Peatlands are unique habitats that have absorbed large amounts of carbon dioxide and locked it away as carbon buried in peat for millennia. In the UK, blanket peatlands form one of the largest terrestrial stores of carbon (Milne and Brown, 1997). Recent research suggests that the carbon sequestering potential and carbon stores of UK blanket peatlands are at risk from changes in land use practices and climate. Although, to date, little research has considered blanket peatland at a landscape scale and a comprehensive understanding of land use and degradation impact upon carbon sequestration has not been gained. This thesis presents a study of Dartmoor, a blanket peatland in south west England vulnerable to climate change (Clark et al, 2010). A landscape scale carbon inventory, using a methodology designed for blanket peatlands is presented. Nearly 1000 peat depths and 30 cores were taken using stratified sampling across Dartmoor’s landscape. Functional relationships between peat depth, bulk density and carbon content and topographic parameters were found. In arc GIS 9.3 these were used to model landscape scale carbon, this estimates that Dartmoor contained 9.7 (-2.91 + 2.97) Mt of carbon, a value similar to that of the national inventory (Bradley et al, 2005). The thesis then considers the impact of drainage and degradation on carbon accumulation. Fifteen cores were dated from a drained, degraded site with a history of burning and control site using Spheroidal Carbonaceous Particles (SCPs) and radionuclide techniques. Previous studies have raised concern surrounding accuracy dating recent peats. Results indicate that although dating was largely successful, some discrepancies existed related to poor calibration of SCPs and mobility of radionuclides. To avoid error in dating, it was concluded that multiple dates should be used per core. With consideration of this, carbon accumulation was found to be active but significantly lower in the degraded site and unchanged in the drained site. Further analysis suggested that this outcome may vary with changing management and topographic situations. Future carbon accumulation at a landscape scale was calculated under different scenarios. This found degradation could potentially reduce carbon sequestration on Dartmoor by up to 32%. Economic valuation of accumulation values was used to demonstrate how this data could be used to inform management. This thesis provides an insight into the carbon storage and threats to Dartmoor, an under investigated, yet threatened blanket peatland environment. This helps broaden the spatial

För att minska den globala uppvärmningen har en rad olika aktörer satt mål för minskade utsläpp fram till 2050, däribland Haninge kommun. För att kommunen skall minska sina utsläpp bör de först kartlägga sina utsläppskällor för att få en tydlig bild över vart potentiella minskningar kan ske. Som komplement till att minska sina utsläpp och följa Sveriges satta mål med kompletterande åtgärder har kommunen en stor potential inom Bio-CCS då kommunen huserar Jordbro kraftvärmeverk, ett kraftvärmeverk som ägs av Vattenfall och drivs helt på biobränslen. Bio-CCS ligger under kategorin negativa emissions teknologier och har en stor potential till att minska koldioxidhalten i atmosfären. Studiens syfte är att föreslå en åtgärdssammansättning för att hjälpa Haninge kommun bli klimatpositivt. För att uppfylla syftet ska utsläppens magnitud och fördelning i kommunen undersökas, för att sedan utforska möjliga åtgärder för att minska och kompensera för utsläppen. Ett fokus för studien är att analysera vilken potential Vattenfalls anläggning i Jordbro har för att bidra till negativa utsläpp i Haninge, med en utblick för andra möjliga tekniker för negativa utsläpp inom kommunen. För att uppnå syftet gjordes en djupgående litteraturstudie där metoder för klimatberäkningar undersöktes för att komma fram till vilken metod som är lämpligast ur ett kommunperspektiv där Greenhouse Gas Protocols redovisningsstandard för städer valdes och verktyget som valdes för klimatredovisningen var Greenhouse Gas Protocols egna verktyg CIRIS. För scenarioanalysen av kommunens väg mot klimatpositivitet fram till 2050 valdes programmet LEAP och till sist gjordes en enkel ekonomisk analys och dimensionering av en Bio-CCS anläggning i Jordbro kraftvärmeverk baserat på kraftvärmeverkets värmeproduktion. Resultatet blev att för basåret 2018 släppte Haninge kommun ut 2,3 ton koldioxidekvivalenter per capita baserat på geografiska utsläpp, motsvarande 209 000 ton koldioxid ekvivalenter. Som resultat av privat konsumtion i Haninge släppte kommunens invånare ut 4,9 ton koldioxidekvivalenter per capita. För att kunna nå de mål som är uppsatta skulle Haninge kommun behöva minska utsläppen genom åtgärder inom främst transportsektorn samt öka andelen av biobaserade byggmaterial. För att nå målet om klimatpositivitet anses Bio-CCS vara den enda passande och realistiska negativa emissionsteknologin i dagsläget. Vid genomförande av alla åtgärder nås år 2050 vid slutet av modelleringsperioden -35 tusen ton koldioxidekvivalenter, en minskning med 60% jämfört med förväntad utveckling. I den initiala analysen uppskattas att Bio-CCS i Jordbroanläggningen skulle kunna bidra till en minskning på cirka 150 000 ton koldioxidekvivalenter per år. För att på ett kostnadseffektivt sätt installera koldioxidinfångning i Jordbro bör infångningskapaciteten ligga på 21 ton koldioxid per timme till en uppskattad kostnad på 770 SEK per ton koldioxid. Vid finansiering av en Bio-CCS anläggning krävs det i dagsläget statliga stöd då det inte finns någon marknad än för infångad koldioxid som skulle göra det till en lönsam investering / To reduce global warming a number of different stakeholders have set targets for reduced emissions by 2050, including Haninge municipality. In order for the municipality to reduce its emissions the first step is to map their emission sources to get a clear picture of where potential reductions can take place. As a complement to reducing its emissions and following Sweden's set goals with complementary measures the municipality has great potential regarding Bio-CCS as the municipality houses a combined heat and power plant in Jordbro, a plant owned by Vattenfall which runs entirely on biofuels. Bio-CCS falls under the category of negative emission technologies and has great potential for reducing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The purpose of the study is to propose a composition of measures to help Haninge municipality become climate positive. To fulfill the purpose, the magnitude and distribution of emissions in the municipality have been examined, and an investigation of possible measures to reduce and compensate for the emissions has been done. A focus of the study is to analyze what potential Vattenfall's facility in Jordbro has to contribute to negative emissions in Haninge, together with other possible technologies for negative emissions within the municipality. To achieve this purpose, an in-depth literature study was conducted where methods for greenhouse gas inventory were examined to determine which method is most suitable from a municipal perspective. The conclusion was that Greenhouse Gas Protocol's accounting standard for cities was the best fit. Furthermore, various tools for compiling climate data were examined, which laid the foundation for Haninge municipality's overall climate report. The tool chosen for the climate report was Greenhouse Gas Protocol's own tool CIRIS. For the scenario analysis of the municipality's road towards climate positivity before 2050, the program LEAP was chosen and finally a simple economic analysis was made for the dimensioning of a Bio-CCS plant in Jordbro’s combined heat and power plant based on the plant’s heat production. It was concluded that for the base year 2018, Haninge municipality emitted 2.3 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents per capita when considering the territorial emissions, corresponding to 209 000 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents. As a result of household consumption within the municipality inhabitants emitted 4.9 tonnes carbon dioxide equivalents per capita. In order to be able to achieve the goals that have been set, Haninge municipality would need to reduce emissions through measures primarily in the transport sector and increase the share of bio-based building materials. To achieve the goal of climate positivity, Bio-CCS is considered to be the only suitable and realistic negative emission technology at present. By implementing a range of solutions, the emissions in 2050 at the end of the modeling period reach -35 thousand tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents, a reduction of 60% compared to expected development. In the initial analysis, it is estimated that Bio-CCS in the Jordbro plant could contribute to a reduction of approximately 150 000 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents per year. In order to install carbon capture in a cost-effective way in Jordbro, the capture capacity should be 21 tonnes of carbon dioxide per hour at an estimated cost of SEK 770 per tonne of carbon dioxide. Financially, a Bio-CCS facility currently needs state aid as there is no market for captured CO2 that would make it a profitable investment.

Carbon accreditation of forest development projects is essential for sequestering atmospheric CO2 under the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol. The carbon sequestration potential of surface coal-mined lands is not well known. The purpose of this work was to determine how to measure carbon sequestration and estimate the additional amount that could be sequestered using different reforestation methods compared to the common practice of establishing grasslands. I developed a thermal oxidation technique for differentiating sequestered soil carbon from inorganic and fossilized carbon found at high levels in mine soils along with a geospatial and statistical protocol for carbon monitoring and accounting. I used existing tree, litter, and soil carbon data for 14 mined and 8 adjacent, non-mined forests in the Midwestern and Eastern coal regions to determine, and model sequestered carbon across the spectrum of site index and stand age in pine, mixed, and hardwood forest stands. Finally, I developed the framework of a decision support system consisting of the first iteration of a dynamic model to predict carbon sequestration for a 60-year period for three forest types (white pine, hybrid poplar, and native hardwoods) at three levels of management intensity: low (weed control), medium (weed control and tillage) and high (weed control, tillage, and fertilization). On average, the highest amount of ecosystem carbon on mined land was sequestered by pine stands (148 Mg ha-1), followed by hardwood (130 Mg ha-1) and mixed stands (118 Mg ha-1). Non-mined hardwood stands contained 210 Mg C ha-1, which was about 62% higher than the average of all mined stands. After 60 years, the net carbon in ecosystem components, wood products, and landfills ranged from 20 to 235 Mg ha-1 among all scenarios. The highest net amount of carbon was estimated under mixed hardwood vegetation established by the highest intensity treatment. Under this scenario, a surface-mined land of average site quality would sequester net carbon stock at 235 Mg C ha-1, at a rate of 3.9 Mg C ha-1 yr-1, which was 100% greater than a grassland scenario. Reforestation is a logical choice for mined land reclamation if carbon sequestration is a management objective. / Ph. D.