Orientador: Jose Roberto Sanches Mantovani / Banca: Antonio Padilha Feltrin / Banca: Jorge Coelho / Resumo: Manter o perfil de tensão da rede de distribuição dentro dos limites operacionais adequados é um problema que deve ser modelado e resolvido obedecendo às restrições de natureza técnica e econômica. Após um período de construção da rede de distribuição ocorre degradação da qualidade do perfil de tensão como conseqüência das dificuldades de prever condições precisas durante a fase de planejamento do sistema. Desta maneira torna-se necessário o planejamento de curto prazo da rede de distribuição como a instalação de dispositivos que assegurem que o sistema opere dentro dos limites de magnitude de tensão estabelecidos pelas agências reguladoras. Dentre os dispositivos, destaca-se a alocação de bancos de capacitores, que instalados de forma adequada proporcionam a compensação de reativos, regulando as magnitudes das tensões ao longo da rede bem como o fator de potencia da subestação e fornecendo como benefício secundário a redução de perdas ativas no sistema. O problema de alocação de bancos de capacitores em sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica consiste em determinar os tipos, capacidade, localização e esquemas de controle dos bancos alocados. Neste trabalho apresenta-se uma nova metodologia para alocar bancos de capacitores fixos e chaveados em alimentadores de distribuição. Esta metodologia contempla as necessidades de representar o comportamento estocástico dos diferentes tipos de cargas conectadas ao sistema de distribuição e a característica topológica das redes de distribuição que não apresentam mais estrutura radial, devido à presença de geradores distribuídos ligados diretamente à rede. O problema de alocação de bancos de capacitores fixos e chaveados é formulado como um modelo de programação não linear inteiro misto multiobjetivo e para solução deste modelo é proposto um algoritmo genético multiobjetivo e uma algoritmo busca tabu multiobjetivo / Abstract: Maintaining the voltage profile of distribution networks within the operational limits is a problem that must be modeled and solved according to economical and technical restrictions. Afterwards a period of constructing the distribution network, there is degradation of the quality of the voltage profile as a consequence of the difficulties in predicting precise conditions during the planning phase. This way, it is necessary the short term distribution planning and the installation of devices that assure the system operating within the voltage magnitudes fixed by the regulating agencies. Among the devices, there are allocation of capacitor banks, that when adequately installed provide the reactive compensation, regulating the voltage magnitude along the network as well as the substation power factor and providing as a secondary result reducing the active losses of the system. The problem of allocating capacitor banks in electrical energy distribution systems consists in determining the types, capacity, localization and control techniques of the allocated Banks. This work presents a new methodology for allocating fixed and switched capacitor banks in distribution feeders. This methodology attends the needs of representing the stochastic behavior of the different types of the loads connected to the distribution system and the topological characteristics of the distribution networks that do not present radial structure, due to the distributed generators connected directly to the network. The problem of allocating fixed and switched capacitor banks is formulated as a mixed multi objective nonlinear integer programming model and for solution of this model is proposed a multi objective genetic algorithm and a multi objective tabu search algorithm / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:09:45Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pereirajunior_br_me_ilha.pdf: 2079589 bytes, checksum: 086f2d874ba748765509a09a3555c74f (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Manter o perfil de tensão da rede de distribuição dentro dos limites operacionais adequados é um problema que deve ser modelado e resolvido obedecendo às restrições de natureza técnica e econômica. Após um período de construção da rede de distribuição ocorre degradação da qualidade do perfil de tensão como conseqüência das dificuldades de prever condições precisas durante a fase de planejamento do sistema. Desta maneira torna-se necessário o planejamento de curto prazo da rede de distribuição como a instalação de dispositivos que assegurem que o sistema opere dentro dos limites de magnitude de tensão estabelecidos pelas agências reguladoras. Dentre os dispositivos, destaca-se a alocação de bancos de capacitores, que instalados de forma adequada proporcionam a compensação de reativos, regulando as magnitudes das tensões ao longo da rede bem como o fator de potencia da subestação e fornecendo como benefício secundário a redução de perdas ativas no sistema. O problema de alocação de bancos de capacitores em sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica consiste em determinar os tipos, capacidade, localização e esquemas de controle dos bancos alocados. Neste trabalho apresenta-se uma nova metodologia para alocar bancos de capacitores fixos e chaveados em alimentadores de distribuição. Esta metodologia contempla as necessidades de representar o comportamento estocástico dos diferentes tipos de cargas conectadas ao sistema de distribuição e a característica topológica das redes de distribuição que não apresentam mais estrutura radial, devido à presença de geradores distribuídos ligados diretamente à rede. O problema de alocação de bancos de capacitores fixos e chaveados é formulado como um modelo de programação não linear inteiro misto multiobjetivo e para solução deste modelo é proposto um algoritmo genético multiobjetivo e uma algoritmo busca tabu multiobjetivo / Maintaining the voltage profile of distribution networks within the operational limits is a problem that must be modeled and solved according to economical and technical restrictions. Afterwards a period of constructing the distribution network, there is degradation of the quality of the voltage profile as a consequence of the difficulties in predicting precise conditions during the planning phase. This way, it is necessary the short term distribution planning and the installation of devices that assure the system operating within the voltage magnitudes fixed by the regulating agencies. Among the devices, there are allocation of capacitor banks, that when adequately installed provide the reactive compensation, regulating the voltage magnitude along the network as well as the substation power factor and providing as a secondary result reducing the active losses of the system. The problem of allocating capacitor banks in electrical energy distribution systems consists in determining the types, capacity, localization and control techniques of the allocated Banks. This work presents a new methodology for allocating fixed and switched capacitor banks in distribution feeders. This methodology attends the needs of representing the stochastic behavior of the different types of the loads connected to the distribution system and the topological characteristics of the distribution networks that do not present radial structure, due to the distributed generators connected directly to the network. The problem of allocating fixed and switched capacitor banks is formulated as a mixed multi objective nonlinear integer programming model and for solution of this model is proposed a multi objective genetic algorithm and a multi objective tabu search algorithm

At present, the fiber optic ducts are connected by a mechanical type of joint. In this method, two ducts cut in the right angle are pushed in from both sides of the joint, and takes approximately one second to joint ducts together. The problem with the existing joint technology is that if there is water inside of the joint, it will be damaged when the water freezes into ice, and then may cause leakage. There is a risk of explosion when compressed air to blow the fiber. Thus, a joint protection device (silicone rubber sleeve) was developed to seal the joint for protection utterly. However, this will cause the larger size of the entire joint and limit the number of single-duct joints next to each other in a multi-duct joint. Fiber optic ducts are made of High-Density Polyethylene, which is the best plastic for remelting and can be welded by using the electro-fusion welding method. Based on the thermoplasticity of this material, this thesis developed a plastic joint with a built-in conductive metal wire inside. The applied voltage will heat the wire, then remelt the duct surfaces to weld them together through the joint. The welding system uses a portable battery operating system, so there is no need to connect it to the grid. To prevent the battery from being damaged by supplying too much current, a capacitor bank is used to store high energy for the preheating joints. The system uses a microcontroller to control and monitor current and voltage to ensure uniform heating of the metal wire. Theemphasisof this thesis isplacedon the implementation of basic experiments to run the welding system. Multiple welding experiments show that the welding system can manually set parameters to control the welding current of different joints, thereby ensuring the welding quality. Using a 2.5Ω joint to weld ducts will approximately consume 120J from the battery, so a fully charged 42V, 4.4AH rechargeable battery can perform almost 5600 times of welding. The suitable range of joint resistance will decrease as the required energy consumption increases/ the welding time decreases.

Battery energy storage system (BESS) is promising to be implemented in residential applications for supporting PV integration, load shifting, and backup power purposes. For this application, 48V second-life battery draws more and more attentions for their cost-effectiveness, safe voltage level, reliability, and potential large market. This thesis proposes the comprehensive control and design of an isolated battery-driven grid interface (IBDGI) with the dual-active-bridge (DAB) converter for residential applications with 48V battery pack. The three-phase DAB converter is a promising candidate as the front-end DC/DC converter in the two-stage IBDGI due to its high efficiency, high power density, and low capacitance requirement. An effective design strategy for the three-phase DAB converter is proposed based on the zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) zone and back-ow power to achieve high efficiency for a wide operating voltage range and different load conditions. Based on the power loss model, an easily-implemented variable switching frequency operating method is proposed to further increase the efficiency at light load conditions. The dead-time effect is observed in the three-phase DAB converter. To avoid the dead-time effect and better understand the phenomena, a comprehensive analysis is proposed. All the cases of the dead-time effect in the three-phase DAB converter are analyzed in terms of the buck, boost, and matching states. The expressions of the transmission power, constraint conditions, and key time of the dead-time effect are derived for each state. The operation waveforms of the dead-time effect are also presented. The hybrid capacitor bank composed by the LC resonant lter with electrolytic capacitor and lm capacitor is utilized for the DC bus of the IBGDI. The electrolytic capacitors work as passive decoupling purpose while the lm capacitor is responsible for high switching harmonic ltering. Moreover, a current sharing method between the hybrid capacitor bank is proposed to extend the electrolytic capacitor's life. The LCL single-phase inverter is applied for the downstream of the IBDGI. A step-by-step design procedure of the LCL lter with passive damping is proposed for the 120V/240V dual grid-tied and standalone modes. The PR controllers are also designed for the LCL inverter for standalone and grid-tied modes. At the system level, a novel second harmonic current (SHC) reduction strategy is proposed for the IBDGI with the three-phase DAB converter by adding a load current feedforward (LCFF) path to the DAB voltage closed-loop controller. This method will suppress the SHC without modi cations of the original controller's bandwidth, which make it easy to be implemented. The small-signal model of the three-phase DAB converter is provided and veri ed by the step response. The parameter sensitivity analysis for the LCFF method is proposed to show that the SHC is well suppressed within ±20% parameter error. The proposed converter and control methods are veri ed by simulation and experimental results. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo o desenvolvimento, e implantação em computador, de uma metodologia para tratamento do problema de restabelecimento de energia em sistemas de distribuição de grande porte (com milhares de linhas, barras de carga e chaves seccionadoras), que permita a obtenção de Planos de Restabelecimento de Energia (PREs) adequados considerando a existência de reguladores de tensão, bancos de capacitores e de diferentes tipos de chaves seccionadoras. A metodologia proposta deverá considerar as características de operação de diferentes tipos de chaves seccionadoras (existência de telecomando, possibilidade de abertura com carga e/ou em curto circuito, etc.) para obtenção de PREs. Vale lembrar que usualmente as metodologias desenvolvidas para obtenção de PREs consideram a existência apenas de chaves automáticas e não automáticas, não considerando outras características de funcionamento das chaves seccionadoras. Tendo em vista que o problema a ser tratado é combinatório, com múltiplos objetivos e restrições, a metodologia proposta será baseada em Algoritmos Evolutivos, em técnicas de otimização multi-objetivo e na estrutura de dados denominada Representação Nó-Profundidade (RNP). A RNP será utilizada para representar computacionalmente, de forma eficiente, a topologia elétrica dos sistemas de distribuição. Para validar a metodologia proposta serão realizadas simulações computacionais com sistemas de distribuição reais de grande porte. / This dissertation aims to develop a methodology to provide adequate Energy Restoration Plans (ERPs) in contingency situations to large-scale distribution systems (with thousands of lines, load buses and sectionalizing switches), considering the existence of voltage regulators, capacitors banks and different types of sectionalizing switches. The proposed methodology considers the operational characteristics of different types of sectionalizing switches (existence of remote control, possibility of open-load and/or short-circuit, etc.) for the purpose of obtaining ERPs. Usually the developed methodologies consider only the existence of remotely controlled and manually controlled switches, excluding other operational characteristics of the sectionalizing switches. As the service restoration problem is combinatory with multiple objectives and constraints, the proposed methodology is based on Evolutionary Algorithms, multiobjective optimization techniques and on the data structure named Node-Depth Encoding. The Node-Depth Encoding is used to computationally represent, in an efficient way, the topology of the distribution systems. The proposed methodology is validated through computational simulations performed in real large-scale distribution systems.

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo o desenvolvimento, e implantação em computador, de uma metodologia para tratamento do problema de restabelecimento de energia em sistemas de distribuição de grande porte (com milhares de linhas, barras de carga e chaves seccionadoras), que permita a obtenção de Planos de Restabelecimento de Energia (PREs) adequados considerando a existência de reguladores de tensão, bancos de capacitores e de diferentes tipos de chaves seccionadoras. A metodologia proposta deverá considerar as características de operação de diferentes tipos de chaves seccionadoras (existência de telecomando, possibilidade de abertura com carga e/ou em curto circuito, etc.) para obtenção de PREs. Vale lembrar que usualmente as metodologias desenvolvidas para obtenção de PREs consideram a existência apenas de chaves automáticas e não automáticas, não considerando outras características de funcionamento das chaves seccionadoras. Tendo em vista que o problema a ser tratado é combinatório, com múltiplos objetivos e restrições, a metodologia proposta será baseada em Algoritmos Evolutivos, em técnicas de otimização multi-objetivo e na estrutura de dados denominada Representação Nó-Profundidade (RNP). A RNP será utilizada para representar computacionalmente, de forma eficiente, a topologia elétrica dos sistemas de distribuição. Para validar a metodologia proposta serão realizadas simulações computacionais com sistemas de distribuição reais de grande porte. / This dissertation aims to develop a methodology to provide adequate Energy Restoration Plans (ERPs) in contingency situations to large-scale distribution systems (with thousands of lines, load buses and sectionalizing switches), considering the existence of voltage regulators, capacitors banks and different types of sectionalizing switches. The proposed methodology considers the operational characteristics of different types of sectionalizing switches (existence of remote control, possibility of open-load and/or short-circuit, etc.) for the purpose of obtaining ERPs. Usually the developed methodologies consider only the existence of remotely controlled and manually controlled switches, excluding other operational characteristics of the sectionalizing switches. As the service restoration problem is combinatory with multiple objectives and constraints, the proposed methodology is based on Evolutionary Algorithms, multiobjective optimization techniques and on the data structure named Node-Depth Encoding. The Node-Depth Encoding is used to computationally represent, in an efficient way, the topology of the distribution systems. The proposed methodology is validated through computational simulations performed in real large-scale distribution systems.

In a power system it is important to keep voltages at specific levels at network buses. Deviations from that can lead to reduced efficiency of transferred power or, in more severe cases, widespread power outages affecting large parts of society. There exists a variety of power system devices that have the ability to regulate the voltage levels. These devices have maximum and minimum control capacities and may have additional operational constraints. It is desired to keep the control capacity of these actuators close to neutral operation so that they have the ability to respond to future disturbances. Due to the nature of such a control problem, a suitable tool is Model Predictive Control. In this thesis, a centralised model predictive control is designed for long-term voltage stability control of a power system. The system model employed is a two-area power system model, where each area includes a network of generators and loads. The model predictive control regulates the tap position of a tap-changing transformer and the reactive power compensation provided by two capacitor banks. In this thesis, it is shown that a centralised model predictive controller successfully maintains voltages within the desired range for a 3.5 % longer duration compared to a decentralised control approach when facing a voltage collapse scenario. Additionally, thanks to its predictive capabilities, it efficiently dampened oscillations in the post-transient steadystate scenario, leading to a 6.6 % shorter settling time than that observed with the decentralised control approach. / I ett kraftsystem är det viktigt att hålla spänningen på specifika nivåer vid nätverksbussarna. Avvikelser från detta kan leda till nedsatt effektöverföringseffektivitet eller, i allvarligare fall, omfattande strömavbrott som påverkar stora delar av samhället. Det finns en mängd olika kraftsystemsenheter som har förmågan att reglera spänningsnivåerna. Dessa enheter har maximala och minimala kontrollkapaciteter och kan ha ytterligare driftbegränsningar. Det är önskvärt att hålla kontrollkapaciteten hos dessa enheter nära neutral drift så att de har förmågan att svara på framtida störningar. På grund av arten av ett sådant kontrollproblem är ett lämpligt verktyg Model Predictive Control. I den här avhandlingen är en centraliserad modellprediktiv reglering utformad för långsiktig spänningsstabilitetskontroll av ett kraftsystem. Systemmodellen som används är en två-area kraftsystemmodell, där varje område inkluderar ett nätverk av generatorer och belastningar. Kontrollen reglerar varvtalet hos en lindningskopplare och den reaktiva effektkompensationen som tillhandahålls av två kondensatorbanker. I denna avhandling visas det att en centraliserad modell-prediktiv reglering framgångsrikt kan upprätthålla spänningar inom det önskade intervallet under en 3.5 % längre varaktighet jämfört med en decentraliserad styrmetod under ett spänningskollapsscenario. Dessutom, tack vare dess prediktiva kapacitet, dämpade den effektivt svängningar i det post-transienta steady-state-scenariot, vilket ledde till en 6.6 % kortare insvängningstid än den som observerades med den decentraliserade styrmetoden.

Switching of shunt reactors and capacitor banks is known to cause a very high rate of rise of transient recovery voltage across the circuit breaker contacts. With improvements in circuit breaker technology, modern SF6 puffer circuits have been designed with less interrupter per pole than previous generations of SF6 circuit breakers. This has caused modern circuit breakers to operate with higher voltage stress in the dielectric recovery region after current interruption. Catastrophic failures of modern SF6 circuit breakers have been reported during shunt reactor and capacitor bank de-energisation. In those cases, evidence of cumulative re-strikes has been found to be the main cause of interrupter failure. Monitoring of voltage waveforms during switching would provide information about the magnitude and frequency of small re-ignitions and re-strikes. However, measuring waveforms at a moderately high frequency require plant outages to connect equipment. In recent years, there have been increasing interests in using RF measurements in condition monitoring of switchgear. The RF measurement technique used for measuring circuit breaker inter-pole switching time during capacitor bank closing is of particular interest. In this thesis, research has been carried out to investigate switching transients produced during circuit breaker switching capacitor banks and shunt reactors using a non-intrusive measurement technique. The proposed technique measures the high frequency and low frequency voltage waveforms during switching operations without the need of an outage. The principles of this measurement technique are discussed and field measurements were carried out at shunt rector and capacitor bank installation in two 275 kV air insulated substations. Results of the measurements are presented and discussed in this thesis. The proposed technique shows that it is relatively easy to monitor circuit breaker switching transients and useful information on switching instances can be extracted from the measured waveforms. Further research works are discussed to realise the full potential of the measuring technique.

Många elektriska apparater är i behov av reaktiv effekt för att kunna fungera. Transport av reaktiv effekt tar onödig plats av den tillgängliga kapaciteten i elnätet, därför används kondensatorbatterier nära slutanvändaren för att generera reaktiv effekt. Därmed genereras och förbrukas den reaktiva effekten i en avskild del av nätet. Tillkoppling av kondensatorbatterier ger upphov till transienter som kan skada andra närliggande komponenter. Utifrån det verkliga ställverket Stallbacka i Trollhättan har denna rapport analyserat de transienter som uppstår efter tillkoppling av ett kondensatorbatteri inom mellanspänningsområdet. Analysen har innefattat hur stora transienterna blir efter olika förutsättningar och scenarier. Resultatet visade att transienterna i detta fall aldrig nådde upp till några allvarliga nivåer, och därmed klarade komponenterna sig med god marginal. Huruvida transienterna påverkar elkvaliteten är oklart, då det inte finns några definierade krav. Slutligen skulle ett beräkningsverktyg för förutspådda transienter tas fram. Beräkningsverktyget blev aldrig fullständigt på grund av den ohanterliga lösningen som erhölls. / Many electrical devices need reactive power to operate. Transmission of reactive power occupies a proportion of the available capacity in the power system and therefore capacitor banks are used near to the end user to generate reactive power. Thus, the reactive effect is generated and consumed in a separate part of the power system. Capacitor banks switching causes transients which may damage the surrounding components. Based on the real substation Stallbacka in Trollhättan, this study has analysed capacitor banks switching transients within the medium voltage level. The analysis has covered the size of these transients according to different conditions and scenarios. The result showed that the transients in this case never reached serious levels, thus there was no impact on the components. It is not clear whether the transients affect the power quality because there are no defined limits.  A calculation tool to the predicted transients was supposed to be created in the process. This calculation tool was never completed due to the unmanageable solution that was obtained.

Småskalig vattenkraft är en stor användare av reaktiv effekt då de ofta har asynkrongeneratorer. Det gör att det finns ett reellt behov för faskompensering, dels för att minska distorsion i nätet samt för att förbättra deras ekonomiska ställning, då elbolag ofta tar ut en avgift för överskridande användning av reaktiv effekt. Det ligger också i allmänhetens intresse att ha en god elkvalitet och hålla störningar och avbrott nere, vilket kan erhållas med faskompensering och filtrering av övertoner. Det finns olika tekniker för faskompensering med sina respektive för- och nackdelar som specificeras efter anläggningens krav och förhållanden. Dessa tekniker är ett kondensatorbatteri, passiv och aktiv reglering, övermagnetiserad synkronmaskin, static var compensator (SVC) och static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). Med hjälp av simuleringar och ekonomisk kalkylering har deras egenskaper och investeringspotential analyserats. Det har resulterat i att ett kondensatorbatteri är en ekonomiskt god investering men med nackdelen att det blir en stor transient vid inkoppling. Aktiv reglering bistår med en snabb, kontinuerlig faskompensering men har större driftkostnader och en kortare livslängd. Övermagnetiserad synkronmaskin har en god ekonomisk framtidsutsikt men med en något långsammare reaktionstid. SVC och STATCOM är mer applicerbar på större anläggningar, eller för nät som har en större nytta av dess flexibilitet. / Small scale hydropower is a big user of reactive power, mainly because of their use of asynchrounous generators. Power companies are charging their customers a fee for an extensive use of reactive power. Which gives rise to a need of correction of the power factor as well as reduction of distorsion in the network. It is also in the interest of the general public to acquire a good electric quality in terms of keeping distorsion and interruptions in the network to a minimum. This can be achieved by using different methods for power factor correction and filtration of harmonics. These methods have their own inherent advantages and disadvantages described after the facility’s specific needs and requirements. These methods are a capacitor bank, passive and active regulation, overexcited synchronous machine, static var compensator (SVC) and static synchronous compensator (STATCOM). Simulations and economical calculations have been used to determine these properties. A capacitor bank has been proven to be a good economical investment, but it has high transients during switching conditions. Active regulation also shows a good profitability and provides a fast, continuous regulation of the reactive power, though it has higher operating costs and low life expectancy. The overexcited synchronous generator has a positive outlook in economic terms, with the drawback of a slower response time. SVC and STATCOM are more applicable to larger facilities or weak networks.