Thesis (MMedVet (Medicine))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--Auburn University, 2008. / Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 33-36).

Thesis (MMedVet (Medicine)) - University of Pretoria, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references.

Orientador: Stélio Pacca Loureiro Luna / Resumo: A parvovirose canina destaca-se como um dos principais agentes etiológicos nas gastroenterites infecciosas em cães jovens, apresentando alta virulência e mortalidade em decorrência da gravidade do estado clínico geral dos pacientes. Seu tratamento clínico é sintomático, principalmente através da reposição eletrolítica e do controle do vômito e diarreia. Este fato aliado ao aumento crescente do índice de óbitos, estimulou o estudo de novas abordagens terapêuticas para o desenvolvimento de novos protocolos. A Ozonioterapia se destaca neste cenário em decorrência de suas múltiplas propriedades farmacológicas, atuando como antiviral, imunoestimulatório, anti-inflamatório, analgésico, dentre outros. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a Ozonioterapia como tratamento complementar em cães que apresentaram PCR positivo de fezes para parvovirose. Para isso, 25 animais aleatoriamente divididos em 2 grupos por meio de sorteio foram avaliados, sendo 7 animais do grupo controle (GC=7) e 18 animais do grupo ozônio (GO=18). Os animais tinham até dois anos de idade, vacinados e não vacinados contra parvovirose, machos ou fêmeas, sem distinção de raça ou porte. Durante o período de tratamento, os animais tiveram o hemograma, consistência das fezes, presença ou ausência de sangue nas fezes, presença ou ausência de êmese e o desfecho, com a alta ou óbito, como parâmetros. O desfecho pode ser considerado a variável de maior relevância clínica, demonstrando diferença significativa entre os grupos,... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Canine parvovirosis stands out as one of the main etiological agents in infectious gastroenteritis in young dogs, presenting high virulence and mortality due to the severity of the patient’s general clinical condition. Its clinical treatment is symptomatic, mainly through electrolyte replacement and control of vomiting and diarrhea. This fact, combined with the increasing death rate, has stimulated the study of new therapeutic approaches for the development of new protocols. Ozone therapy stands out in this scenario due to its multiple pharmacological properties, acting as an antiviral, immunostimulatory, anti-inflammatory, analgesic agent, among others. The aim of this study was to evaluate ozone therapy as a complementary treatment in dogs with positive stool PCR for parvovirus. For this, 25 animals randomly divided into 2 groups by lot were evaluated, being 7 animals from the control group (CG = 7) and 18 animals from the ozone group (GO = 18). The animals were up to two years old, vaccinated and unvaccinated against parvovirus, male or female, regardless of breed or size. During the treatment period, the animals had blood count, stool consistency, presence or absence of blood in the stool, presence or absence of emesis and the outcome, with discharge or death, as parameters. The outcome can be considered the most clinically relevant variable, demonstrating a significant difference between the groups, where the animals in the control group were 20 times (95% CI 2.2 - 180.9... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

The higher proximity among humans, domestic animals and wildlife favours disease spill-over both from wildlife to domestic animals and vice versa, which is a potential risk for the extinction of wildlife populations and could be influencing the emergence and/or re-emergence of zoonotic diseases. The domestic dog (Canis familiaris) is the most abundant and widely distributed carnivore worldwide and is known to be carrying many infectious diseases. Among these diseases, domestic dogs are known to be source of canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus (CPV) and Echinococcus granulosus to wild carnivores and human being. Populations of domestic dogs inhabiting urban areas can be the source of infection of directly transmitted pathogens, since in these areas a high density of domestic dogs can facilitate the maintenance of these infections to both domestic and wild carnivore populations. In addition, the knowledge of the diseases present in the domestic dog populations in close proximity to wildlife is essential for conservation planning and for control of both zoonotic diseases and diseases of conservation concern. This thesis explores the effect of urbanization on the epidemiology of CDV, CPV, and E granulosus in domestic dogs and wild carnivores of the Coquimbo region of Chile as for example, chilla (L. griseus) and culpeo (L. culpaeus) foxes and assess the risk factors that could be facilitate disease transmission between canid inhabiting urban and rural areas. The first of the chapters containing original data, Chapter 3, describe the demography of dogs in the study area, indicating that urban sites have a greater population and a higher density of domestic dogs, a high growth rate and therefore a high turnover of susceptible than rural areas, which can be of relevance for the differences in diseases transmission patterns between these sites. Chapter 4 describe the degree of interaction between wild and domestic carnivores and its effect on interespecific disease transmission; indicating that in the study area there are many opportunities for domestic/wild carnivores interactions, as for example livestock predation by carnivores, by approaching to peridomestic environments, facilitating in this scenario the transmission of CDV, CPV and also E. granulosus by predating on livestock contaminated with cyst echinococcosis. Chapter 5 indicate that urban areas hold domestic dog populations with higher CDV seroprevalence than rural sites and probably these areas are the source of infection to rural sites. In contrast, a more stable CPV seroprevalence was found between urban and rural areas, indicating that possibly this pathogen follow an endemic state across the study area. Chapter 6 describe the factors for E. granulosus prevalence in domestic dogs, livestock and human being, suggesting that more cases of E. granulosus in livestock and in humans are found in provinces of the Coquimbo region with higher percentage of rural population; however, and unexpectedly, more cases of E. granulosus in domestic dogs were found in urban areas, although analysis of risk factors indicated that those domestic dogs inhabiting in the borders of urban areas, were at greater risk of being infected with E. granulosus than those in the centre of these areas. The results of this study exemplify how three pathogens are found in urban areas which can be source of infection to domestic and wild carnivores in the study area.

A parvovirose canina é uma doença causada pelo parvovírus canino, um vírus pertencente à família Parvoviridae. A doença causa quadros agudos de gastroenterite hemorrágica altamente contagiosa, e é responsável por altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade, principalmente, em cães jovens. O principal agente etiológico desencadeador da doença é o parvovírus canino tipo 2 (CPV 2). As vacinas parenterais comercializadas contra esse vírus não são adequadas para filhotes com menos de 45 dias de idade. Além disso, essa doença não apresenta um tratamento especifico, sendo a profilaxia de grande importância. O objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver um antígeno de entrega vacinal de modo a proteger o animal antes do seu desenvolvimento imunológico. Através do aumento da produção de IgA total a partir da primeira imunização e da resposta sistêmica de IgG especifica a partir da segunda imunização em camundongos, foi possível verificar que as superfícies de mucosa são ativas imunologicamente, desde o nascimento do animal como também capazes de estimular tanto a resposta local quanto a sistêmica em camundongos imaturos e adultos. No intuito de proteger também esses jovens animais, a imunização por via sublingual mostrou-se uma técnica promissora. Em comparação com os grupos de camundongos imunizados com a amostra vacinal e o hidrogel líquido, o grupo que recebeu o hidrogel liofilizado teve uma melhor resposta imunológica, uma vez que a técnica de liofilização aumentou a característica de mucoadesividade da quitosana e consequentemente aumentou o tempo de permanência do hidrogel na mucosa sublingual. / Canine parvovirus is a virus that belongs to the Parvoviridae family. The disease causes acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, which is highly contagious and responsible for high rates of morbidity and mortality, especially in puppies. The main etiologic agent of this disease is canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV 2). Nowadays, there is a commercial parenteral vaccine against this virus, but it is not suitable for puppies under 45 days old. This disease has no specific treatment and the prophylaxis has a great importance. The aim of this study was to develop a sublingual delivery vaccine that protect the animals before their 45 days. By increasing the total IgA production from the first immunization and systemic specific IgG response after the second immunization in mice, it demonstrated that mucosal surfaces are immunologically active since birth and capable of stimulating both systemic and local response in puppies and adults. In order to protect these puppies, mucosal immunization is a promising technique. The group that received lyophilized hydrogel had a better immune response, since the lyophilization technique increased the mucoadhesive of chitosan and consequently the residence time of the lyophilized hydrogel at sublingual mucosa.

A parvovirose canina é uma doença causada pelo parvovírus canino, um vírus pertencente à família Parvoviridae. A doença causa quadros agudos de gastroenterite hemorrágica altamente contagiosa, e é responsável por altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade, principalmente, em cães jovens. O principal agente etiológico desencadeador da doença é o parvovírus canino tipo 2 (CPV 2). As vacinas parenterais comercializadas contra esse vírus não são adequadas para filhotes com menos de 45 dias de idade. Além disso, essa doença não apresenta um tratamento especifico, sendo a profilaxia de grande importância. O objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver um antígeno de entrega vacinal de modo a proteger o animal antes do seu desenvolvimento imunológico. Através do aumento da produção de IgA total a partir da primeira imunização e da resposta sistêmica de IgG especifica a partir da segunda imunização em camundongos, foi possível verificar que as superfícies de mucosa são ativas imunologicamente, desde o nascimento do animal como também capazes de estimular tanto a resposta local quanto a sistêmica em camundongos imaturos e adultos. No intuito de proteger também esses jovens animais, a imunização por via sublingual mostrou-se uma técnica promissora. Em comparação com os grupos de camundongos imunizados com a amostra vacinal e o hidrogel líquido, o grupo que recebeu o hidrogel liofilizado teve uma melhor resposta imunológica, uma vez que a técnica de liofilização aumentou a característica de mucoadesividade da quitosana e consequentemente aumentou o tempo de permanência do hidrogel na mucosa sublingual. / Canine parvovirus is a virus that belongs to the Parvoviridae family. The disease causes acute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, which is highly contagious and responsible for high rates of morbidity and mortality, especially in puppies. The main etiologic agent of this disease is canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV 2). Nowadays, there is a commercial parenteral vaccine against this virus, but it is not suitable for puppies under 45 days old. This disease has no specific treatment and the prophylaxis has a great importance. The aim of this study was to develop a sublingual delivery vaccine that protect the animals before their 45 days. By increasing the total IgA production from the first immunization and systemic specific IgG response after the second immunization in mice, it demonstrated that mucosal surfaces are immunologically active since birth and capable of stimulating both systemic and local response in puppies and adults. In order to protect these puppies, mucosal immunization is a promising technique. The group that received lyophilized hydrogel had a better immune response, since the lyophilization technique increased the mucoadhesive of chitosan and consequently the residence time of the lyophilized hydrogel at sublingual mucosa.

Resumo: A parvovirose canina, uma das principais doenças infecto-contagiosas que acomete cães, é causada pelo Parvovírus canino-2 (CPV-2). Desde sua '" escrição importantes mutações ocorreram originando três tipos: CPV-2a e 2b, comumente detectados no Brasil, e o CPV-2c. Essas alterações antígênicas caracterizam o CPV como um dos principais modelos de evolução viral, sendo etectáveis com painéis de anticorpos monoclonais em técnicas simples como hemaglutinação e neutralização in vitro. A tecnologia de apresentação de :J oteínas em bacteriófagos (Phage display) tem diversas aplicações, dentre elas a apresentação de fragmentos recombinantes de anticorpos funcionais scFv), que podem ser produzidos em grande quantidade. Este trabalho utilizou Phage Display para expressar fragmentos scFv contra o CPV-2 , com uma etodologia descrita (Krebber, 1997). Após o cultivo e purificação do vírus, camundongos da linhagem High seleção IV A foram imunizados com o CPV-2 , sendo em seguida extraído RNA total do baço. A amplificação das cadeias leve e pesada, e sua ligação por SOE-PCR, permitiu a clonagem do scFv no fagomídeo pAK 100. Após a transformação da E.coli XL-1 blue, bacteriófagos 13 foram expressos apresentando o fragmento scFv. Três processos de seleção foram realizados, e após '0 Phage-ELlSA, um grupo de fagos foi selecionado. A partir deste um screening foi realizado por PCR sendo dois lones detectados. Após nova expressão de ambos uma nova reação de Phage-ELlSA foi realizada e demonstrou a especificidade destes clones com o CPV-2. Até o presente momento esta é a primeira descrição da técnica de Phage display apresentando fragmentos de anticorpo anti-CPV-2. / Abstract: Canine parvoviral disease, one of the most common infectious disorders of dogs, is caused by canine parvovirus (CPV-2). Several mutations have accurred since it was described in the late 1970s, originating three antigenic pes: CPV-2a and 2b, most commonly found in Brazil, and the CPV-2c. These tigenic differences characterize CPV-2 as an important model of virus evolution, and could be detected by monoclonal antibody panel in hemmaglutination and in vitro neutralization. Phage display has many a plications and have been used displaying functional antibodies fragments scFv) , which can be produced in large amount. The technology described here :: the expression of antibody recombinant fragments - scFv - against CPV-2, the methodology previously described (Krebber, 1997). After cultivation and purification of virus, High IV A mice were immunized with CPV-2, total RNA s extracted from spleen cells. Light and heavy chains were amplified, and en linked by SOE-PC R; and the product was cloned into a phagemid (pAK ). After the transformation on E. coli XL-1 blue, M13 bacteriophages were - ressed presenting the scFv fragment. Series of 3 rounds of panning was ied out, and after a Phage-ELlSA a group of phage was selected. A PCR - eening was conducted and two clones detected. After new expression a age-ELlSA was performed and demonstrated the specificity of these clones against the CPV-2. Until the moment this is the first description of the use of the :J age display, producing antibody fragments against CPV-2. - / Orientador: João Pessoa Araújo Junior / Coorientador: Paulo Eduardo Martins Ribolla / Banca: Ramon Kaneno / Banca: Alice A. F. Alfieri / Banca: Hélio José Montassier / Banca: Alexandre S. Borges / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:22:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 batista_tn_dr_botfmvz_prot.pdf: 1218510 bytes, checksum: 40011e3f4a7d38b02ece0fb1208465c5 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / A parvovirose canina, uma das principais doenças infecto-contagiosas que acomete cães, é causada pelo Parvovírus canino-2 (CPV-2). Desde sua ' escrição importantes mutações ocorreram originando três tipos: CPV-2a e 2b, comumente detectados no Brasil, e o CPV-2c. Essas alterações antígênicas caracterizam o CPV como um dos principais modelos de evolução viral, sendo etectáveis com painéis de anticorpos monoclonais em técnicas simples como hemaglutinação e neutralização in vitro. A tecnologia de apresentação de :J oteínas em bacteriófagos (Phage display) tem diversas aplicações, dentre elas a apresentação de fragmentos recombinantes de anticorpos funcionais scFv), que podem ser produzidos em grande quantidade. Este trabalho utilizou Phage Display para expressar fragmentos scFv contra o CPV-2 , com uma etodologia descrita (Krebber, 1997). Após o cultivo e purificação do vírus, camundongos da linhagem High seleção IV A foram imunizados com o CPV-2 , sendo em seguida extraído RNA total do baço. A amplificação das cadeias leve e pesada, e sua ligação por SOE-PCR, permitiu a clonagem do scFv no fagomídeo pAK 100. Após a transformação da E.coli XL-1 blue, bacteriófagos 13 foram expressos apresentando o fragmento scFv. Três processos de seleção foram realizados, e após '0 Phage-ELlSA, um grupo de fagos foi selecionado. A partir deste um screening foi realizado por PCR sendo dois lones detectados. Após nova expressão de ambos uma nova reação de Phage-ELlSA foi realizada e demonstrou a especificidade destes clones com o CPV-2. Até o presente momento esta é a primeira descrição da técnica de Phage display apresentando fragmentos de anticorpo anti-CPV-2. / Canine parvoviral disease, one of the most common infectious disorders of dogs, is caused by canine parvovirus (CPV-2). Several mutations have accurred since it was described in the late 1970s, originating three antigenic pes: CPV-2a and 2b, most commonly found in Brazil, and the CPV-2c. These tigenic differences characterize CPV-2 as an important model of virus evolution, and could be detected by monoclonal antibody panel in hemmaglutination and in vitro neutralization. Phage display has many a plications and have been used displaying functional antibodies fragments scFv) , which can be produced in large amount. The technology described here

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2), the aetiological agent of haemorrhagic enteritis in dogs emerged in 1978 worldwide. In the mid 1980’s, the original CPV-2 had evolved and was completely replaced by 2 variants, CPV 2a and 2b. In 2000, a new variant of CPV (CPV-2c) was detected in Italy and now circulates in other countries. Haemorrhagic enteritis in dogs is a major disease in South Africa and Nigeria. Both infection rates with CPV-2 and case fatality rates in young dogs are high. CPV-2 is a small, negative-sense, single-stranded DNA virus of 5.2kb long and a member of the Parvoviridae family, which also includes feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) and mink enteritis virus (MEV). The CPV-2 genome is prone to mutations at the VP2-encoding region. As a result we investigated the genetic composition of the VP2 region in the CPV-2 genome using molecular methods (qPCR) to provide information for comparison of field and vaccine strains of the virus. The conventional PCR detection results yielded 137 (97.85%) of the total of 140 feacal samples screened with diarrhoea positive. One hundred-and-six of 108 samples from South Africa (98.15%) tested positive and two (1.85%) were negative, while 30 (96.77%) from 31 faecal samples from Nigeria were positive and 1 (2.23%) was negative. Results obtained from the genotyping of the CPV- 2 strains using CPV-2a/b and CPV-2b/c TaqMan assays employing minor groove binder (MGB) probes, revealed that out of a total of 106 South African samples, 100 (94.34%) were infected with CPV-2b and 6 (5.66%) with CPV-2a, while all the Nigerian samples [n=30 (100%)] contained only CPV2a. There was no reported case of CPV-2c. The VP2 gene of selected DNA samples (n=27), from South Africa (n=19), Nigeria (n=6) and multivalent vaccines (n=2) were amplified and sequenced. These sequences were originally aligned and edited to a total length of 1,750 bp of the CPV-2 VP2 encoding gene. These selected sequences showed 99% maximum identity to the GenBank sequences from the blast results (NCBI BLASThttp:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/) and alignment of all the sequences was performed using ClustalX. Two phylogenetic analyses showed most South African field isolates distant from viruses from other parts of the world. A few clustered with Asian and European strains, while Nigerian CPV-2 strains clustered with USA and some European isolates. The results of the protein analysis showed seven changes of amino acids at positions 265, 297, 324, 424, 426, 440 and 475 for most of the South Africans strains while the Nigerian CPV-2 had only one field isolate with an amino acid change. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Veterinary Tropical Diseases / unrestricted