The MixAlco process uses an anaerobic, mixed-culture fermentation to convert lignocellulosic biomass to carboxylate salts. The fermentation broth must be clarified so that only carboxylate salts, water, and minimal impurities remain. Carboxylate salts are concentrated by evaporation and thermally decomposed into ketones. The ketones can then be chemically converted to a wide variety of chemicals and fuels. The presence of excess lime in the thermal decomposition step reduced product yield. Mixtures of calcium carboxylate salts were thermally decomposed at 450 degrees C. Low lime-to-salt ratios (g Ca(OH)2/g salt) of 0.00134 and less had a negligible effect on ketone yield. In contrast, salts with higher lime-to-salt ratios of 0.00461, 0.0190, and 0.272 showed 3.5, 4.6, and 9.4% loss in ketone yield, respectively. These losses were caused primarily by increases in tars and heavy oils; however, a three-fold increase in hydrocarbon production occurred as well. To predict ketone product distribution, a random-pairing and a Gibbs free energy minimization model were applied to thermal decompositions of mixed calcium and sodium carboxylate salts. Random pairing appears to better predict ketone product composition. For sodium and calcium acetate, two types of mixed sodium carboxylate salts, and two types of mixed calcium carboxylate salts, activation energy (EA) was determined using three isoconversional methods. For each salt type, EA varied significantly with conversion. The average EA for sodium and calcium acetate was 226.65 and 556.75 kJ/mol, respectively. The average EA for the two mixed sodium carboxylate salts were 195.61, and 218.18 kJ/mol. The average EA for the two mixed calcium carboxylate salts were 232.78, and 176.55 kJ/mol. In addition, three functions of conversion were employed to see which one best modeled the experimental data. The Sestak-Berggren model was the best overall. Possible reactor designs and configurations that address the challenges associated with the continuous thermal decomposition of carboxylate salts are also presented and discussed. Methods of fermentation broth clarification were tested. Flocculation showed little improvement in broth purity. Coagulation yielded broth of 93.23% purity. Filtration using pore sizes from 1 micrometer to 240 Daltons increased broth purity (90.79 to 98.33%) with decreasing pore size.

Nanoparticles (NPs) are the basis of nanotechnology and finding numerous applications in various fields such as health, electronics, environment, personal care products, transportation, and catalysis. To fulfill these functions, the nanoparticles must be synthesized, passivated to control their chemical reactivity, stabilized against aggregation and functionalized to achieve specific performances. The chemistry of metal nanoparticles especially that of noble metals (Gold, Platinum…) is a growing field. The nanoparticles have indeed different properties from those of the corresponding bulk material. These properties are largely influenced by several parameters; the most important are the size, shape, and the local environment of the nanoparticles. One of the most common synthetic methods for the preparation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is based on stabilization by citrate. Since it was reported first by Turkevich et al. in 1951, this synthetic scheme has been widely used, studied and a substantial amount of important information regarding this system has been reported in the literature. The most popular method developed by Frens for controlling the size of the noble gold nanoparticles based on citrate was achieved by varying the concentration of sodium citrate. Despite a large number of investigations focused on utilizing Cit-AuNPs, the structural details of citrate anions adsorbed on the AuNP surface are still unknown. It is known only that citrate anions “coordinate” to the metal surface by inner sphere complexation of the carboxylate groups and there are trace amounts of AuCl4−, Cl−, and OH− on the metal surface. Moreover, it is generally accepted that the ligand shell morphology of Au nanoparticles can be partly responsible for important properties such as oxidation of carbon monoxide. The use of Au-NPs in heterogeneous catalysis started mostly with Haruta who discovered the effect of particle size on the activity for carbon monoxide oxidation at low temperature. The structure of the citrate layer on the AuNP surface may be a key factor in gaining a more detailed understanding of nanoparticle formation and stabilization. This can be affecting the catalytic activity. These thoughts invited us to systematically examine the role of sodium citrate as a stabilizer of gold nanoparticles, which is the main theme of this thesis. This research is focused on three main objectives, controlling the size of the gold nanoparticles based on citrate (and other carboxylate ligands Trisodium citrate dihydrate, Isocitric Acid, Citric acid, Trimesic acid, Succinic Acid, Phthalic acid, Disodium glutarate, Tartaric Acid, Sodium acetate, Acetic Acid and Formic Acid by varying the concentration of Gold/sodium citrate, investigating the interaction of the citrate layer on the AuNP surface, and testing the activity of the Au/TiO2 catalysts for the oxidation of carbon monoxide. This thesis will be divided into five chapters. In Chapter 1, a general literature study on the various applications and methods of synthesis of Au nanoparticles is described. Then we present the main synthetic pathways of Au nanoparticles we selected. A part of the bibliographic study was given to the use of Au nanoparticles in catalysis. In Chapter 2, we give a brief description of the different experimental procedures and characterization techniques utilized over the course of the present work. The study of the size control and the interaction between gold nanoparticles and the stabilizer (carboxylate groups) was achieved by using various characterization techniques such as UV-visible spectroscopy, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Nuclear Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In Chapter 3, we discuss the synthesis and size control of Au nanoparticles by following the growth of these nanoparticles by UV-Visible spectroscopy and TEM. We then describe the effect of the concentrations and of various type of the stabilizer, and the post-synthesis treatment on gold nanoparticles size. In Chapter 4, we focus on determining the nature of the interactions at molecular level between citrate (and other carboxylate-containing ligands) and AuNP in terms of the mode of coordination at the surface, and the formal oxidation state of Au when interacting with these negatively charged carboxylate ligands (i.e., LX- in the Green formalism). We achieve this by combining very advanced 13C CP/MAS, 23Na MAS and low-temperature SSNMR, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. A particular emphasis will be based on SS-NMR. In Chapter 5, we study the influence of pretreatment of 1% Au/TiO2 catalysts on the resulting activity in the oxidation of carbon monoxide, the effect of the concentration and the type of the ligands on the catalytic activity. The catalysts were characterized by TPO, XRD, and TEM spectroscopy.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Foram estudados os produtos da interação entre o acetato e o trifluoroacetato de ródio (respectivamente, Rh2(OAc)4 e Rh2(TFA)4) com amidas (formamida, FA; acetamida, AA; N-metil-acetamida, MA; benzamida, BA; N-fenil-acetamida, NFAA; trifluoroacetamida, TMA; ciclofosfamida, CFA), objetivando caracterização química e avaliação do potencial anti-tumor. Foram sintetizados por refluxo em clorofórmio dois adutos de Rh2(OAc)4 (Rh2(OAc)4-2FA e Rh2(OAc)4-2AA) e sete adutos inéditos de Rh2(TFA)4, de fórmula geral Rh2(TFA)4-2L (L = AA, BA, CFA, FA, MA, NFAA e TMA). Também obtivemos o novo amidato de Rh(II), Rh2(CF3CONH)4(CF3CONH2)2 (Rh2(TFACAM)4-2TMA), por fusão de Rh2(OAc)4 com TMA. Através da fusão de Rh2(TFA)4 com MA, obtivemos um composto que formulamos como Rh2(CF3COO)2(CH3CONCH3)2. Os resultados de análise elementar foram satisfatórios. Os adutos apresentaram bandas de absorção características dos carboxilatos de ródio (~ em 600, 450, 250 - ombro - e 220 nm). O modo de coordenação do ligante axial, pelo átomo de oxigênio da amida, foi determinado pela diminuição da freqüência de estiramento C-O na região do infravermelho (IV). Os amidatos apresentaram apenas uma banda na região do visível, e na região do IV os valores de?estiramentos característicos dos principais grupos orgânicos. Estudos comparativos dos espectros Raman mostraram que a freqüência Rh-Rh diminui ao se passar de um carboxilato para um amidato. Medidas de susceptibilidade magnética atestam o diamagnetismo de todas as moléculas (ligação Rh-Rh simples). O mecanismo de termodecomposição do Rh2(TFA)4 e dos seus adutos com amidas envolve mais de uma etapa, sendo que os intermediários podem apresentar estruturas do tipo Rh2(CF3COO)4-x(L)n (x e n = 1 ou 2). Avaliação do potencial citostático (frente a células U937, K562 e ascite de Ehrlich) e da DL50 (camundongos Balb-c) do complexo Rh2(TFACAM)4-2TMA mostraram atividade in vitro superior e toxicidade in vivo semelhante às da cisplatina. / We studied the interaction products of two Rh carboxylates (acetate, AC; and trifluoroacetate, TFA) with amides (formamide, FA; acetamide, AA; N-methyl-acetamide, MA; benzamide, BA; N-phenyl-acetamide, NFAA; trifluoroacetamide, TMA; cyclophosphamide, CFA). Two adducts of AC (AC-2FA e AC-2AA) and seven new adducts of TFA (TFA-2FA, TFA-2AA, TFA-2MA, TFA-2BA, TFA-2NFAA, TFA-2TMA, TFA-2CFA) were synthesized by reflux in CHCl3 solution. We obtained also the new Rh(II) amidates Rh2(CF3CONH)4(CF3CONH2)2 (TFACAM-2TMA) and a compound formulated as Rh2(CF3COO)2(CH3CONCH3)2 (\"Semi-MACAM\"), by fusion of the appropriate reagents. Elemental microanalysis results were satisfactory. Thermal decomposition mechanism of TFA and its adducts involves more than one step, and the intermediates can exhibit structures as Rh2(CF3COO)4-x(L)x (x = 0 or 1). Citostatic potential evaluation (towards U937, K562 and Ehrlich ascites cells) and of LD50 (Balb-c mice) of the compound TFACAM-2TMA showed superior in vitro activity and similar in vivo toxicity when compared with cisplatin.

Foram estudados os produtos da interação entre o acetato e o trifluoroacetato de ródio (respectivamente, Rh2(OAc)4 e Rh2(TFA)4) com amidas (formamida, FA; acetamida, AA; N-metil-acetamida, MA; benzamida, BA; N-fenil-acetamida, NFAA; trifluoroacetamida, TMA; ciclofosfamida, CFA), objetivando caracterização química e avaliação do potencial anti-tumor. Foram sintetizados por refluxo em clorofórmio dois adutos de Rh2(OAc)4 (Rh2(OAc)4-2FA e Rh2(OAc)4-2AA) e sete adutos inéditos de Rh2(TFA)4, de fórmula geral Rh2(TFA)4-2L (L = AA, BA, CFA, FA, MA, NFAA e TMA). Também obtivemos o novo amidato de Rh(II), Rh2(CF3CONH)4(CF3CONH2)2 (Rh2(TFACAM)4-2TMA), por fusão de Rh2(OAc)4 com TMA. Através da fusão de Rh2(TFA)4 com MA, obtivemos um composto que formulamos como Rh2(CF3COO)2(CH3CONCH3)2. Os resultados de análise elementar foram satisfatórios. Os adutos apresentaram bandas de absorção características dos carboxilatos de ródio (~ em 600, 450, 250 - ombro - e 220 nm). O modo de coordenação do ligante axial, pelo átomo de oxigênio da amida, foi determinado pela diminuição da freqüência de estiramento C-O na região do infravermelho (IV). Os amidatos apresentaram apenas uma banda na região do visível, e na região do IV os valores de?estiramentos característicos dos principais grupos orgânicos. Estudos comparativos dos espectros Raman mostraram que a freqüência Rh-Rh diminui ao se passar de um carboxilato para um amidato. Medidas de susceptibilidade magnética atestam o diamagnetismo de todas as moléculas (ligação Rh-Rh simples). O mecanismo de termodecomposição do Rh2(TFA)4 e dos seus adutos com amidas envolve mais de uma etapa, sendo que os intermediários podem apresentar estruturas do tipo Rh2(CF3COO)4-x(L)n (x e n = 1 ou 2). Avaliação do potencial citostático (frente a células U937, K562 e ascite de Ehrlich) e da DL50 (camundongos Balb-c) do complexo Rh2(TFACAM)4-2TMA mostraram atividade in vitro superior e toxicidade in vivo semelhante às da cisplatina. / We studied the interaction products of two Rh carboxylates (acetate, AC; and trifluoroacetate, TFA) with amides (formamide, FA; acetamide, AA; N-methyl-acetamide, MA; benzamide, BA; N-phenyl-acetamide, NFAA; trifluoroacetamide, TMA; cyclophosphamide, CFA). Two adducts of AC (AC-2FA e AC-2AA) and seven new adducts of TFA (TFA-2FA, TFA-2AA, TFA-2MA, TFA-2BA, TFA-2NFAA, TFA-2TMA, TFA-2CFA) were synthesized by reflux in CHCl3 solution. We obtained also the new Rh(II) amidates Rh2(CF3CONH)4(CF3CONH2)2 (TFACAM-2TMA) and a compound formulated as Rh2(CF3COO)2(CH3CONCH3)2 (\"Semi-MACAM\"), by fusion of the appropriate reagents. Elemental microanalysis results were satisfactory. Thermal decomposition mechanism of TFA and its adducts involves more than one step, and the intermediates can exhibit structures as Rh2(CF3COO)4-x(L)x (x = 0 or 1). Citostatic potential evaluation (towards U937, K562 and Ehrlich ascites cells) and of LD50 (Balb-c mice) of the compound TFACAM-2TMA showed superior in vitro activity and similar in vivo toxicity when compared with cisplatin.

A proprietary technology owned by Texas A

A proprietary technology owned by Texas A

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Synthese von Phosphan-Kupfer(I)- und Silber(I)-Thiocarboxylaten der Art [(nBu3P)mMSC(O)R] (m = 2, 3; M = Cu, Ag; R = Me, Ph). Die Verbindungen wurden in Hinsicht auf ihr Potential zur thermischen Abscheidung dünner Schichten untersucht. Weiterhin befasst sich diese Arbeit mit der Darstellung von Silber(I)- und Kupfer(I)-Carboxylaten, die im organischen Rest mindestens eine zusätzliche Donorfunktion besitzen ([(nBu3P)mMO2CR]; m = 1, 2; M = Ag, Cu; R = ungesättigter organischer Rest, CH2O(CH2)2OCH3). Das thermische Verhalten und die Anwendbarkeit dieser Komplexe zur Abscheidung dünner Metallschichten mittels CVD-Verfahren wurden untersucht. Das Verhalten von Phosphan-Silber und -Kupfer-Verbindungen in Lösung wurde mittels dynamischer NMR-Spektroskopie untersucht. Dazu wurden phosphankoordinierte Silber(I)- und Kupfer(I)-Acetate als Modellsystem benutzt und mit einem ausgewählten Vertreter der ungesättigten Carboxylate verglichen.

Chemical flooding has been studied for 50 years. However, never have the conditions encouraging its growth been as good as right now. Those conditions being new, improved technology and oil prices high enough to make implementation economical. The objective of this work was to develop economical, robust chemical formulations and processes that recover oil in field pilots when properly implemented. This experimental study goes through the process of testing surfactants to achieve optimal phase behavior, coreflooding with the best chemical formulations, improving the formulation and testing it in more corefloods, and then finally recommending the formulation to be tested in a field pilot. The target reservoir contains a light (34° API, 10 cP), non-reactive oil at about 22° C. The formation is a moderate permeability (50 - 300 mD) sandstone with a high clay content (up to 13%). Different surfactants and surfactant mixtures were tested with the oil including alkyl benzene sulfonates (ABS), Guerbet alcohol sulfates (GAS), alkyl propoxy sulfates, and internal olefin sulfonates (IOS). The best formulation contained 0.75% TDA -13PO-SO₄, 0.25% C₂₀₋₂₄ IOS, 0.75% isobutanol (IBA), 1% Na₂CO₃, all which are mixed in a softened fresh water from a supply well. Corefloods recovered 93% of residual oil from reservoir cores. Core flood experiments were also done with the alkali sodium carbonate to measure the effluent pH in a Bentheimer sandstone core with a cation exchange capacity (CEC) of 2 meq/100g. Floods at frontal velocities of 100, 10, and 0.33 ft/D were performed with 0.3 pore volume slugs of 0.7% Na₂CO₃ at 86° C. The effluent was analyzed for ions and pH breakthrough. It was found that the pH breakthrough occurred before surfactant breakthrough would be expected as desired although the pH was lower at a frontal velocity of 0.33 ft/D than at the higher velocities. The Na₂CO₃ consumption was 0.244, 0.238, and 0.207 meq/100 g rock at velocities of 100, 10, and 0.33 ft/D, respectively. In addition, a no-alkaline formulation consisting of a new large hydrophobe ether carboxylate surfactant mixed with an internal olefin sulfonate was tested on an active oil and it successfully recovered 99% of the waterflood remaining oil from an Ottawa sand pack with no salinity gradient and no alkali. The final residual oil saturation after the chemical flood (S[subscript orc]) was only 0.005 / text

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