Cinza leve de carvão, resíduo gerado em usina termelétrica, foi usada para sintetizar zeólita por meio de tratamento hidrotérmico com solução de NaOH. A cinza leve (CL-2) e a zeólita sintética (ZM-2) que foi predominantemente identificada como hidroxi-sodalita foram utilizadas como adsorventes dos corantes aniônicos índigo carmina (IC) e reativo laranja 16 (RL16) de soluções aquosas. Nos processos de adsorção, os efeitos de tempo de contato, concentração inicial de corantes, pH, massa de adsorventes e temperatura foram avaliados. O estudo cinético de adsorção demonstrou que os resultados apresentaram melhor ajuste ao modelo de pseudo-segunda ordem e que adsorção de superfície e difusão intrapartícula participaram no mecanismo de adsorção. Os parâmetros termodinâmicos demonstraram que a adsorção foi espontânea em todos os processos de adsorção. Os processos de adsorção foram de natureza endotérmica para todos os sistemas, com exceção do sistema IC/ZM-2, em que foi exotérmico. Os dados de entropia mostraram a ocorrência do aumento da desordem na interface sólido/solução durante a adsorção em todos os sistemas, exceto novamente no IC/ZM-2, no qual se verificou a diminuição da desordem na interface. As isotermas de adsorção ajustaram-se à equação linear de Langmuir. As capacidades máximas de adsorção foram 1,48 mg/g para o sistema IC/CL-2; 1,13 mg/g para IC/ZM-2; 0,96 mg/g para RL16/CL-2 e 1,14 mg/g para RL16/ZM-2 à temperatura ambiente. O estudo de dessorção realizado com água, com soluções aquosas ácidas e com solução aquosa básica demonstrou ser ineficiente tanto para a recuperação dos corantes quanto para a regeneração dos adsorventes. / Coal fly ash, a waste generated in coal-fired electric power plant, was used to synthesize zeolite by hydrothermal treatment with NaOH solution. The fly ash (CL-2) and this synthesized zeolite (ZM-2) that was characterized as hydroxy-sodalite were used as adsorbents for anionic dyes indigo carmine (IC), and reactive orange 16 (RO16) from aqueous solutions. Effects of contact time, initial dye concentration, pH, adsorbent mass, and temperature were evaluated in the adsorption processes. The kinetics studies indicated that the adsorption followed the pseudo-second order kinetics and that surface adsorption and intraparticle diffusion were involved in the adsorption mechanism. The thermodynamics parameters demonstrated that the adsorption was spontaneous for all adsorption processes. The enthalpy data confirmed the endothermic nature for all adsorption processes except for IC/ZM-2 system which was exothermic. The entropy data showed an increased disorder at the solid/solution interface during the adsorption for all systems except for IC/ZM-2 whose negative entropy value indicated a decreased disorder at the interface. The adsorption isotherms were closely fitted to the Langmuir linear equation. The maximum adsorption capacities were 1.48 mg/g for the IC/CL-2 system; 1.13 mg/g for IC/ZM-2; 0.96 mg/g for RO16/CL-2, and 1.14 mg/g for RO16/ZM-2 at room temperature. The desorption study carried out with water, with acid aqueous solutions, and with an alkali aqueous solution showed to be inefficient both for recovering the dyes and regenerating the adsorbents.

Cinza leve de carvão, resíduo gerado em usina termelétrica, foi usada para sintetizar zeólita por meio de tratamento hidrotérmico com solução de NaOH. A cinza leve (CL-2) e a zeólita sintética (ZM-2) que foi predominantemente identificada como hidroxi-sodalita foram utilizadas como adsorventes dos corantes aniônicos índigo carmina (IC) e reativo laranja 16 (RL16) de soluções aquosas. Nos processos de adsorção, os efeitos de tempo de contato, concentração inicial de corantes, pH, massa de adsorventes e temperatura foram avaliados. O estudo cinético de adsorção demonstrou que os resultados apresentaram melhor ajuste ao modelo de pseudo-segunda ordem e que adsorção de superfície e difusão intrapartícula participaram no mecanismo de adsorção. Os parâmetros termodinâmicos demonstraram que a adsorção foi espontânea em todos os processos de adsorção. Os processos de adsorção foram de natureza endotérmica para todos os sistemas, com exceção do sistema IC/ZM-2, em que foi exotérmico. Os dados de entropia mostraram a ocorrência do aumento da desordem na interface sólido/solução durante a adsorção em todos os sistemas, exceto novamente no IC/ZM-2, no qual se verificou a diminuição da desordem na interface. As isotermas de adsorção ajustaram-se à equação linear de Langmuir. As capacidades máximas de adsorção foram 1,48 mg/g para o sistema IC/CL-2; 1,13 mg/g para IC/ZM-2; 0,96 mg/g para RL16/CL-2 e 1,14 mg/g para RL16/ZM-2 à temperatura ambiente. O estudo de dessorção realizado com água, com soluções aquosas ácidas e com solução aquosa básica demonstrou ser ineficiente tanto para a recuperação dos corantes quanto para a regeneração dos adsorventes. / Coal fly ash, a waste generated in coal-fired electric power plant, was used to synthesize zeolite by hydrothermal treatment with NaOH solution. The fly ash (CL-2) and this synthesized zeolite (ZM-2) that was characterized as hydroxy-sodalite were used as adsorbents for anionic dyes indigo carmine (IC), and reactive orange 16 (RO16) from aqueous solutions. Effects of contact time, initial dye concentration, pH, adsorbent mass, and temperature were evaluated in the adsorption processes. The kinetics studies indicated that the adsorption followed the pseudo-second order kinetics and that surface adsorption and intraparticle diffusion were involved in the adsorption mechanism. The thermodynamics parameters demonstrated that the adsorption was spontaneous for all adsorption processes. The enthalpy data confirmed the endothermic nature for all adsorption processes except for IC/ZM-2 system which was exothermic. The entropy data showed an increased disorder at the solid/solution interface during the adsorption for all systems except for IC/ZM-2 whose negative entropy value indicated a decreased disorder at the interface. The adsorption isotherms were closely fitted to the Langmuir linear equation. The maximum adsorption capacities were 1.48 mg/g for the IC/CL-2 system; 1.13 mg/g for IC/ZM-2; 0.96 mg/g for RO16/CL-2, and 1.14 mg/g for RO16/ZM-2 at room temperature. The desorption study carried out with water, with acid aqueous solutions, and with an alkali aqueous solution showed to be inefficient both for recovering the dyes and regenerating the adsorbents.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2017-03-24T14:56:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrea Guimaraes Vieira de Vasconcelos.pdf: 966986 bytes, checksum: 65139f7cd27e877a6c034efc7a1e1086 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-24T14:56:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andrea Guimaraes Vieira de Vasconcelos.pdf: 966986 bytes, checksum: 65139f7cd27e877a6c034efc7a1e1086 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-17 / This thesis’ objective is to identify the genetic variability among cactus clones and to demonstrate resistance to cochineal carmine for plants cultivated in vitro. Observations were made regarding the establishment of colonies on the cladodes of 20 clones of cactus, from a scale ranging from zero to five, zero being the absence of infestation and five the highest. We used the mixed model methodology for obtaining the Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) of genotype effects and the process of Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) to estimate components of variance and genotypic parameters. The variance components and genotypic parameters were obtained by using the REML process. The selection of the best clones by the REM/BLUP methodology was efficient with high gain selection. High genetic variability was verified among the genetic material evaluated, as shown by the coefficient of genotypic variation (26,73%) and hereditary (72%). These coefficients indicate favorable conditions to clone selection, which can favor considerable genetic advances. The clones “Miuda” and “Orelha de Elefante” were selected and classified as resistants, with relative value above 95%. Explants from the clones of “Orelha de Elefante Mexicana” (Opuntia stricta), “IPA Sertânia” (Nopalea cochenillifera) and “Gigante” (Opuntia fícus-indica), originated from the sequential micro-propagation, were submitted to artificial infestation with Dactylopius opuntiae cochineal nymphs, in order to prove their resistance to this plague. After 150 days of growth, cultivation were removed from the in vitro condition and maintained in environmental conditions. The observations about the fixation of the insects on the explants were made at 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days after infestation. Explant samples were immersed on FAA 50 fixator, to produce histological blades. Epiderm and parenchyma areas were sized from the samples. It was found that no nymphs were present on the “Orelha de Elefante Mexicana” and “IPA Sertânia” clones, and that 65% of the explants of the “Gigante” clone were dead by 35 days because of the damage caused by the cochineals. There was no mortality of any explant from the considered resistant material. There were significant differences in epidermal thickness, with the clone “Gigante” having the highest thickness, which contradicts the theory that resistance to cochineal carmine is related to anatomy. / Os trabalhos que compõem esta tese têm como objetivo identificar a variabilidade genética entre clones de palma forrageira e comprovar a resistência à cochonilha do carmim em plantas cultivadas in vitro. Foram realizadas observações quanto à fixação de colônias sobre os cladódios de 20 clones de palma forrageira a partir de uma escala de notas, variando de zero a cinco, sendo zero a ausência de infestação e cinco o maior nível de infestação. Utilizou-se a Metodologia de Modelos Mistos para a obtenção da Melhor Predição Linear Não Tendenciosa (BLUP) dos efeitos genotípicos e o processo da Máxima Verossimilhança Restrita (REML) para a estimação dos componentes de variância e dos parâmetros genotípicos. Verificou-se alta variabilidade genética entre o material genético avaliado, conforme depreende-se das estimativas do coeficiente de variação genotípica (26,73%) e da herdabilidade (72%), que indicam condições favoráveis à seleção, as quais podem conduzir a avanços genéticos consideráveis. Os clones Miúda e Orelha de Elefante Africana foram classificados como resistentes com valor relativo superior a 95%. Na segunda parte do trabalho, plantas dos clones Orelha de Elefante Mexicana, IPA Sertânia e Gigante, provenientes da micropropagação, foram submetidos à infestação artificial com ninfas da cochonilha Dactylopius opuntiae para comprovação da resistência a essa praga, após cultivo in vitro. Aos sete, 14, 21, 28 e 35 dias após a infestação, realizaram-se observações quanto à fixação dos insetos sobre as plantas. Amostras das plantas foram colocadas em fixador FAA 50 para confecção de lâminas histológicas. Mediu-se a área da epiderme e do parênquima. Verificou-se que nenhuma ninfa se estabeleceu sobre os clones Orelha de Elefante Mexicana e IPA Sertânia e que 65% das plantas do clone Gigante estavam mortas aos 35 dias em decorrência dos danos causados pelas cochonilhas. Não houve mortalidade de nenhuma das plantas dos materiais considerados resistentes. Foi verificada diferença significativa para espessura da epiderme e o clone Gigante apresentou maior espessura. Dessa forma não se comprova a teoria de que a resistência à cochonilha do carmim está relacionada ao aspecto anatômico de espessura da epiderme.

Abstract : The field of literature taken as a sociological phenomenon has enlightened and deepened our knowledge and appreciation of several national literatures, and the works of Pierre Bourdieu and Georg Simmel in this field are now considered ground-breaking. In Québec, the Groupe de recherche sur l’édition littéraire au Québec (now operating under the name « Groupe de recherche sur l’étude du livre au Québec ») has been particularly active in studying the sociological conditions that make literature possible in this Canadian province. Parallel to this, the Équipe de recherche interuniversitaire en littérature anglo-québécoise (ÉRILAQ) has gathered researchers interested in the “contact zone,” to borrow an expression from Catherine Leclerc and Sherry Simon, that is Anglo-Quebec literature. This dissertation will combine these two interests in order to study in greater depth the discourse and works of the poets of the Jubilate Circle, a network of poets writing in English in Québec at the turn of the twenty-first century. It will not only seek to prove the existence of a literary circle, it will attempt to showcase how the circle itself has contributed to advancing its members’ literary careers. In keeping with Pierre Bourdieu’s theories of cultural, symbolic and social capital, this dissertation will present, from the outset, a prosopographical sketch of the four poets that make up the Jubilate Circle, and examine the conditions in which they met, bonded as a group (of friends and of colleagues) and came to found the Jubilate Circle. Following this, the instances in which capital of all kinds (symbolic, cultural and social) were exchanged by the four poets will be examined through a close reading of correspondence, dedications, book jacket blurbs and even of the poetry itself. In an attempt to identify the homogeneous in the cacophony of discourse, to paraphrase Marc Angenot, the Jubilate Poets’ discourse on Canadian poetry, enunciated in interviews, essays, book reviews and in the press will then be examined. This will provide a better understanding of the position they hold, or wish to hold, within the field of Canadian poetry and indeed within its canon, existing or future. Finally, an analysis of the poetry they have produced will serve to underscore those aspects of their discourse that are deemed particularly relevant and will highlight areas in which some contradictions may be observed. As a whole, this dissertation will shed some light on the production of poetry, of its criticism and of its publication not only as a literary phenomenon, but also as a profoundly social one. // Résumé : L’étude du champ littéraire en tant que phénomène social a su éclairer et approfondir notre appréciation de plusieurs littératures nationales, et les travaux de Pierre Bourdieu et de Georg Simmel à cet égard sont aujourd’hui considérés fondateurs. Au Québec, le Groupe de recherche sur l’édition littéraire au Québec (aujourd’hui connu sous le nom « Groupe de recherche sur l’étude du livre au Québec ») a jeté les assises dans l’étude des conditions sociologiques qui rendent le phénomène littéraire possible dans cette province canadienne. Parallèlement, l’Équipe de recherche interuniversitaire en littérature anglo-québécoise (ÉRILAQ) réunit des chercheurs qui s’intéressent à cette “zone de contacte”, pour reprendre l’expression de Catherine Leclerc et de Sherry Simon, qu’est la littérature anglo-québécoise. Cette thèse combinera effectivement ces deux champs de recherche afin d’étudier de manière plus approfondie le discours et les œuvres des poètes du “Jubilate Circle”, un réseau de poètes publiant en anglais au Québec au tournant du vingt-et-unième siècle. Elle cherchera non seulement à prouver l’existence d’un cercle littéraire, mais tentera également de démontrer par quels moyens ce même cercle a pu contribuer à l’avancement des carrières littéraires de ses membres. Suivant les théories sur le capital culturel, symbolique et social énoncées par Pierre Bourdieu, cette thèse brossera, dans un premier temps, le profil prosopographique de chacun des acteurs du Jubilate Circle et se penchera sur les conditions qui ont favorisé leur rencontre, le bourgeonnement d’une amitié et d’une collaboration littéraire à long terme et la création du cercle littéraire. En second lieu, les instances dans lesquelles des échanges de capital ont lieu seront scrutées grâce à une lecture détaillée de la correspondance, des dédicaces, des textes de quatrième de couverture et même de la poésie elle-même. Dans le but de faire ressortir l’homogène que recèle la cacophonie du discours, pour paraphraser Marc Angenot, le discours tenu par les poètes du Jubilate Circle au sujet de la poésie canadienne contemporaine, énoncé lors d’entretiens, dans des essais littéraires, des comptes rendus et dans les quotidiens de ce pays sera examiné. Une telle étude permettra de faire la lumière sur leur posture et sur la position qu’ils occupent, ou souhaitent occuper, dans le champ de la poésie canadienne, voire dans son canon littéraire, présent ou futur. Enfin, une analyse de la poésie produite par ces quatre poètes sera l’occasion de souligner et d’illustrer certains aspects particulièrement significatifs de leur discours et révélera quelques instances dans lesquelles certaines contradictions peuvent être observées. Dans son ensemble, cette thèse vise à jeter un nouvel éclairage sur la production d’une poésie, de sa critique et de ses instances de publication non seulement en tant que phénomène littéraire, mais bien en tant que phénomène profondément social.

This study is an art history of Santa Maria dei Carmini, Venice, from its foundation in c. 1286 to the present day, with a special focus on the late Renaissance period (c. 1500-1560). It explores a relatively overlooked corner of Renaissance Venice and provides an opportunity to study the Carmelite Order's relationship to art. It seeks to answer outstanding questions of attribution, dating, patronage, architectural arrangements and locations of works of art in the church. Additionally it has attempted to have a diverse approach to problems of interpretation and has examined the visual imagery's relationship to the Carmelite liturgy, religious function and later interpretations of art works. Santa Maria dei Carmini was amongst the largest basilicas in Venice when it was completed and the Carmelites were a major international order with a strong literary tradition. Their church in Venice contained a wealth of art works produced by one of the most restlessly inventive generations in the Western European tradition. Chapter 1 outlines a history of the Carmelites, their hagiography and devotions, which inform much of the discussion in later chapters. The second Chapter discusses the early history of the Carmelite church in Venice, establishing when it was founded, and examining the decorative aspects before 1500. It demonstrates how the tramezzo and choir-stalls compartmentalised the nave and how these different spaces within the church were used. Chapter 3 studies two commissions for the decoration of the tramezzo, that span the central period of this thesis, c. 1500-1560. There it is shown that subjects relevant to the Carmelite Order, and the expected public on different sides of the tramezzo were chosen and reinterpreted over time as devotions changed. Cima da Conegliano's Adoration of the Shepherds (c. 1511) is discussed in Chapter 4, where the dedication of the altar is definitively proven and the respective liturgy is expanded upon. The tradition of votive images is shown to have influenced Cima's representation of the donor. In Chapter 5 Cima's altarpiece for the Scuola di Sant'Alberto's altar is shown to have been replaced because of the increasing ambiguity over the identification of the titulus after the introduction of new Carmelite saints at the beginning of the century. Its compositional relationship to the vesperbild tradition is also examined and shown to assist the faithful in important aspects of religious faith. The sixth chapter examines the composition of Lorenzo Lotto's St Nicholas in Glory (1527-29) and how it dramatises the relationship between the devoted, the interceding saints and heaven. It further hypothesises that the inclusion of St Lucy is a corroboration of the roles performed by St Nicholas and related to the confraternity's annual celebrations in December. The authorship, date and iconography of Tintoretto's Presentation of Christ (c. 1545) is analysed in Chapter 7, which also demonstrates how the altarpiece responds to the particular liturgical circumstances on the feast of Candlemas. The final chapter discusses the church as a whole, providing the first narrative of the movement of altars and development of the decorative schemes. The Conclusion highlights the important themes that have developed from this study and provides a verdict on the role of ‘Carmelite art' in the Venice Carmini.