Human-bear interactions are an important consideration of bear biology, as interactions can lead to destruction of property as well as injury or death for both human and bear. Successful analysis of why these interactions occur can lead to appropriate preventative measures and mitigation of further conflict. Bryce Canyon National Park (BRCA) is comprised of relatively poor bear habitat, but a black bear population exists on the Paunsaugunt Plateau, on which the park occupies the eastern edge. Park managers expressed interest in learning more about bear movements and, specifically, bear use of anthropogenic features following a number of human-bear incidents located at backcountry campsites within park boundaries. By analyzing data from GPS radio-collared bears, trail cameras, existing literature, park incident reports and in-depth campsite assessments, we were able to show how bears are using both natural and anthropogenic features on the Bryce landscape. Campsites were assessed for bear habitat, displacement and encounter potential in order to establish an overall human-bear conflict potential. AIC model selection and resource selection functions using GPS collar data showed that bears selected for some anthropogenic features (campsites, springs), while actively avoiding others (trails, roads). Trail camera data, existing literature and park incident reports all pointed toward use of trails. We then considered all data sources used in the analysis and compiled rankings of human-bear conflict potential for each of the backcountry campsites within BRCA, and submitted a detailed report of findings, conclusions and recommendations to NPS personnel. Second, we investigated human-bear interactions at polar bear dens sites on Alaska's North Slope. As parturient female polar bears in the Southern Beaufort Sea subpopulation increasingly construct maternal dens on coastal land features rather than sea ice, they become more likely to interact with industry and other human activity. We wanted to understand what levels of human interaction could lead to disturbance of denning polar bears, and what types of responses were being exhibited by bears following those interactions. We subdivided potential disturbance stimuli into groups based on their size, motion and sound and the used AIC model selection techniques and multinomial logistic regression to analyze records of human-bear interactions at den sites ranging from 1975 through the present day. We found significant probabilities of varying levels of bear disturbance response among a number of stimuli and intensities. However, denning bear families were overall more tolerant of human activity near den sites than expected. Den abandonments were rare, and we documented no cases of reproductive failure following a disturbance event. We hope that our results from the analysis can be used to further enhance management of industry when operating in polar bear denning habitat.

Le programme BIOZAÏRE, initié par IFREMER, porte sur l'étude des communautés benthiques de la marge équatoriale ouest africaine en relation avec leur environnement sédimentaire. La particularité de la marge est l'existence d'un canyon sous-marin qui entaille profondément le plateau et la pente continentale depuis l'estuaire jusqu'aux plaines abyssales, et où des courants de turbidité s'écoulent régulièrement. Une fraction significative de la matière organique est supposée dériver des apports véhiculés par le Zaïre.<br />Le présent travail a majoritairement consisté à identifier les origines de la matière organique. Dans ce but, la distribution des alcools linéaires et les contributions des alcools à courte chaîne carbonée et de ceux à longue chaîne carbonée, respectivement d'origines marine et terrigène, ont été étudiées. Des particules en sédimentation collectées par des pièges à particules lors d'une turbidite ainsi qu'en l'absence d'un tel événement, et des sédiments superficiels prélevés le long du canyon sous-marin du Zaïre ont été analysés afin d'établir les modes de transfert, la dynamique de déposition du matériel turbiditique, et leurs variations spatio-temporelles.<br />Les résultats montrent que les apports sont mixtes, marin et terrigène, avec une prédominance des alcools terrigènes à longue chaîne carbonée dans les sédiments du chenal (83% des alcools totaux). Les apports en matériel marin sont liés au panache de surface du Zaïre, alors que ceux terrigènes ont principalement lieu par les courants de turbidité. En effet, le matériel collecté en mars 2001 lors d'un tel événement présente une forte contribution des alcools à longue chaîne carbonée. Le matériel turbiditique a débordé du chenal sur les levées, où il atteignait une épaisseur <400 m. Le matériel qui sédimente sur les levées du chenal présente une composition différente des sédiments du chenal. De plus, malgré la forte contribution terrigène, une forte dégradation est observée dans les premiers mois suivants l'arrivée du matériel turbiditique : respectivement 92 and 47% des n-alcools à courte chaîne et à longue chaîne carbonée sont dégradés. Ainsi, des constantes de dégradation de 3.4 and 0.9 y-1 sont calculées.<br />Les différents biomarqueurs, alcools, stérols et hydroxy acides, ont été étudiés dans une dernière partie. L'analyse en composantes principales est une méthode complémentaire qui aide à l'étude des sources marine ou terrigène des biomarqueurs stérols, ainsi que celle de l'empreinte terrigène aux différents sites.

Les systèmes de conditionnement des ambiances intérieures participent pour une part importante à la demande énergétique des bâtiments, notamment en été. L'objectif de cette étude est de définir par des simulations thermoaérauliques l'interaction du microclimat urbain avec le bâti et sa demande énergéti-que de climatisation dans le cas d'une rue canyon.<br />Le modèle choisi, de type zonal, nous permet de décrire les paramètres de température et de vitesse d'air dans la rue, avec un degré de précision intermédiaire entre la modélisation CFD fine et les appro-ches nodales simplifiées. L'ensoleillement et les inter-réflexions dans la rue sont ensuite modélisés par une méthode simplifiée, développée et appliquée à l'étude de la convection naturelle dans une rue. Les écoulements dominants dus au vent sont par ailleurs étudiés à partir de données expérimentales, sur la base desquelles un modèle simplifié est proposé, en conditions isothermes. Le couplage des effets du vent et de la convection naturelle a été étudié dans le cas d'une rue canyon sur 28 jours. Nous concluons sur l'importance de la modélisation thermoaéraulique pour la détermination de l'effet d'îlot de chaleur urbain, ainsi que la demande énergétique des bâtiments.

This study integrates settlement and community archaeology in investigating pre-colonial Stó:lō-Coast Salish community organization between 2,550-100 years before present (cal B.P.). Archaeological housepits provide a basic unit of analysis and proxy for households through which community organization manifests in relationships of form and arrangement among housepit settlements in the lower Fraser River Watershed of southwestern British Columbia. This study focuses on spatial and temporal data from 11 housepit settlements (114 housepits) in the upriver portion of the broader study area (mainland Gulf of Georgia Region). These settlements were mapped and tested as part of the Fraser Valley Archaeology Project (2003-2006). The findings of this study suggest a trajectory of continuity and change in community organization among the Stó:lō-Coast Salish over the 2,500 years preceding European colonization. Shifts between heterarchical and hierarchical forms of social organization, and corporate to network modes of relations represent societal transformations that become expressed by about 550 cal B.P. Transformations of social structure and community organization are manifest as increasing variation in housepit sizes and settlement patterns, and the development of central arrangements in both intra- and inter-settlement patterns. In the Late Period (ca. 550-100 cal. B.P.), the largest and most complex settlements in the region, including the largest housepits, develop on islands and at central places or hubs in the region’s communication system along the Fraser River. These complex sets of household relations within and between settlements represent an expansive form of community organization. Tracing this progression provides insight into the process of change among Stó:lō pithouse communities. Societal change develops as a shift expressed first at a broad-based collective level between settlements, and then at a more discreet individual level between households. This process speaks to the development of communities formed within a complex political-economic system widely practiced throughout the region. This pattern survived the smallpox epidemic of the late 18th century and was maintained by the Stó:lō up to the Colonial Era. Administration of British assimilation policies (e.g., Indian Legislation) instituted after 1858 effectively disrupted but failed to completely replace deeply rooted expressions of Stó:lō community that developed during preceding millennia.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2002. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-91). Also available on the World Wide Web.

This study uses a new integrated outcrop data and airborne lidar from Slaughter Canyon, New Mexico, to quantitatively characterize the cycle-scale facies architecture within the G23-G26 high frequency sequences of the Yates Formation. High frequency cycle-scale mapping of these sequences shows sedimentological evidence for accommodation reduction associated with the Permain composite sequence (CS) 13 highstand (G23-G25). Development of the G26 HFS additionally demonstrates the isochronous balance of mixed carbonate-siliciclastic deposition across the Yates-Capitan reef-rimmed shelf during the initial CS-scale transgression following significant exposure and bypass of sand across the shelf. This sequence framework is quantitatively analyzed using progradation to aggradation (P/A) ratios, facies proportions, facies tract dip width, and facies tract bedding angles to evaluate the interplay of eustacy and syndepositional deformation as drivers of stratigraphic architecture. The sequences defined here developed in response to both eustacy and syndepositional deformation, but individual facies distributions and cycle stacking patterns were largely controlled by eustacy; while facies, cycle, and sequence thicknesses as well as facies bedding angles were locally influenced by syndepositional faulting. A reconstruction of each high frequency sequence and stepwise documentation of post-depositional fault displacement and HFS basinward rotation was generated using the lidar data. This analysis shows that the G23-G26 HFS developed basinward-dipping depositional topography from the shelf crest to the shelf margin reef. This geometry was largely unaltered by syndepositional faults during individual HFS deposition, but was rotated basinward shortly thereafter by younger fault movement. The accommodation trends recorded in this largely shelf crest to shelf margin window can be additionally projected into the middle shelf producing zones of the prolific Yates-aged reservoirs on the Northwest Shelf and Central Basin Platform. / text

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This study integrates settlement and community archaeology in investigating pre-colonial Stó:lō-Coast Salish community organization between 2,550-100 years before present (cal B.P.). Archaeological housepits provide a basic unit of analysis and proxy for households through which community organization manifests in relationships of form and arrangement among housepit settlements in the lower Fraser River Watershed of southwestern British Columbia. This study focuses on spatial and temporal data from 11 housepit settlements (114 housepits) in the upriver portion of the broader study area (mainland Gulf of Georgia Region). These settlements were mapped and tested as part of the Fraser Valley Archaeology Project (2003-2006). The findings of this study suggest a trajectory of continuity and change in community organization among the Stó:lō-Coast Salish over the 2,500 years preceding European colonization. Shifts between heterarchical and hierarchical forms of social organization, and corporate to network modes of relations represent societal transformations that become expressed by about 550 cal B.P. Transformations of social structure and community organization are manifest as increasing variation in housepit sizes and settlement patterns, and the development of central arrangements in both intra- and inter-settlement patterns. In the Late Period (ca. 550-100 cal. B.P.), the largest and most complex settlements in the region, including the largest housepits, develop on islands and at central places or hubs in the region’s communication system along the Fraser River. These complex sets of household relations within and between settlements represent an expansive form of community organization. Tracing this progression provides insight into the process of change among Stó:lō pithouse communities. Societal change develops as a shift expressed first at a broad-based collective level between settlements, and then at a more discreet individual level between households. This process speaks to the development of communities formed within a complex political-economic system widely practiced throughout the region. This pattern survived the smallpox epidemic of the late 18th century and was maintained by the Stó:lō up to the Colonial Era. Administration of British assimilation policies (e.g., Indian Legislation) instituted after 1858 effectively disrupted but failed to completely replace deeply rooted expressions of Stó:lō community that developed during preceding millennia.

The larger pelagic crustacean fauna of the Gully submarine canyon is described for the first time, based on three annual summer surveys. The larger Crustacea are a significant part of the Gully fauna, and are dominated by cold temperate species, in particular the northern krill Meganyctiphanes norvegica and the decapod Sergestes arcticus. In all, at least 69 species were collected from the surface to bathypelagic depths, with seventeen being new Canadian records. With the exception of M. norvegica, inter-annual variation in the dominant species was minor. The species assemblage varied primarily with depth surveyed and diel cycle, and not year. Comparing the larger pelagic crustaceans in the Gully and over the adjacent continental slope showed that overall species number, biomass, and abundance were all greater in the canyon, the biomass of S. arcticus particularly showing a positive “Gully effect”.