEO, os valores de entalpia de transferência obtidos para o PPO são mais positivos, o mesmo pode ser observado para o coeficiente de partição. A partição do PPO pode ser explicada em termos de efeito hidrofóbico, o qual propõe a liberação das moléculas de água que estariam solvatando o polímero quando este é transferido para a fase orgânica. / Abstract: In this work the partitioning of poly (propylene oxide), PPO, poly (Nisopropylacrylamide), PNIPAM, poly (vinyl pyrrolidone), PVP and poly (ethylene oxide), PEO between aqueous and organic phases (CHCI3, CH2Cl2 and C6H5CI) was investigated. The results reveal that for all biphasic systems the partitioning of PPO, a hydrophobic polymer, to organic phase is predominant, while for PVP and PNIPAM, hydrophilic polymers, partitioning is always preferential towards the aqueous phase. The enthalpies of transfer for these polymers from aqueous to organic phases were calorimetrically determined and revealed an endothermic process for all the systems investigated, suggesting that solvatation of polymers in aqueous phase is more energetic than organic phase and, therefore, the process of transfer must be entropically driven for PPO. Spitzer and coworkers observed similar results for the partitioning of PEO in biphasic systems containing CHCl3 and CH2Cl2, (Spitzer et aI.; J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 12448). In comparison with PEO, the enthalpies of transfer of PPO are more positive, the same being observed for the partition coefficients. These data indicate that partitioning of PPO can be explained within the framework of the hydrophobic effect, whereby water molecules that were originally solvating the polymer are released when this is transferred to the organic phase. / Mestrado / Físico-Química / Mestre em Química
137

Kinetics of E. coli Topoisomerase I and Energetic Studies of DNA Supercoiling by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry

Xu, Xiaozhou 28 October 2010 (has links)
In this thesis, on the basis of the asymmetrical charge distribution of E. coli topoisomerase I, I developed a new rapid procedure to purify E. coli DNA topoismoerase I in the milligram range. The new procedure includes using both cation- and anion-exchange columns, i.e., SP-sepharose FF and Q-sepharose FF columns. E. coli topoisomerase I purified here is free of nuclease contamination. The kinetic constants of the DNA relaxation reaction of E. coli DNA topoisomerase I were determined as well. I also used isothermal titration calorimetry to investigate the energetics of DNA supercoiling by using the unwinding properties of DNA intercalators, ethidium and daunomycin. After comparing the enthalpy changes of these DNA intercalators binding to supercoiled and nicked or relaxed plasmid DNA pXXZ06, I determined the DNA supercoiling enthalpy is about 12 kcal/mol per turn of DNA supercoil, which is in good agreement with the previously published results.
138

Review of scalar meson production at √S = 7 TeV in CMS, U(1)′ gauge extensions of the MSSM and calorimetry for future colliders

Bilki, Burak 01 July 2011 (has links)
The three main parts of this thesis demonstrate our current understanding of certain physics but mostly go beyond our understanding and present novel approaches, both technically and physically. The first part concentrates on the scalar mesons and presents search methodology to enable a better understanding of their existence and structures. The second part discusses one step further on beyond the standard model physics searches. Emphasis is given to discriminating factors between the MSSM and the U(1)' gauge extended models. The last part discusses a specific readout problem in calorimetry together with its solution and presents the digital hadron calorimetry, which will be an essential part of calorimeter systems of future colliders.
139

GLAST CsI(Tl) Crystals

Bergenius, Sara January 2004 (has links)
No description available.
140

A calorimetric study of metal ion cyclic polyether interaction :|bI. Cation binding properties of macrocyclic polyethers in aqueous solution as a function of temperature ; II. Effect of solvent dielectric constant on the binding properties of cyclic polyethers for Na[superscript +] and K[superscript +]

Nelson, Dennis Pershing 01 May 1971 (has links)
The complexation properties of the two isomers of the cyclic polyether dicyclohexyl-18-crown-6 are examined in aqueous solution for a series of metal ions at various reaction temperatures. The results are discussed in terms of size relationships and salvation characteristics of both polyether and metal ions. ΔCp° values are determined from the temperature dependence of the ΔH° values. A discussion of the errors involved in the determination of ΔH° from the temperature dependence of log K values is also included. Comparisons are made between the results of this study and those of a similar study by H. K. Frensdorff, E. I. duPont de Nemours and Co., Wilmington, Delaware, in press. The complexation reactions of dicyclohexyl- and dibenzo-18-crown-6 and benzo-15-crown-5 with Na^+ and K^+ ions are reported in non-aqueous solvents and methanol-water mixtures. The results are discussed with reference to their application in model systems of ion transport. In general the stabilities of the polyether-cation complexes were found to increase with decreasing dielectric constant of the solvent medium. In the methanol-water mixtures large compensating ΔH° and ΔS° changes were observed above 70 weight percent methanol, while the log K values showed a nearly linear increase with increasing methanol concentration. Salvation of the polyethers and metal ions and complexation of ion pairs in non-aqueous solvents are discussed.

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