Texte remanié de: Th. Ph. D.--Lettres--Université de Lagos, 1990. / Bibliogr. p. 131-150. Index.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the academic requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences. Johannesburg, June 2018. / Lantana camara L. (sensu lato) (Verbenaceae) remains one of the worst invasive alien plants in most tropical and subtropical parts of the world, including South Africa. Despite a concerted biological control (biocontrol) effort, with 45 biocontrol agents released against the weed worldwide since the early 1900s to date, L. camara control is far from satisfactory in most areas, including the study area. In 2012, during the initial stage of this work, a plant-ecological survey was conducted in riparian areas along the Sabie River, across an altitudinal gradient, and also in the adjacent forest plantation areas, in the province of Mpumalanga (South Africa). As a follow-up to two separate previous studies in the same area (1996/7 and 2005), aimed at determining the effectiveness of the ‘Working for Water’s (WfW) invasive alien plant (IAP) control programme, this work is another milestone in a long-term monitoring study. However, despite 16 years (1996/7-2012) of integrated IAP-control operations in the area, the WfW programme was only able to successfully remove larger overstorey IAPs, which opened-up the canopy and reduced competition, creating a conducive growing environment for an amalgamation of understorey IAPs, including L. camara, whose spread and densification were still on the rise. Biocontrol is regarded as a better alternative for long-term, sustainable and environmentally friendly IAP control, compared to the conventional mechanical and chemical methods. Most L. camara biocontrol agents introduced into South Africa have not yet had their full impact quantified under field conditions. This work is novel in that, for the first time, it quantifies the combined impact of the ‘old plus new’ suite of L. camara biocontrol agents, on the growth, reproduction and biomass of the weed under field conditions, in an inland area, through an insecticidal exclusion experiment, using carbofuran. Five prominent biocontrol agents occur on L. camara at the study sites, namely the fruit-mining fly, Ophiomyia lantanae (Froggatt) (Diptera: Agromyzidae); the shoot-sucking bug, Teleonemia scrupulosa Stål (Hemiptera: Tingidae); the defoliating moth, Hypena laceratalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae); the leaf-mining beetle, Octotoma scabripennis Guèrin-Mèneville (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae); and the fungal leaf-spot pathogen, cf. Passalora sp. (Chupp) U. Braun & Crous var. lantanae. During the course of this study, an additional agent, the flower-galling mite, Aceria lantanae (Cook) (Acari: Trombidiformes: Eriophyidae), was released and successfully established at lower altitudes (~843 m), showing an affinity for the dark-pink L. camara variety over others in the study area, namely light-pink and red-orange. Agent impact was difficult to measure because the activity of carbofuran in exclusion plants (carbofuran-treated L. camara plants) was short-lived; and therefore the impact of biocontrol agents on L. camara, which appeared to be negligible, may have been underestimated. Despite failing to maintain the ‘exclusion’ plants biocontrol agent-free through the application of carbofuran, there were reductions of 28% in the number of side-stems per plant, 31% fewer seeds in the soil seedbank, and 29% lower seed production, in ‘biocontrol’ plants compared to ‘exclusion’ plants. Although these differences were not statistically significant, they suggest that the present suite of biocontrol agents slightly reduces the vegetative and reproductive growth of L. camara. To achieve significant biocontrol of L. camara in inland areas, it seems necessary to introduce additional agents, which are well adapted to inland climatic conditions. The effects of micro-environmental factors, namely altitude and the degree of shading, were also investigated. Some biocontrol agents, such as T. scrupulosa, exhibited feeding phenological plasticity, resulting in it maintaining its presence at different altitudinal levels throughout the seasons. The performance of the suite of biocontrol agents, except A. lantanae, was, also, not limited by plant varietal differences. Additional research on biological and integrated control of L. camara is required. Keywords: Biocontrol; Biological invasion; Carbofuran; Insecticidal exclusion; Invasive alien plants; Lantana camara; Post-release evaluation. / LG2018

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T19:20:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Martinho Condini.pdf: 717696 bytes, checksum: c589d0f49c1898fe93f9c4597cd33f32 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-03-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In this dissertation it is sought to show the actuation of Dom Hélder Pessoa Câmara, a model of hope in his tireless search for peace and social justice, in the north-east of Brazil, in Brazil as a whole, and in the World. It also highlights his important participation in the process of transformation of the Catholic Church from the second half of the twentieth century on. Before the realization of the Council Vatican II (1962-1965), the Catholic Church of Brazil started a process of renewal. This process of renewal of Brazilian ecclesiastic life took on greater visibility with the foundation of the National Conference of Bishops of Brazil (Conferência Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil0, the CNBB, on the 14th of October of 1952. If the Council Vatican II meant opening for the Church all over the world, much more for the Latin-American Church. The second and third General Conference of Latin-American Episcopate in Medellín (1968) and Puebla (1979) were a rethink of the teachings of the Council from the perspective of the Latin America, branded by poverty, social differences, and the repression imposed by the military regimen. Dom Hélder participated intensely in all this process of renewal of the Church and fight for human rights in the society. The dissertation reaps the hope that the actuation of Dom Hélder awakes inside and outside of the Church. Over the years, Dom Hélder became the mediator of hope, a prophet for the Church in Brazil / Esta dissertação procura mostrar a atuação de Dom Hélder Pessoa Câmara, um modelo de esperança na sua incansável busca pela paz, e a luta pela justiça social, no Nordeste, no Brasil e no Mundo. Também destaca a sua importante participação no processo de transformação da Igreja Católica a partir da segunda metade do século XX. No Brasil, sua renovação tem início antes da realização do Concílio Vaticano II (1962-1965), mas alcança maior visibilidade com a fundação da Conferência Nacional dos Bispos do Brasil CNBB , em 14 de outubro de 1952. Se o Concílio Vaticano II significou abertura para a Igreja em todo o mundo, muito mais para a Igreja latino-americana. A II e a III Conferência Geral do Episcopado Latino- Americano em Medellín (1968) e Puebla (1979) foram uma releitura dos ensinamentos do Concílio a partir da realidade da América Latina, marcada pela pobreza, pela desigualdade e pela repressão imposta pelos militares. E Dom Hélder participou intensamente de todo esse processo de renovação da Igreja e de luta pelos direitos humanos na sociedade, tornando-se, ao longo dos anos, o mediador da esperança, um profeta para a Igreja no Brasil. Esta dissertação colhe a esperança que a atuação de Dom Hélder desperta na Igreja e fora dela, pois a esperança é uma presença constante na vida de Dom Hélder

Lantana camara Linnaeus (Verbenaceae), commonly known as lantana, is a highly invasive weed in many parts of the world. In South Africa it is naturalized in several provinces where it invades pastures, riverbanks, mountain slopes and valleys and commercial and natural forests, forming dense, impenetrable thickets. Chemical and mechanical control methods are expensive, labour intensive and provide only temporary relief as cleared areas are rapidly reinfested by seedlings and coppice growth. A biological control programme was initiated in South Africa in the 1960s, but despite the establishment of 11 agent species, it was considered to have had limited success. Several factors are thought to restrict the impact of the biocontrol agents. Firstly, L. camara occurs in a range of climatic regions, some of which are unsuitable for the establishment of agent species of tropical and subtropical origin. Secondly, L. camara is the result of hybridization between several Lantana species, forming a complex of hybridized and hybridizing varieties in the field, which match none of the Lantana species in the region of origin. This causes partial insect-host incompatibility, displayed as varietal preference. Thirdly, parasitism appears to have significantly reduced the effectiveness of several natural enemies. In spite of all these constraints, biological control has reduced invasion by L. camara by 26%. However, the weed is still very damaging and additional natural enemies are required to reduce infestations further. A flea-beetle species, Alagoasa extrema Jacoby (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), was collected from several sites in the humid subtropical and tropical regions of Mexico, and imported into quarantine in South Africa and studied as a potential biocontrol agent for L. camara. Favourable biological characteristics of this beetle included long-lived adults, several overlapping generations per year, and high adult and larval feeding rates. Observations from the insect’s native range and studies in South Africa suggest that A. extrema would probably be more suited to the subtropical, rather than the temperate areas in South Africa. Laboratory impact studies indicated that feeding damage by A. extrema larvae, over a period spanning the larval stage (16 to 20 days), reduced the above-ground biomass of L. camara plants by up to 29%. Higher larval populations resulted in a higher reduction of biomass. Varietal preference and suitability studies indicated that A. extrema exhibits a degree of varietal preference under laboratory conditions, with one of the white pink L. camara varieties proving the most suitable host. This variety is one of the most damaging varieties in South Africa and is particularly widespread in Mpumalanga Province. Although A. extrema proved to be damaging to L. camara, laboratory host range trials showed it to be an oligophagous species, capable of feeding and developing on several non-target species, especially two native Lippia species (Verbenaceae). The host suitability of these species was marginally lower than that of L. camara and the potential risk to these indigenous species was deemed to be too high to warrant release. It was therefore recommended that A. extrema not be considered for release in South Africa.

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Invasive alien plants threaten natural and agricultural pollination systems as they integrate into and disrupt flower visitation networks. Mango (Mangifera indica) production on commercial mango farms in Hoedspruit, South Africa, is an important part of the local economy. Mangoes require pollination for fruiting success, and depend on the native insect community, facilitated by managed bee colonies (Apis mellifera), to pollinate flowers. Managed honeybees and wild insect flower visitors to mango have previously been observed visiting other flowering plants in surrounding natural vegetation, including the alien invasive plant Lantana camara. Lantana camara and mango share similar floral characteristics and co-occur in close proximity, so they may share pollinators/flower visitors. Here, I determined L. camara’s influence on mango flower visitation networks, specifically whether it facilitates visitation, through greater abundance and diversity of insect flower visitors (facilitation), or competes for flower visitors (competition), and whether it supports mango flower visitors when mango trees are not in flower. This study was conducted on the margins of three mango farms and bordering natural vegetation. Firstly, L. camara’s effect on mango flower visitation was investigated by comparing flower visitation to mango in plots with and without L. camara nearby. The presence of L. camara was associated with greater mango flower visitation, with increases in both flower visitor species abundance and richness. Secondly, the composition of flower visitor communities of mango orchard boundaries and bordering natural vegetation were evaluated. Although some flower visitors were shared between mango and naturally occurring plants, flower visitor community assemblages were significantly different between natural vegetation and mango orchard boundaries. In natural vegetation, flies, butterflies, wasps, wild bees and ants played a primary role in the visitation networks, whereas honeybees, wild bees and flies were the main visitors in mango orchards. The presence of L. camara significantly influenced community structure in both natural vegetation and orchards. Natural vegetation with L. camara had a more diverse flower visitor community than natural vegetation without L. camara. Lantana camara seems to facilitate mango flower visitation during mango flowering, attracting a larger visitor abundance and species richness where it occurs in bordering natural vegetation and nearby mango orchard boundaries. However, L. camara was seen to be visited by few species known to visit mango outside of mango flowering, suggesting that L. camara may benefit more from facilitation than mango. Given its extreme invasive nature and threat to local plants which sustain native pollinators, L. camara should be removed from mango orchards and bordering natural vegetation. Furthermore, farm managers are encouraged to plant and maintain indigenous flowering plants, especially plants with a facilitative value to mango, in land surrounding mango orchards to sustain native wild pollinators beneficial to mango pollination. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Indringerplante bedreig natuurlike- en landboubestuiwingsisteme deur blombesoekingsnetwerke binne te dring en te ontwrig. Mango (Mangifera indica) produksie op kommersiële plase in Hoedspruit, Suid-Afrika, speel 'n belangrike rol in die plaaslike ekonomie. Suksesvolle mangovrugproduksie is afhanklik van bestuiwing deur inheemse insekte, gefasiliteer deur bestuurde heuningbykolonies (Apis mellifera). Dit is vantevore waargeneem dat hierdie heuningbye en inheemse insekblombesoekers ook ander blomme besoek in die omliggende natuurlike plantegroei, veral Lantana camara wat in hierdie areas ook voorkom. Lantana camara en mango deel soortgelyke blomeienskappe en groei baie na aan mekaar op die buitenste rande van mango boorde. In hierdie studie bepaal ek L. camara se invloed op mangoblominsekbesoekers, en kyk spesifiek of dit mangoblombesoeking fasiliteer, deur om die aantal blombesoekers en blombesoekerspesies te verhoog (fasilitering), of mee kompeteer vir blombesoekers (kompetisie), en of dit mangoblombesoekers onderhou wanneer mango bome nie blom nie. Hierdie studie is uitgevoer op die grensgebied tussen die mangoboorde en natuurlike plantegroei van drie mangoplase. Eerstens is L. camara se effek op mango ondersoek deur mangoblombesoeking te vergelyk tussen plotte met en sonder L. camara. Daar is gevind dat L. camara mangoblombesoeking fasiliteer deur om die aantal blombesoekers en besoekerspesies te verhoog. Tweedens is die gemeenskapsamestelling van blombesoekers in mangoboordrande en aangrensende plantegroei geëvalueer. Alhoewel sommige blombesoekers by mango én ander plante gevind word, is hul gemeenskapsamestelling aansienlik verskillend tussen die mangoboordrande en aangrensende plantegroei. Vlieë, skoenlappers, wespe, bye en miere speel 'n primêre rol in die blombesoekingsnetwerke van natuurlike plantegroei, waar hierdie rol in mangoboord-besoekingsnetwerke vervul word deur heuningbye, wilde bye en vlieë. Die teenwoordigheid van L. camara het die gemeenskapstruktuur in beide gebiede beduidend beïnvloed. Die aangrensende natuurlike plantegroei, waar L. camara voorkom, het ‘n meer diverse blombesoekersgemeenskap as dié sonder L. camara. Mangoboorde wat grens aan plantegroei, wat L. camara insluit, het soortgelyk 'n groter blombesoekerspesierykheid en aantal blombesoekers gehad. Dit blyk dat, waar hierdie plant voorkom, Lantana camara mangoblombesoeking fasiliteer tydens mangoblomtyd sowel as om 'n groter aantal blombesoekersinsekte met ‘n groter spesierykheid te lok in beide die mangoboorde en aangrensende natuurlike plantegroei. Daar is egter geen bewyse gevind wat voorstel dat L. camara mangoblombesoekers ondersteun buite mangoblomtyd nie, wat aandui dat L. camara voordeel trek uit die fasiliterende verband met mango. Gegewe L. camara se uiterse indringende geaardheid en bedreiging aan die plaaslike inheemse plantgemeenskap wat inheemse bestuiwers onderhou, word L. camara se verwydering vanuit die aangrensende plantegroei aanbeveel. Dit word aanbeveel om L. camara se fasiliterende rol te vervang deur inheemse blomplante in dié areas aan te plant en natuurlike blomplantegroei te bewaar en te onderhou.

Evarcha culicivora is a salticid with an unusual preferred diet (vertebrate blood obtained indirectly by preying on female mosquitoes that have themselves had recent blood meals) and an unusual affinity for particular plant species (Lantana camara and Ricinus communis). This thesis is a study of how individuals of this species interact with each other, with a general objective being to clarify the role of visual attention and crossmodality priming in the mate-choice behaviour of this species. E. culicivora’s courtship and display behaviour was shown to be especially complex and highly variable. Experiments on vision-based mate-choice showed that mutual mate-choice behaviour is pronounced in E. culicivora and that both sexes prefer large mates over small mates. Olfactometer experiments showed that E. culicivora is attracted to the odours of bloodfed female mosquitoes, Lantana camara and Ricinus communis and opposite-sex conspecifics. A prior diet of blood-fed female mosquitoes enhances attractiveness to the opposite sex. Opposite-sex conspecifics paired with the odour of blood-fed female mosquitoes are also more attractive. Cross-modality priming effects were investigated in other experiments that showed individuals of E. culicivora responded more to visual cues of opposite-sex conspecifics when in the presence of certain odours (of opposite-sex conspecifics, blood-fed female mosquitoes and L. camara).

No description available.

Evarcha culicivora is a salticid with an unusual preferred diet (vertebrate blood obtained indirectly by preying on female mosquitoes that have themselves had recent blood meals) and an unusual affinity for particular plant species (Lantana camara and Ricinus communis). This thesis is a study of how individuals of this species interact with each other, with a general objective being to clarify the role of visual attention and crossmodality priming in the mate-choice behaviour of this species. E. culicivora’s courtship and display behaviour was shown to be especially complex and highly variable. Experiments on vision-based mate-choice showed that mutual mate-choice behaviour is pronounced in E. culicivora and that both sexes prefer large mates over small mates. Olfactometer experiments showed that E. culicivora is attracted to the odours of bloodfed female mosquitoes, Lantana camara and Ricinus communis and opposite-sex conspecifics. A prior diet of blood-fed female mosquitoes enhances attractiveness to the opposite sex. Opposite-sex conspecifics paired with the odour of blood-fed female mosquitoes are also more attractive. Cross-modality priming effects were investigated in other experiments that showed individuals of E. culicivora responded more to visual cues of opposite-sex conspecifics when in the presence of certain odours (of opposite-sex conspecifics, blood-fed female mosquitoes and L. camara).

Thesis (M. Sc. (Zoology and Entomology))--Rhodes University, 2006.

Orientador: Haroldo Gallo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T16:58:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Campos_JoaoCarlosBaptista_M.pdf: 3225275 bytes, checksum: 79182a8d27e8dc24c5c32648da58de44 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A tecnologia alternativa de reprodução de imagens através do sistema de impressão negativo-positivo conhecida como Cianotipia possibilita, pela própria característica química dos sais de ferro fotossensíveis da emulsão, ou seja, sensibilidade à luz ultravioleta, a impressão à luz do Sol (rica em UV) por foto-contato, como uma câmara clara, de resultados em grandes formatos através de matrizes produzidas sem a utilização de dispositivo ótico ou câmera fotográfica. Identifica-se, como processo fotográfico histórico e muito antigo, como uma técnica fotográfica, contudo fica evidenciada na Cianotipia uma interferência mais determinante do autor nos resultados obtidos, o que permitiu uma reflexão histórica dos caminhos tomados pela fotografia ¿ das formas de expressão primitivas comparadas à dos tempos atuais ¿ e a conseqüente técnica, própria dos processos artesanais de gestualidade, de interfaces, onde o corpo hibridiza a mediação entre autor e produto visual. A pesquisa objetivou problematizar as dimensões da linguagem, cor e espaço. Linguagem, porque envolve as relações dos elementos constitutivos da tecnologia de reprodução de imagens, como o processo de construção das matrizes em grandes formatos, e também o produto plástico e visual da impressão resultante. Cor, na dimensão construtiva do objeto de estudo, onde a experimentação, a materialização do produto visual à qual se chega, trata, como forma de expressão que se vale dos estímulos visuais de natureza gestual e corpórea, da conseqüência de uma teoria de reflexão analítica, dedutiva, da poética visual dos fenômenos óticos, possíveis na cianotipia. Espaço, enquanto dimensão reveladora da capacidade da cianotipia em articular várias linguagens tridimensionais a serem registradas fotograficamente, e também por constituir-se em si mesma, elemento capaz de participar na própria construção deste espaço. A construção da instalação-ambiente denominada Photosynthesis a partir de cianótipos de grande formato procura exemplificar a dimensão teórico-visual proposta na presente pesquisa / Abstract: The alternative technology of image reproduction through the negative-positive impression system known as Cyanotype allows, by the chemical characters of the iron salts which are photo sensible of emulsion, sensible to the ultraviolet light, to the impression of sun light (rich in UV) through photo-contact, like a bright chamber, with results in huge formats through the mold produced without an optic gadget or a digital camera. It is identified, as an old photograph process, like a photograph technique, however it comes up in the Cyanotype with an important interference from the author in the results obtained, which permitted to do a historical reflection of the way taken by the photography ¿ from the primitive expression compared to the current days ¿ and the consequent technique, characteristic of the craft processes of gestures, of interface, where the body hybrid the mediation between the author and the visual product. The objective of the research was make questions about language dimensions, color and space. Language, because involves the relation of constitutive elements of image reproduction technology, just as the process of construction of the molds in huge formats, as well as the plastic product and visual of impression resulting. Color, in the constructive dimension of the object studied, where the experimentation, materialization of the visual product is treated as an expression way seen from the visual stimulus of the nature of body movements (figure) and gestures, as a consequence of a theory of analytical reflection, deductive, of the poetic visual of optics phenomenon, possible in Cyanotype. Space, while a revelator dimension of the capability of Cyanotype in articulate different 3-D languages to be registered photographically, and also due to constitute itself, element capable to participate in the building of this space. The construction of the installation-atmosphere named Photosynthesis gotten from Cyanotypes in huge formats, looks for exemplify the dimension theoretical-visual proposed in the current research / Mestrado / Artes / Mestre em Artes