The role of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) dependent protein kinase (PKG) in necrotic and apoptotic pathways of many cell types is well established; however its role in the ischemic preconditioning (IPC) of cardiomyocytes is not clearly defined. In the current study, we assessed the hypothesis that PKG protects against cell death following ischemidreperfusion injury in myocytes subjected to IPC. Freshly isolated adult rat ventricular myocytes were subjected to IPC by incubating in ischemic buffer for 30 minutes (min) followed by incubation in normal medium for 30 min. Prolonged simulated ischemia (SI) was created by incubating myocytes in the ischemic buffer for 90 min and reoxygenation (RO) for 120 min in the normal medium. Necrosis was determined by trypan blue exclusion and apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL assay. IPC reduced necrosis as shown by significant decrease in trypan blue positive cells as compared to virgin non-preconditioned myocytes subjected to SI and RO alone (p<.01). Similarly, the number of TUNEL positive myocytes following SI and 18 hrs of RO were significantly reduced in the IPC group. Treatment with PKG inhibitor, KT5832 (2pM) completely abolished the protection against necrosis by IPC. However, KT5832 failed to abolish the protective affect of IPC against apoptosis. Furthermore, myocytes infected with an adenoviral construct of PKG-la (1 x 1 o4 particles/cell) significantly reduced the number of trypan blue and TUNEL positive cells. These results suggest that the PKG signaling pathway plays an essential role in the preconditioning of myocytes against necrosis following SI / RO injury. Furthermore, while the overexpression of PKG protects myocytes against necrosis, as well as apoptosis, IPC may not induce a sufficient level of PKG during 18 hours of RO to induce protection against apoptosis.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

There is a growing epidemic of chronic heart failure (CHF) in the developed world. The costs associated with providing care is profound and despite our best efforts, new, more effective treatments for CHF are needed; 50% of patients diagnosed with CHF are dead within 5 years. Current paradigms rely heavily on pharmacologic interventions, which merely help manage the disease. Surgical interventions may also be considered for late stage CHF patients such as heart transplant or left ventricular assist device (LVAD) but require burdensome and invasive surgical procedures. In addition they are costly, and require the need for life long immunosuppressive and anticoagulant therapies respectively. Despite our best intentions, the long-term prognosis for CHF patients remains poor. With over a decade of clinical investigation taken place, data from cell-based therapy trials remains inconsistent. While demonstrating safety, limited efficacy has been reported and to date, no stem cell therapy has been approved by the FDA. Despite these shortcomings important lessons have been learned that can be applied to future developments. Retrospective analysis of early cell-based clinical trial data has suggested that variations in isolated cell number, viability, and potency from donor to donor in autologous preparations yielded wide discrepancies in functional outcomes. In addition, sub culturing adult stem cells, even for short periods of time in 2D polystyrene environments void of complementary cell populations and extra cellular matrix protein interactions, may alter the therapeutic potential of a given cell. As a solution, allogeneic approaches where donor cell quality and potency can be assessed and optimized may help achieve functional benefits. Furthermore, co-dosing with multiple cell populations or developing 3D sub-culture environments that more closely mimic the in vivo milieu may ultimately yield more potent therapeutic cell populations. While these alterations may improve cell-based therapy outcomes, other solutions have been proposed such as tissue engineering. While the concept of tissue engineering is not new, advancements in biomaterials, bioreactor design and cell sources have greatly enhanced the reality of these preparations. Previously, one of the greatest limitations to tissue engineering is overcoming the cell requirements for developing and testing where millions if not billions of cells are required. Cell sourcing limitations appear to have been solved with the discovery and development of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived cell populations. First reported in 2007, they have the ability to generate embryonic like pluripotent stem cells without the ethical concerns of embryonic stem cells. These iPSCs hold tremendous potential for drug toxicology / screening, personalized medicine and cell therapies. The body of work described in this dissertation looks at developing and testing a tissue engineered cardiac patch to treat heart failure. For which, an emphasis has been to provide 1) structural support for engrafted cells and 2) a rapidly inducible vascular supply once implanted in vivo. Biomaterials were sourced that facilitate infill by multiple cell populations in 3D culture and the establishment of extra cellular matrix deposits. Together, these patches enhanced cellular development in vitro and result in long term functional improvements in small animal models for CHF. Additional feasibility work was performed in large animal models to permit upscaling and development of surgical implantation techniques to demonstrate clinical applicability

L'objectif de ce travail a été de comprendre comment les canaux ioniques sont adressés, organisés et régulés dans des domaines spécialisés de la membrane plasmique des cardiomyocytes. Parmi les partenaires des canaux, les protéines MAGUK (Membrane Associated GUanylate Kinase) sont spécialisées dans l'ancrage, l'agrégation et la formation de complexes macromoléculaires à la membrane. J'ai caractérisé pour la première fois au niveau cardiaque une de ces protéines MAGUK, la protéine CASK. CASK est localisée à la membrane latérale des cardiomyocytes et exclue des disques intercalaires, zones de conduction privilégiée dans l'axe longitudinal. À la membrane latérale, la protéine CASK est exprimée au sein du complexe costamérique dystrophine/glycoprotéines. L'inhibition de CASK entraîne l'augmentation du courant sodique INa dans les HEK293 et les myocytes cardiaques. Dans les HEK293, la microscopie à onde évanescente (TIRF) et des expériences de biotinylation ont mis en évidence que cette augmentation du courant INa est associée à une augmentation du nombre de canaux NaV1.5 à la membrane. La microscopie de conductance ionique (SICM) couplée au patch clamp en configuration cellule attachée a permis de montrer que CASK retient les canaux sodiques au niveau des crêtes et prévient leur agrégation en clusters dans les T-tubules. Enfin, l'inhibition de CASK in vivo par une stratégie reposant sur l'utilisation de virus adéno-associés (AAV) est responsable d'un allongement de la durée de dépolarisation ventriculaire et de l'apparition d'une cardiopathie dilatée. / The aim of the thesis was to understand how ion channels are addressed, organized and regulated in specialized domains of the plasma membrane of cardiac myocytes. Among these partners, the MAGUK proteins (Membrane Associated GUanylate Kinase) are specialized in anchoring, aggregation and clustering of macromolecular complexes at the plasma membrane. In particular, characterized for the first time at the level of the hearth, one of these MAGUK proteins is the CASK protein. CASK is localized at the lateral membrane of cardiomyocytes, but excluded from intercalated disks which are privilege zones of the longitudinal axial conduction. At the lateral membrane, CASK protein is expressed among the costameric dystrophin/glycoproteins complex. CASK inhibition leads to the increase in sodium current density in HEK293 cells and in cardiomyocytes. In HEK293, evanescent wave microscopy (TIRF) and biotinylation experiments pointed out that the INa increase is associated to an increase in the number of NaV1.5 channels at the plasma membrane. Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) coupled to cell-attached patch-clamp has demonstrated that CASK holds together sodium channels at the crest level and prevents their aggregation into clusters in the T-tubules. Finally, inhibition of CASK, in vivo, using an adeno-associated virus strategy resulted to an increase in duration of ventricular depolarization and to the appearance of dilated cardiomyopathy.

No description available.

L'étirement est un stimulus hypertrophique qui active de nombreuses voies de signalisation similaires à celles mises en évidence lors de l'étude de l'hypertrophie cellulaire. L'objectif principal de mon travail de thèse était de caractériser les évènements moléculaires impliqués dans l'activation des MAPKinases (MAPK), ERK et JNK lors de l'étirement. Nous avons étudié ces protéines par 2 approches différentes. D'une part, nous nous sommes intéressés aux rôles de protéines potentiellement nécessaires à l'activation des MAPK. D'autre part, nous avons cherché à mettre en évidence des interconnexions moléculaires entre les différentes voies de signalisation activées par l'étirement cellulaire, en montrant notamment la formation de complexes protéiques nécessaires à l'activation des différents partenaires. Nous montrons ainsi que deux protéines à activité tyrosine kinase, l'Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) et la Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2), sont respectivement nécessaires à l'activation de ERK et de JNK lors de l'étirement. Ces cascades de transduction peuvent être dépendantes de la petite protéine G Ras. Bien que les voies des MAPK et de PI3K/Akt soient considérées comme indépendantes, nous montrons également que Akt participe à l'activation de ERK par l'étirement. Enfin, nous avons montré la formation d'un complexe Protein Kinase C (PKC)/Calcineurine nécessaire à l'activation et à la translocation de la PKC lors de l'étirement. Cette étude de différentes voies de signalisation et des interactions protéiques apporte une meilleure connaissance des mécanismes activés par l'étirement cellulaire et permet donc de mieux comprendre la signalisation impliquée dans l'hypertrophie ventriculaire / Cardiomyocyte stretch is a major determinant of ventricular hypertrophy. It stimulates numerous signalling pathways leading to the Mitogen Activated Protein kinases (MAPK) activation. The objective of this thesis was to evaluate the molecular events involved in MAPK ERK and JNK activations during stretch. We studied these pathways by 2 different approaches. We analysed the role of several pivotal proteins involved in ERK and JNK activations and next we evaluated the molecular interactions between different signalling pathways by protein complexes formation induced by stretch and necessary for protein activations. We show that 2 tyrosine Kinases, the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and the Proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2) are necessary for ERK and JNK activations respectively during stretch with a possible involvement of the small G protein Ras. MAPK and PI3/Akt pathways are generally considered independent but we show that ERK activation is PI3K/Akt dependent during stretch. Thus, we demonstrate that 2 other pathways are associated since PKC and calcineurin form a complex necessary for PKC activation and translocation. This study of signalling pathways and protein interactions sheds a new light on intracellular pathways leading to MAPK activation and may have implications for the development of new drugs in the management of cardiac hypertrophy and failure

No description available.

A Cardiomiopatia Chagásica Crônica (CCC) é o elemento mórbido mais importante da Doença de Chagas e sua elucidação se tornou fundamental. Estudos da imunologia da CCC demonstram que o sistema imune desempenha um papel duplo no curso da doença, agindo de forma a controlar as formas parasitárias e ainda promovendo lesão tissular. Porém, pouco se sabe do papel das células estruturais, tais como os cardiomiócitos, no curso da doença. Sabe-se que, em outras patologias cardíacas, o IFN-&#947;, citocina produzida em abundância no coração dos pacientes com CCC, determina o priming de diversas populações celulares, modulando positivamente a sua resposta. Cardiomiócitos HL-1 e animais C3H/HePas foram primados com IFN-&#947; e desafiados com LPS para a dosagem de citocinas, simulando quadro agudo e crônico de infecção. Neste trabalho, determinamos que o IFN-&#947; modula positivamente a produção de diversas citocinas in vitro por células HL-1 (IP-10, MCP-1, G-CSF, RANTES, MIG, IL-6, MIF) e também in vivo no coração (IP-10, KC, G-CSF, LIF e IL-6). Além disso, in vitro, o IFN-&#947; foi capaz de diminuir a produção de VEGF e GM-CSF em relação aos grupos tratados apenas com LPS. Os dados corroboram a literatura e permitem concluir que os cardiomiócitos são capazes de participar ativamente da resposta inflamatória no coração e que são sensíveis aos produtos da mesma. O trabalho serve ainda de base para novos estudos sobre o perfil de citocinas expressas no coração no curso da infecção por T. cruzi e como os cardiomiócitos participam da resposta inflamatória em questão. / Chronic Chagasic Cardiomyopathy (CCC) is the most morbid element of Chagas Disease, the elucidation of its physiopathology being fundamental. However, little is known about the role of structural cells, such as cardiomyocytes, in the course of the disease. In other cardiac pathologies, it has been shown that IFN-&#947; determines the priming of several resident populations, positively modulating their response. In this work, HL-1 cardiomyocytes and C3H/HePas mice were primed with IFN-&#947; (in brief or extended protocols) and challenged with LPS, the cytokines produced being measured in the supernatants. We observed that IFN-&#947; positively modulates the in vitro production of many cytokines by HL-1 cells (IP-10, MCP-1, G- CSF, RANTES, MIG, IL-6, MIF) and also their in vivo production at the heart (IP-10, KC, G-CSF, LIF and IL-6). Besides, IFN-&#947; was able to decrease the LPS-induced production of VEGF and GM-CSF by HL-1 cells. Our data allow us to conclude that cardiomyocytes actively participate in the inflammatory response of the heart, being sensitive to products released by professional immune cells. This work may serve as a basis for further studies on the profile of the cytokines secreted in the heart tissue along the course of cardiac inflammation.

As metaloproteases da matriz (MMPs) são enzimas proteolíticas que participam da degradação da matriz extracelular no organismo de vertebrados. Estudos mostram a grande importância dessas enzimas no processo de remodelação do tecido cardíaco, além de sugerirem a participação da MMP-2 em doenças cardiovasculares. Em estudo recente foi demonstrado que as MMPs clivam o receptor ?2-adrenérgico, contribuindo para o aumento do tônus arteriolar de ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR). Acredita-se que processo semelhante possa ser verificado em relação ao receptor ?-1 adrenérgico e proteínas das junções, que são fundamentais para o funcionamento do coração. As análises in sílico realizadas mostraram regiões prováveis de clivagem pela metaloprotease da matriz 2 humana recombinante (rhMMP-2) na porção extracelular, especificamente na região Nterminal deste receptor, no entanto, as análises de comparação de similaridade de substratos não apresentaram resultados significativos, embora os resultados preliminares obtidos no teste in vitro mostraram que houve hidrolise logo no início do peptídeo sintético ASPPASLLPPAS, entre os resíduos alanina e serina, entre as duas prolinas e por fim entre o resíduo de prolina e alanina, regiões com grandes chances de ocorrer a hidrólise, pois o substrato nativo desta enzima é o colágeno que é composto por uma cadeia polipeptídica com uma sequência de repetições onde geralmente temos glicina-X-Y, onde X normalmente é uma prolina e Y frequentemente uma hidroxiprolina, e raramente lisina e hidroxilisina, no entanto a replicação deste experimento não apresentou o mesmo resultado. Já os resultados obtidos no western blotting mostraram que a expressão do receptor é diminuída quando os cardiomiócitos são previamente tratados com 40mM e 120mM de rhMMP- 2 e esse efeito tem uma reversão significativa quando as células são previamente tratadas com inibidores doxiciclina ou ONO-4817, corroborando com os trabalhos apresentados na literatura em que a rhMMP-2 atua no receptor ?1adrenérgico. / Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are proteolytic enzymes that participate in the degradation of the extracellular matrix in the vertebrate organism. Studies show the great importance of these enzymes in the remodeling process of cardiac tissue, besides suggesting the participation of MMP-2 in cardiovascular diseases. In a recent study, MMPs were shown to cleave the ?2-adrenergic receptor, contributing to the increase in arteriolar tone of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). It is believed that a similar process can be verified also in the ?-1 adrenergic receptor and junction proteins, which are fundamental to the heart function. The in situ analyzes performed revealed sections prone to be cleaved by matrix metalloproteinase 2 recombinant human (rhMMP-2) in the extracellular portion, specifically in the Nterminal region of this receptor, however, the comparative analyzes of the similarity of substrates did not present significant results, but those obtained in the in vitro test showed that there was hydrolysis right at the beginning of the synthetic peptide ASPPASLLPPAS, between alanine and serine residues, between the two proline and finally between the proline residue and alanine. Hydrolysis among proline residues was expected, even though it was not predicted for in silica cleavage, since the native substrate of this enzyme is collagen, which is composed of a polypeptide chain with a sequence of repetitions in which it usually has glycine-XY, where X usually is a proline and Y often a hydroxyproline, and rarely lysine and hydroxylysine, however the replication of this experiment di not present the same result. The obtained results in western blotting have presented that receptor expression is decreased when cardiomyocytes are pretreated with 40mM and 120mM rhMMP-2 and this effect has a significant reversion when cells are pretreated with doxycycline or ONO-4817 inhibitors, supporting previous studies which demonstrate that rhMMP- 2 acts on the ? 1 adrenergic receptor.