Orientador: Pedro Xavier de Oliveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T18:17:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zoccoler_Marcelo_M.pdf: 48059333 bytes, checksum: f5fb08bbb5d770ad29791611d11fa8fa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: A fibrilação ventricular é uma quadro extremamente grave de ameaça imediata à vida e a única terapia efetiva para sua reversão é a desfibrilação, que consiste na aplicação de campos elétricos (E) de alta intensidade sobre o coração. Este procedimento é capaz de restabelecer o sincronismo do coração, mas ele pode causar lesão em miócitos. A lesão depende da direção de E e é atribuída à eletroporação - formação de poros hidrofílicos na membrana celular - que leva a um aumento expressivo da concentração de íons Ca2+ livres no citosol ([Ca2+]i), resultante de influxo de Ca2+ extracelular pelos poros. Neste trabalho, produzimos um sistema de microfluorimetria capaz de registrar imagens de fluorescência de miócitos cardíacos isolados e estudamos a lesão causada por E de alta intensidade por meio do aumento da fluorescência associada a [Ca2+]i em miócitos orientados longitudinalmente e transversalmente a E. As células foram carregadas com o indicador de fluorescência Fluo-3, estimuladas a 0,5Hz por E de baixa intensidade antes da aplicação de um pulso de E de alta intensidade sub-letal. As imagens de fluorescência foram capturadas por uma câmera EMCCD e processadas por um software específico desenvolvido neste trabalho. O software utilizou dois métodos de análise: média de fluorescência normalizada e razão de uma área que mostrou aumento significativo de fluorescência dividida pela área total da célula. Análise de regiões de interesse (ROIs) voltadas para o ânodo e o cátodo produziu resultados em concordância com a literatura, com maior lesão (inferida por aumento de [Ca2+]i) no lado do ânodo (P<0,05 nos dois os métodos). A comparação entre os grupos longitudinal e transversal apresentou diferença estatística relevante no método da razão de áreas, o que não ocorreu pelo método de média de fluorescência. Imaginamos que a utilização de uma técnica mais direta para medir eletroporação possa solidificar esta correlação entre orientação e lesão. A compreensão dos mecanismos responsáveis pela severidade das lesões é importante para desenvolver terapias mais seguras / Abstract: Ventricular fibrillation is an extremely dangerous immediate life-threatening condition and the only effective therapy to its reversion is defibrillation, which consists in applying high intensity electric fields (E) on the heart. Such procedure is capable of reestablishing heart synchronism, but it may also cause lesion in myocytes. Lesion is associated to E direction and is assigned to electroporation - generation of hydrophilic pores across the membrane caused by high intensity E - which results in an expressive increase in cytosol free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), a consequence from extracellular Ca2+ influx through the pores. In this work, we produced a microfluorimetry system capable of recording isolated cardiomyocytes fluorescence images and studied lesion caused by high intensity E by the means of the rise in [Ca2+]i associated fluorescence in myocytes oriented longitudinally and transversally to E. Cells were loaded with fluorescent dye Fluo-3, paced at 0,5Hz with low intensity E before setting one sub-lethal high intensity E pulse. Fluorescence images were recorded by an EMCCD camera and processed by a specific software developed in this work. The software used two analysis methods: normalized fluorescence average and a ratio of an area showing most significant fluorescence increase divided by cell total area. Regions of interest (ROIs) analysis facing the anode and the cathode has produced results in accordance with literature, presenting higher lesion (inferred by [Ca2+]i increase) at anode side (P<0,05 in both methods). Comparison between longitudinal and transversal groups has presented relevant statistic difference when the ratio of areas method was employed, which has no happened when employing the fluorescence average method. We imagine that using a straight-foward technique for assessing electroporation may solidify this correlation between orientation and lesion. The understanding of the mechanisms responsible for lesion severity is important to develop safer therapies / Mestrado / Engenharia Biomedica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Abstract Clarification of the mechanisms of cardiac-specific gene expression provides not only basic knowledge about how the gene expression is regulated in the heart, but also about the changes in the gene expression during the development of cardiovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to analyze the mechanisms of cardiac chamber-specific gene expression and cardiac gene activation induced by mechanical load. In the present study, the experiments were carried out by using two cardiac genes, salmon cardiac peptide (sCP) and rat B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) genes as models. sCP was discovered previously in our laboratory and turned out to be extremely cardiac-specific, representing A-type natriuretic peptide characters in an exaggerated way. In neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, the sCP promoter activity was shown to be strictly restricted to atrial cells and the promoter to be inert to cardiac hypertrophy-inducing factors. In order to find out the mechanisms of earlier proved BNP gene activation by mechanical load, BNP promoter activity was studied in vivo in adult rat hearts. The tandem GATA transcription factor binding site at position -80/-91 was shown to be essential for the BNP gene induction by angiotensin II. To clarify the possiblity to transfer the characters of the BNP gene into the sCP gene, short BNP fragments were inserted to the sCP gene promoter. The otherwise atrial-restricted sCP promoter was shown to be switched on in rat ventricular cardiomyocytes by adding a short BNP proximal promoter element to the sCP promoter, preferably near to the transcription start site. This activity was partly dependent on the -80/-91 GATA sites in the BNP promoter. Thus, A-type natriuretic peptide regulation can be switched to B-type regulation by a short proximal BNP promoter element. In conclusion, these studies reveal certain basic differences in cardiac atrial and ventricular gene expression.

No description available.

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is a cardiac hormone that helps maintain cardiovascular homeostasis. ANF secretion is linked to the constitutive, regulated and constitutive-like pathways. Presence of a monensin-sensitive pool that may follow constitutive-like secretion has previously been identified in an isolated atrial perfusion study. The intracellular ANF storage pools linked to each secretory pathway have not been identified. In this study, ANF storage and secretion was characterized in HL-1 atrial cardiomyocytes through the use of pharmacological agents, density gradient and RP- HPLC analysis. Treatment of HL-1 cells with monensin followed by cell fractionation was unsuccessful in identifying the monensin-sensitive pool. RP-HPLC analysis identified presence of low molecular weight ANF in low density gradient fractions that were defined by the presence of organelle markers of Golgi, early endosome, clathrin and corin. Since the monensin-sensitive pool was thought to be of a constitutive-like nature, targeting this pathway with pharmacological inhibitors of clathrin coat vesicle (CCV) formation and endosomal trafficking failed to prevent stimuli-independent secretion. Based on an inability to prevent ANF secretion by targeting the constitutive-like pathway and the presence of low molecular weight ANF in low density gradient fractions, stimuli- independent ANF secretion seems to be through a constitutive pathway.

Recent advances in cellular reprogramming have enabled the generation of embryoniclike cells from virtually any cell of the body. These inducible pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are capable of indefinite self-renewal while maintaining the ability to differentiate into all cell types. Nowhere will this technology have a greater impact than in the ability to generate disease and patient-specific cell lines. Here we explore the capacity of human iPSCs reprogrammed from peripheral blood endothelial progenitor cells lines to differentiate into atrial myocytes for the study of patient specific atrial physiology. Methods and Results: Late outgrowth endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) cultured from clinical blood samples provided a robust cell source for genetic reprogramming. Transcriptome analysis hinted that EPCs would be comparatively more amenable to pluripotent reprogramming than the traditional dermal fibroblast. After 6 passages, EPCs were transduced with a doxycycline inducible lentivirus system encoding human transcription factors OCT4, SOX2, KLF4 and Nanog to permit differentiation after removal of doxycycline. The high endogenous expression of key pluripotency transcripts enhanced the ease of iPSC generation as demonstrated by the rapid emergence of typical iPSC colonies. Following removal of doxycycline, genetically reprogrammed EPC-iPSC colonies displayed phenotypic characteristics identical to human embryonic stem cells and expressed high levels of the pluripotent markers SSEA-4, TRA1-60 and TRA1-81. After exposure to conditions known to favor atrial identity, EPC- iPSC differentiating into sheets of beating cardiomyocytes that expressed high levels of several atrial-specific expressed genes (CACNA1H, KCNA5, and MYL4). Conclusions: EPCs provide a stable platform for genetic reprogramming into a pluripotent state using a doxycycline conditional expression system that avoids reexpression of oncogenic/pluripotent factors. Human EPC-derived iPSC can be differentiated into functional cardiomyocytes that express characteristic markers of atrial identity.

No description available.

京都大学 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医科学) / 乙第13443号 / 論医科博第7号 / 新制||医科||9(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医科学専攻 / (主査)教授 長船 健二, 教授 木村 剛, 教授 湊谷 謙司 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Die weltweite Zunahme der Prävalenz von Übergewicht und Adipositas und den damit verbundenen medizinischen und sozioökonomischen Herausforderungen stellt eine der wesentlichen Herausforderungen der modernen medizinischen Versorgung dar. Im Mittelpunkt stehen dabei insbesondere die Auswirkungen von Übergewicht und Adipositas auf das kardiovaskuläre System und den damit verbundenen funktionellen und strukturellen Veränderungen der kardiovaskulären Funktion.Als Mediatoren dieser funktionellen und strukturellen Veränderungen stehen dabei zunehmend Adipozytokine im Interesse wissenschaftlicher Arbeiten. Unter Adipozytokinen versteht man in diesem Zusammenhang einen Sammelbegriff für von Adipozyten und anderen Fettgewebszellen sezernierten autokrin-, endokrin- und parakrin wirkenden bioaktiven Molekülen. Insbesondere bei Übergewicht und Adipositas kommt es zu einer charakteristischen Veränderung im Sekretionsmuster dieser Adipozytokine. Die Wirkung einzelner Adipozytokine auf die kardiovaskuläre Funktion wurde in den letzten Jahren intensiv untersucht, über die Wirkung ganzer Adipozytokinprofile ist bisher jedoch nur wenig bekannt.Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es zu klären, welchen Einfluss eine 24-stündige Behandlung von neonatalen ventrikulären Kardiomyozyten mit einem physiologischen Adipozytokin-Profil auf Hypertrophie-assoziierte Signalwege und Zellproteine hat.

Die weltweite Zunahme der Prävalenz von Übergewicht und Adipositas und den damit verbundenen medizinischen und sozioökonomischen Herausforderungen stellt eine der wesentlichen Herausforderungen der modernen medizinischen Versorgung dar. Im Mittelpunkt stehen dabei insbesondere die Auswirkungen von Übergewicht und Adipositas auf das kardiovaskuläre System und den damit verbundenen funktionellen und strukturellen Veränderungen der kardiovaskulären Funktion. Als Mediatoren dieser funktionellen und strukturellen Veränderungen stehen dabei zunehmend Adipozytokine im Interesse wissenschaftlicher Arbeiten. Unter Adipozytokinen versteht man in diesem Zusammenhang einen Sammelbegriff für von Adipozyten und anderen Fettgewebszellen sezernierten autokrin-, endokrin- und parakrin wirkenden bioaktiven Molekülen. Insbesondere bei Übergewicht und Adipositas kommt es zu einer charakteristischen Veränderung im Sekretionsmuster dieser Adipozytokine. Die Wirkung einzelner Adipozytokine auf die kardiovaskuläre Funktion wurde in den letzten Jahren intensiv untersucht, über die Wirkung ganzer Adipozytokinprofile ist bisher jedoch nur wenig bekannt. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es zu klären, welchen Einfluss eine 24-stündige Behandlung von neonatalen ventrikulären Kardiomyozyten mit einem physiologischen Adipozytokin-Profil auf Hypertrophie-assoziierte Signalwege und Zellproteine hat.

Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic disease largely caused by a mutation in myosin binding protein C (MYBPC3) and it affects about 1:500 population leading to arrhythmic sudden death, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation. MYBPC3 activates calcium-induced actin-myosin filament sliding within the cardiac sarcomere, creating the force necessary for heart contraction. The underlying molecular mechanisms causing HCM phenotype remain elusive, therefore, there is an urgent need for a reliable in vitro human HCM model to investigate the pathogenesis of HCM. This study utilized isogenic human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) with MYBPC3 gene mutation (wildtype, heterozygous, homozygous) and further micropatterned them into fiber-like structures on polyacrylamide hydrogels of physiological and fibrotic-like stiffnesses. Cells were cultured for an extended culture time up to 60 days and their morphology/attachment, contractility, and calcium transient were extensively and carefully evaluated. It was found that MYBPC3 knockout cells maintained the highest contraction amplitude, but had increased contraction, and relaxation durations, decreased calcium transient amplitude, as well as time to peak and decay times over the culture period in comparison to the isogenic wildtype. Overall, this study demonstrates that hiPSC-CMs can be successfully patterned and cultured for an extended time on hydrogels forming end-to-end connections, which can be served as a simple yet effective in vitro human model for studying mechanical dysfunction of HCM.