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Background: Macronutrients play a critical role within collegiate athletes’ performance and health, with carbohydrates providing most of the energy needs for most athletes. There is little research examining the macronutrient intake of healthy collegiate female athletes across sports. The aim of the present study was to compare macronutrient intakes of female collegiate athletes within different sports and compare their intakes to recommendations. Methods: An observational study was conducted to determine whether a sample of female collegiate athletes (n=26) consumed the IOC nutritional recommendations. Sports included within the study were soccer, basketball, volleyball, and cross-country. Athletes were asked to complete a 6-day food log over a 2-week span, which included 2 weekend days during their in-season training phase. The body composition of athletes was also recorded. Macronutrient and overall caloric intakes were then compared to the IOC recommendations. Results: Overall caloric and carbohydrate intake were significantly lower than the IOC recommendations. Carbohydrate intake was notably low within soccer players (2.92 ± 1.01 g/kg/day) and basketball players (1.61 ± 0.41 g/kg/day). Fat intakes were recorded significantly higher than the IOC recommendations of 15-20%. Athletes demonstrated a significantly higher protein intake than the IOC recommendations when measured in g (100.56 ± 24.01) and g/kg (1.65 ± 0.54). Conclusion: This study found that female soccer, basketball, and volleyball players do not consume adequate macronutrient intakes compared to the IOC recommendations. The current study is one of the first to demonstrate a cohort of female cross-country runners consuming the daily recommendations of both overall caloric intake and carbohydrate intakes during their in-season phase of training.

This thesis is missing page 63 from all copies. -Digitization Centre / Manipulating carbohydrate (CHO) availability has been shown to alter acute exercise-induced changes in metabolic gene transcription and training-induced changes in oxidative capacity. The present study examined the effect of CHO availability on signalling pathways linked to mitochondrial biogenesis in response to high-intensity interval exercise (HIE). We hypothesized that reduced CHO availability would augment phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) in response to HIE. Ten active men performed two experimental trials in random order, separated by 2:1 wk. During each trial, subjects performed two HIE sessions separated by 3 h (AM and PM sessions). Exercise sessions consisted of 5 x 4 min cycling bouts at a workload that elicited approximately 90% V02peak, with 2 min rest periods. Between sessions, subjects ingested -1.2 g CHO/kg b.w./h (HI-HI) or a taste-matched, non-energetic placebo (HI-LO). Muscle biopsies and blood samples were obtained before (Pre) and after (Post) the AM and PM HIE sessions. AMPK, CaMKII, and p38 MAPK phosphorylation increased from AM Pre to AM Post (p<0.01). During the PM exercise session, p38 phosphorylation increased in the HI-LO condition (-4.5-fold, p<0.001), whereas the HI-HI condition remained unchanged. PM HIE significantly increased CaMKII phosphorylation independent of condition, while no exercise or condition-mediated AMPK effects were observed. In summary, restricting CHO availability following an acute session of HIE augmented the exercise-induced increase in p38 phosphorylation during a subsequent HIE session. It remains to be determined whether chronic changes in p38 MAPK signalling are mechanistically linked to altered skeletal muscle remodelling observed after CHO-restricted exercise training. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

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