Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia e Ciência de Alimentos, Escola de Química e Alimentos, 2010. / Submitted by Caroline Silva (krol_bilhar@hotmail.com) on 2012-08-19T20:28:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao final - roberto.pdf: 715516 bytes, checksum: d89b1ff4b6ead9c473bb17918962a715 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-09-22T18:30:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao final - roberto.pdf: 715516 bytes, checksum: d89b1ff4b6ead9c473bb17918962a715 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-09-22T18:30:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertao final - roberto.pdf: 715516 bytes, checksum: d89b1ff4b6ead9c473bb17918962a715 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / A carpa comum (Cyprinus carpio) é conhecida por ser geradora de quantidade considerável de rejeitos mal aproveitados por indústrias pesqueiras. Estes rejeitos são constituídos por vísceras, peles, ossos e cabeças. Diversos fatores têm contribuído para a utilização de cabeças de carpa provenientes da industrialização, dentre estes a quantidade de cabeças desperdiçadas, que pode atingir 22% do volume da matériaprima, e é uma fonte de nutrientes de baixo custo e rica em colágeno. A maioria das gelatinas comerciais é derivada de mamíferos, sendo peles e ossos de bovinos e suínos as principais matérias-primas do produto. A gelatina é de uma proteína pura, digestível, que se obtém a partir da hidrólise à quente do colágeno, e por este motivo, o pescado torna-se uma potencial fonte de matéria-prima. A aplicação da gelatina é diversificada, podendo ser utilizada na indústria cosmética, farmacêutica,fotográfica e alimentícia. O presente estudo foi dividido em dois objetivos. Primeiramente foram avaliados os efeitos da concentração alcalina, tempo de pré-tratamento e prétratamentos com ou sem troca de solução alcalina do material para a obtenção de gelatina das peles das cabeças de carpa. Foi utilizado um planejamento fatorial 23 completo, e os fatores de estudo foram concentração de NaOH (3-4 M), tempo de prétratamento(45-105 min), e troca de solução de NaOH no pré-tratamento, tendo como respostas rendimento em gelatina, força do gel e ponto de fusão. Na segunda etapa, os ossos remanescentes deste processo foram utilizados para o estudo da influência da granulometria (1-2 mm) nas respostas consideradas das gelatinas extraídas da fração óssea, através da comparação das médias pela aplicação do teste de Tukey, com intervalo de 95% de confiança. Foram realizadas quatro extrações com pH e temperaturas de cada extração de 5,3-60°C, 4,4-70°C, 3,8-80°C e 3,6-85°C. Para as gelatinas extraídas das peles, o maior rendimento (2,27%) foi obtido com solução de NaOH 3 M, 45 min e sem troca de solução no pré-tratamento. Os maiores valores de força do gel (298,7 g) e ponto de fusão (29°C) foram obtidos a concentração de solução NaOH 3 M, 45 min e sem troca de solução alcalina. Para as gelatinas extraídas dos ossos, o maior rendimento (4,86%) foi obtido na granulometria de 1 mm. Os maiores valores de força do gel (128,2 e 131,5 g) não apresentaram diferença significativa (p≤0,05) e foram encontrados na primeira extração das granulometrias de 1 e 2 mm, respectivamente. Na fração óssea a 2 mm, se obteve o maior ponto de fusão, sendo 28,5°C na a primeira extração. O rendimento total da gelatina obtida a partir das cabeças de carpa foi de 7,13%. / Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is known to produce large amount of byproduct does not made use for fisheries industries. These byproduct can be viscera, skin, bone and head, all riches in collagen. Several factors have been contributing to the use of the carp head coming from industrialization, among which the amount of carp head wasted, with which it can reach around 22% of the volume of the raw material, and it is a source of low costs nutrients. Most of commercial gelatin is derived from mammalian, being skins and bones of bovine and porcine the main raw material of this foodstuff. Gelatin is a pure and digestible protein, which is obtained from hydrolysis of the collagen, and for this reason, the fish become a potential source from raw material. Its application is branched out, being able to used in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, photographic and food industries. The present study was divided into two parts. At first, it was valued the effect of alkaline concentration, pre-treatment time of the raw material, and treatment with and without change of alkaline solution, in the process of extraction of skin/muscles fraction gelatin of carp head coming from manufacturing processing of this fish. It was used 23 complete experimental design. Pre-treatment time (45-105 min), concentration of alkaline solution (3-4 M) and pre-treatment with change of alkaline solution were chosen as independent variable. Gelatin yield, gel strength and melting point were the response variable. At the second part, was valued of the influence of the bones granulometry (1-2 mm), remaining of the skin extraction of common carp head, in the gelatin yield, gel strength and melting point through the average results comparison by the Tukey test, where differences were considered significant at p≤0.05. It was used four extraction with pH and temperature of each extraction 5.3-60°C, 4.4-70°C, 3.8-80°C and 3.6-85°C. To the skin gelatin the higher gelatin yield (2.27%) was obtained with NaOH solution 3 M, 45 min and pre-treatment without change of alkaline solution. The higher gel strength (298.7 g) was achieved using NaOH solution 3 M, 105 min and pre-treatment without change of the alkaline solution. As for the melting point, the higher value (29.1°C) was obtained with NaOH solution 4 M, 45 min, and pre-treatment with change of NaOH solution. To the bones extraction, the higher gelatin yield was reached with size 1 mm (4.86%). The higher gel strength (128.2 and 131.5 g) were not significantly difference, and they were found in the first extraction with bones size 1 and 2 mm, respectively. Using 2 mm of granulometry, it was possible to obtain the higher melting point values, being 28.5°C to the first extraction.

M.Sc. / Developments in the catchment area of the Olifants River, such as poor agricultural practices and overgrazing, caused increased amounts of erosion material to enter the river. This leads to the silting up of the Phalaborwa Barrage, situated in the river, on the border of the Kruger National Park. Because of the occasional flushing of the Barrage, in order to retain storage capacity, the Olifants River inside the Kruger National Park is subjected to very high sediment loads. This has led to poor water quality and subsequent fish mortalities. The objective of this study was therefore to investigate the possible effects of silt loads released from the Barrage on the survival of selected life stages of Oreochromis mossambicus. Silt was collected from the Phalaborwa Barrage, and the silt/fish interaction was invesigated under controlled laboratory conditions. Oreochromis mossambicus was exposed to various silt concentrations for different exposure periods to determine the LC50 and sub-lethal concentration ranges. After determination of sub-lethal values, 0. mossambicus was exposed to these concentrations to determine whether they have any effects on the oxygen consumption and selected haematological parameters of exposed fish. Lethal levels for suspended sediment are interrelated with age differences of the fish, particle size of the suspended sediment and concentration. Increased suspended sediment disrupted activity and respiratory patterns, changed orientation responses and ultimately resulted in the death of the fish. The gills and the opercular cavities of the dead fish were usually clogged with a thick layer of mucus and silt. The laboratory experiments revealed that LC5 0 values for 0. mossambicus ranged from 26,78 to 54,20g silt/1 for larvae, 35,10 to 39,20g silt/1 for juveniles and 32,93 to 35,43g silt/1 for adult fish. The larval stage was generally less tolerant of suspended silt than juveniles and adults. Sub-lethal levels for adult fish ranged from 0 to 27g silt/l, where no mortalities occurred. Exposure of adult fish to sub-lethal concentrations of silt did alter routine oxygen consumption by causing increased rates (9 to 330% from initial) of oxygen consumption. This indicates that sub-lethal levels of suspended silt concentrations result in an increase in oxygen consumption by the fish due to an increase in metabolic rate associated with increased activity and stress. Silt exposure Exposure of adult fish to sub-lethal silt concentrations (<20g silt/l) resulted in increases in haemotocrit, red blood cell counts, white blood cell counts and blood glucose concentrations, but decreases in haemoglobin and mean corpuscular volume when compared to that for the control fish. These differences became more apparent as the silt exposure concentration increased with statistically significant differences (P<0.05) between most of the selected

M.Sc. (Zoology) / The histomorphology of the ovaries of Cyprinus carpio L., as well as the histomorphological changes that occur in these ovaries during the breeding cycle, were investigated. Concurrently, the blood plasma and ovarian cytosol were analized for the presence of gonadotropin (GtH), FSH, LH, Oestriol, Cortisol and Progesterone, with the aid of Test Kits which are commonly used for determining the levels of these hormones in human blood plasma. C. carpio possesses cystovaria which are continuous with the oviducts which unite before opening to the exterior via a gonopore. The results clearly show that C. carpio has a four season breeding cycle and that egg laying occurs during Spring and Summer. Furthermore morphological changes of the ovary (which occurred during the breeding cycle) as well as the oocyte developmental stages, closely resemble those respectively described for teleosts in general by Kesteven (1960) and Malhotra et al., (1978). The endocrinological tests clearly indicated the presence of GtH, FSH, LH, Oestriol and Cortisol, while all the tests for Progesterone were negative. A comparison between the presence of the abovementioned hormones and the histomorphological development of the ovaries during the breeding cycle indicate that the endocrinological control mechanisms are similar to those which have been described for other teleosts. However, a clear distinction was found between FSH and LH which is a possible indication that C. carpio does not possess a single gonadotropin, but rather that FSH and LH have evolved in this species.

Behavior is qualitatively and quantitatively modified by the environment. Thus, any consideration of behavior must take into consideration the environmental conditions present. The present study evaluates the interrelationship between one environmental condition (temperature) and a measurable behavioral phenomenon (territoriality).

A SWAT hydrological model is developed to evaluate the individual and combined impacts of urbanization and climate change on water quantity (discharge) and quality (N and P) of the watershed of Carp River in Ontario, Canada. Seven numerical experiments (scenarios) were developed to represent the different configurations of the watershed in terms of land use (either current or projected) and climate regime (current or future, observed or simulated). The reference period is 1990-2018, and the future period is 2021-2050. The 2017 land use was used to represent the reference period. The future land use is the projected 2050 land use obtained from the City of Ottawa. The future climate was obtained by downscaling the outputs of nine (9) Regional Climate Models (RCMs) under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs): RCP4.5 and RCP 8.5. The developed scenarios are the following: • S0o (baseline scenario) corresponding to the current land use map and the observed climate regime on the reference period • S0m is similar to S0o except that RCM outputs are used instead of the observed climate on the reference period • S1 corresponds to the future land use and historical climate regime on the reference period. • S0M45/S0M85 corresponds to the current land use and the future climate regime under RCP4.5 (S0M45) and RCP8.5 (S0M85) • S1M45/S1M85 corresponds to the future land use map and future climate regime under the two RCPs. The changes or impacts on quantity and quality in each scenario were estimated by comparing the results with the baseline scenarios S0o/m (reference) at two levels: globally (at the main outlet) and locally (at the outlet of an upstream sub-watershed). For a consistency purpose, S0o is used when assessing land-use change scenario while S0m was the reference in climate change and combined effects scenario. This allowed the comparison to be consistent with the same climate data frame. The results showed that climate change is likely to be the most dominant factor affecting discharge and nitrogen, while urbanization will control the quantity of phosphorus. Unsurprisingly, the combined effect had a more significant impact on water quantity and quality. However, the impact is not additive, and the relationship is not linear. Compared with S0, the annual average discharge increased by 1.57%, 5.49%, 7.52%, 6.75%, and 9.34% in S1, S0M45, S0M85, S1M45, and S1M85, respectively. In comparison, the change for annual N load was estimated at -1.88%, 29.62%, 2.03%, 24.84%, and -1.20% respectively. Change in annual average P was respectively 26.49%, 1.07%, -4.49%, 23.81% and 19.15%. Local impact assessment indicates the impact in upstream sub-watersheds may differ from the main outlet's impact in terms of magnitude and direction of change. Therefore, only considering global change may lead to a wrong interpretation of the impacts over the watershed. It is, therefore, necessary to evaluate the impacts at the local level as well.

Broad-scale niche models are good for examining the potential for invasive species occurrences, but can fall short in providing managers with site-specific locations for monitoring. Using Oklahoma as an example, where invasive bighead carp (Hypophthalmichthys nobilis) are established in certain reservoirs, but predicted to be widely distributed based on broad-scale niche models, we cast bighead carp reproductive ecology in a site-specific geospatial framework to determine their potential establishment in additional reservoirs. Because bighead carp require large, long free-flowing rivers with suitable hydrology for reproduction but can persist in reservoirs, we considered reservoir tributaries with mean annual daily discharge ≥8.5 cubic meters per second (m3/s) and quantified the length of their unimpeded portions. In contrast to published broad-scale niche models that identified nearly the entire state as susceptible to invasion, our site-specific models showed that few reservoirs in Oklahoma (N = 9) were suitable for bighead carp establishment. Moreover, this method was rapid and identified sites that could be prioritized for increased study or scrutiny. Our results highlight the importance of considering the environmental characteristics of individual sites, which is often the level at which management efforts are implemented when assessing susceptibility to invasion.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第17874号 / 工博第3783号 / 新制||工||1578(附属図書館) / 30694 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市社会工学専攻 / (主査)教授 谷口 栄一, 教授 藤井 聡, 教授 清野 純史 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of raising carp on pig manure and coli, Brassica campestris. The use of pig feces as a source of fish food has been questioned by researchers (Hickling 1968). Coli was selected for dietary intake by fish since it is used for human consumption by the Indians of Guatemala. Commercial fish food (Silver Cup) was used for a control diet. These diets were both combined and used as a single source of food.

No description available.

The biomass of the submersed macrophytic vegetation in four hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata Royle) infested lakes in central Florida was monitored for one year. Lake Orienta and Little Lake Fairview received 2,320 and 960 grass carp, respectively, while Clear Lake and Lake Mann did not receive grass carp. Hydrilla was eliminated in Lake Orienta within six months of stocking; the lake was stocked at 19 grass carp/mt hydrilla (45 fish/ha). Hydrilla was not eliminated from Little Lake Fairview which contained 9 grass carp/mt hydrilla (30 fish/ha). The growth of hydrilla was restricted in Little Lake Fairview which produced 0.380 mt hydrilla, dry organic wt., in contrast to Clear Lake and Lake Mann in which annual net primary production was 0.728 and 0.880 mt organic matter/ha, respectively. The rate of hydrilla growth was greater in the two unstocked lakes. Clear Lake produced 0.31 g/m2/day, dry organic wt., while the net primary productivity of hydrilla in Lake Mann averaged 0.38 g/m2/day. The net primary productivity of hydrilla in Little Lake Fairview was 0.14 g organic matter/m2/day. Three species (in addition to hydrilla) were common to Little Lake Fairview and Lake Mann and provided the only data upon non-target species. Pondweed (Potamogeton illinoensis Morong.) and stonewort (Nitella sp.) were more abundant and more widely distributed in Little Lake Fairview than in Lake Mann. The poor representation of pondweed and stonewort in Lake Mann was attributed to competitive pressure exerted by hydrilla which comprised 83%, by weight, of the annual mean biomass of submersed macrophytic vegetation. In comparison, hydrilla comprised 74% of the annual mean biomass in Little Lake Fairview. The effect of the grass carp in Little Lake Fairview may have been to ease the competitive pressure exerted by hydrilla, allowing pondweed and stonewort to remain well established. The percentage frequency of occurrence was concluded to be a poor criterion for measuring changes in the hydrilla population. Changes in biomass as great as 900% resulted in no change in the percentage frequency of occurrence of hydrilla in Lake Mann.