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The Opercular Bone As An Indicator of Age and Growth of the Carp Cyprinus carpio LinnaeusMcConell, William J. 01 May 1951 (has links)
As part of an investigation of the non-game fish resources of Utah, a study of the age and growth rate of the carp was instituted. A preliminary investigation indicated that the opercular method was superior to several other methods of determining age and growth in the carp. Age and growth were calculated from the opercular bones of 330 carp collected at Ogden Bay Refuge in 1950-51. Distances to annuli were measured directly. The relationship between the posterior radius of the opercular bone and the standard length of the carp was curvilinear. Past growth was calculated with a logarithmic nomograph. Expected number of annuli on opercular bones of known age carp, agreement of ages assessed by length frequency modes and those assessed from opercular bones of the same fish agreement of empirical and calculated lengths for the first three years of life, agreement between ages assessed by scales and opercular bones, and increase in age with increase in size were accepted as evidence of the validity of the opercular method. Decrease in growth rate at any year of life for successive age groups is attributed to a gradual change of the environment.
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Patch-Scale Effects of an Invasive Ecosystem Engineer on the Structure and Function of a Eutrophic StreamHochhalter, Samuel J 01 May 2009 (has links)
Recent theoretical and technological advances in ecosystem science have dramatically expanded the ways in which scientists can pursue and explore ecological questions. For my thesis research, I integrated the recent theoretical concept of organisms as ecosystem engineers with the relatively recent development of stable isotope tracer tests to ask the question: how does the invasive common carp affect stream ecosystem structure and function? To investigate the structuring role of carp, I measured autotroph seasonal distribution and abundance and macroinvertebrate seasonal abundance and diversity within two stream reaches in Spring Creek, Utah, USA; one with low carp biomass (LCB) and one with high carp biomass (HCB). I installed a series of carp exclosures in the HCB reach to examine the response of the stream to carp exclusion. To explore the effects of carp on stream nitrogen dynamics, I performed a three week, continuous injection of 15N as ammonium chloride. The macrophyte and macroinvertebrate community was severely depauperate in the HCB reach compared to the LCB reach. The observed rapid colonization of a relatively abundant and diverse macrophyte and macroinvertebrate community at the carp exclusion sites in the HCB reach not only indicates that carp engineering reduces the abundance and diversity of these communities, but also highlights the importance of the spatial distribution of engineered and non-engineered patches in dictating the temporal scale of re-colonization. Carp engineering had a simplifying effect on stream N dynamics that ultimately limited the uptake and retention capacity of the HCB reach. For example, macrophytes played a dominant role in the N dynamics of the LCB reach by directly assimilating NH4, retaining N rich FBOM, and by providing habitat necessary to support an abundant and relatively diverse macroinvertebrate community that facilitated greater trophic transfer of nitrogen. Conversely, carp reduction of macrophytes in the HCB reach resulted in an overall reduction in areal uptake rates of NH4, reduced trophic transfer of N, and significantly reduced N retention. These results clearly indicate that carp engineering reduces macrophyte and macroinvertebrate abundance and diversity in streams and that N dynamics are simplified in carp engineered patches.
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An investigation of koi carp (Cyprinus carpio) movement in the Waikato region using laser ablation otolith microchemistryBlair, Jennifer Marie January 2008 (has links)
The koi carp Cyprinus carpio is an invasive fish that has reached high numbers and biomass in the North Island of New Zealand, particularly in the Waikato region. This species has a variety of negative effects on aquatic ecosystems, increasing turbidity, uprooting aquatic macrophytes, and affecting water column nutrient levels. Recent research in Australia and New Zealand has shown that adult carp, though largely restricted to small scale movements, are capable of moving long distances. Movement in adult carp may be underestimated by these studies, and comparatively little is known about the movement of smaller carp. This study examined the feasibility of using laser ablation otolith microchemistry to track koi carp movement and identify spawning areas. Water samples from six locations (Lake Waahi, Lake Whangape, Lake Waikare, the Whangamarino River, and the Waikato River at Aka Aka and Rangiriri) were analysed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Significant differences between sites were found in the water concentrations of many elements. Koi carp were collected from the above locations, as well as from Opuatia Stream, Pungarehu Stream, the Maramarua River and Lake Hakanoa. The elemental concentrations in the asteriscus otoliths were analysed using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP-MS). Elemental concentrations in the edges and nuclei of adult koi carp and the edges of young-of-the-year (YOY) koi carp were significantly different between capture sites. No significant differences were found in elemental concentrations between sites in the nuclei of YOY koi carp. A discriminant function analysis (DFA) was carried out using the otolith edge elemental signatures of koi carp. The model used Ba, Sr, Mg, Rb and Zn concentrations to differentiate between four capture locations: the Waikato River, Pungarehu Stream, Lake Waahi, and Lake Waikare and Pungarehu Stream. The DFA was able to correctly predict the capture location of 82% of koi carp using their otolith edge elemental signatures. The classification functions created using koi carp otolith edge signatures were then used as a training set to classify otolith nucleus signatures. The otolith nuclei of 80% of YOY koi carp were classified to their site of capture, suggesting they had not moved between locations. The majority of adult koi carp caught at Lake Waikare, Whangamarino River, Pungarehu Stream and Opuatia Stream had nucleus signatures matching their capture sites, indicating that these fish originated from their capture location. Koi carp from other sites likely moved there from another location. The majority of adult koi carp (88%) caught at the Waikato River at Rangiriri had otolith nucleus signatures matching Lake Waikare and Pungarehu Stream. Adult koi carp caught at Lake Waahi and the Waikato River at Aka Aka had otolith signatures corresponding to a range of locations. While some areas (Lake Waikare, Pungarehu Stream) appear to have resident koi carp populations that likely originated there, others (Lake Waahi, the Waikato River) appear to have koi carp populations of mixed origin. These results indicate that Lake Waikare, Pungarehu Stream and the Whangamarino River may be important sources of koi carp recruits in the lower Waikato region.
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Physical disturbance of Potamogeton tricarinatus and sediment by carp (Cyprinus carpio) in experimental pondsSwirepik, Jody, n/a January 1999 (has links)
The impact of carp on a rhizomatous macrophyte was examined in two consecutive years
using three outdoor aquaculture ponds with naturally established beds of Potamogeton
tricarinatus. Each pond was divided with wire fencing to form a carp (500 kg ha-1) and
control treatment. After 6 weeks, plant biomass had declined to the same extent in the
carp and control treatments, indicating that direct physical disturbance by carp was not
reducing the biomass of P. tricarinatus. In a second experiment, carp were added to two
of the same ponds when plants were regenerating after a 9-11 month drying period. After
8 weeks, P. tricarinatus biomass in the carp treatments was between one half and one
tenth of the biomass in the control treatments and one control treatment supported more
Najas tenuifolia than the paired carp treatment. The lower biomass of Potamogeton in
the carp treatments was a result of fewer shoots and less growth per shoot. Rhizomes
had been undermined in the carp treatment with less than 1% of plants growing from
rhizome compared to 36% in the control treatment. Accumulation of sediment into traps
was significantly higher in the carp treatments (2.5 to 77.5 times more than the control).
On average, carp resuspended 662 kg dry sediment ha-1 for each 100 kg ha-1 of carp or
6.6 times their wet weight biomass in dry sediments each day. Some implications of high
sediment resuspension are discussed. The research demonstrates that well anchored
macrophyte species can show tolerance to the physical disturbance associated with carp
benthic feeding, however, these same species are vulnerable during regenerating and
recruitment stages. It is suggested that anchorage is the most important factor for
determining plant tolerance to carp. The implications for aquatic plant and riverine
management are discussed, including the importance of excluding carp from newly
flooded wetlands and the role of carp in determining alternative stable states.
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Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) spawning dynamics and early growth in the lower River Murray, South Australia / Benjamin B. Smith.Smith, Benjamin Baxter January 2004 (has links)
"August 2004" / Includes bibliographical references. / xi, 108 p. : ill., maps, plates ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / "This thesis extends and summarises Australian data on carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) reproductive biology and early growth. Specifically, it (1) validates the aging of larval and early-juveniles via daily otolith increment counts, (2) provides regression equations to account for shrinkage that occurs upon preservation of young-of-the-year (YOY) carp in 70 and 95% ethanol, (3-4) investigates the timing, frequency and duration of spawning via gonad staging and via a combination of gonad staging and YOY sampling, and (5) investigates relationships between YOY recruitment and nine hydro-climatic parameters, and examines spatial and temporal variation in YOY growth." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Discipline of Environmental Biology, 2004
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Diets of Three Sunfishes in Lake Conroe, TX Before and After Grass Carp Introduction.Sifuentes, Matthew L. 2009 December 1900 (has links)
Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) is an invasive aquatic plant that grows quickly
across shallow freshwater habitats. It is a problem for recreational users of lakes and
landowners. Grass carp (Ctenopharynogodon idella) is an effective biological control
agent that preferentially consumes and can control the spread of hydrilla. However, grass
carp also will consume other vegetation, which influences aquatic communities via
direct and indirect interactions that can change food and habitat availability and use by
various species. Aquatic plants influence habitat and types of prey used by sunfish
(Centrarchidae), which must also avoid their own predators. Prey use among sunfish
species depends on density and taxonomic identity of both prey and vegetation. This
was a one-year analysis of stomach contents from three common species of
invertivorous sunfish: bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), longear sunfish (Lepomis
megalotis), and redear sunfish (Lepomis microlophus). Thirteen sampling stations were
randomly selected using ArcGIS software. Percentage of water surface covered by
vegetation was recorded at each station. A five-minute electrofishing sample was
performed within the littoral zone early morning in late September. The stomach contents of all targeted sunfish (N=489) showed high percentages of diet overlap pre-
(0.77-0.92) and post- (0.83-0.88) introduction of grass carp. Multivariate analysis
showed total explained variation (15.5%) in sunfish diet composition was (P < 0.05)
correlated significantly with sunfish species (6.67%), percent surface vegetation
coverage (3.97%), and sampling periods pre- versus post-introduction of grass carp
(2.13%). Prey-specific abundance showed that all sunfishes displayed a generalized
feeding strategy in both sampling periods. Diets of each sunfish species showed
differences in abundance (by volume) and occurrence (among individual fish) of prey
items between sampling periods. Levin?s standardized index of diet breadth for all
sunfish species decreased from pre- (0.12) to post-introduction (0.05). Results imply that
vegetation control by grass carp influenced the diets and feeding strategies of three
cohabitating sunfish species. These findings may help fisheries biologists to plan future
management actions that influence assemblages of aquatic plants and
macroinvertebrates, herbivorous fish, invertivorous prey-fish, and piscivorous game fish,
to promote a healthy and balanced ecosystem for Lake Conroe stakeholders.
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Nutritional evaluation of some Bangladeshi oilseed by-products as dietary protein sources for common carp (Cyprinus carpio L)Hossain, M. A. January 1988 (has links)
The nutritional suitability of some Bangladeshi oilseed by-products (mustard, Brassica juncea; linseed, Linum usitatissimum; sesame, Sesamum indicum) as fish meal substitutes in carp diets was investigated. These protein sources were shown to cause depressed growth and feed efficiency when substituting 25% or more of the fish meal protein in semi-purified diets. However, the use of these oilseed meals in combination was found to be more effective than that of single sources. Supplementation of plant protein diets with crystalline EAA improved their nutritive value. Growth performance was better in fish fed diets supplemented with all deficient EAA than in fish fed diets supplemented with the first limiting EAA. Nutrient digestibility studies with these plant proteins suggested reasonable agreement between apparent protein digestibility (APD) and average apparent amino acid digestibility (AAAD). APD and AAAD values ranged from 78.9% to 85% and 82.4% to 85.8% respectively. Both aqueous and enzyme treatments were effective in reducing (49% and 57% respectively) the anti-nutritional factors (e. g. allyl isothiocyanate) in mustard oilcake. In linseed and sesame meals heat treatment was the most effective (reducing phytic acid levels by 72% and 74% respectively). Use of detoxified meals in diets improved growth performance and food utilization compared to untreated meals. Dietary phytic acid in the presence of increased levels of calcium and magnesium significantly (p < 0.05) depressed growth, food utilization and mineral bioavailability (especially Ca and Zn) in carp. Carp were shown to be tolerant of a dietary glucosinolate (allyl isothiocyante) level of 0.4 mg glucosinolate/g diet without inhibiting growth performance or adverse effects on fish health. However, fish fed diets containing higher levels of mustard oilcake or allyl isothiocyanate showed abnormal changes in thyroid tissues. The results of this study are discussed in relation to previously published research on fish and other monogastric animals.
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Neuroendocrine regulation and signal transduction of somatolactin secretion and gene expression in grass carpJiang, Quan, 姜权 January 2010 (has links)
published_or_final_version / Biological Sciences / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy
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Novel mechanisms for STAT regulation in grass carp: signal transduction for glucagon and insulin induction ofSTAT gene expression at the hepatic levelPan, Jingfei., 潘竞飞. January 2012 (has links)
Glucagon and insulin play important roles in controlling blood glucose and energy metabolism in vertebrate species. Recent studies have identified large cohorts of genes that could be regulated by glucagon and insulin. Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) is a group of signal mediators/inducible transcription factors functionally coupled to class I cytokine receptors through JAK activation. Although the involvement of JAK/STAT pathway has been reported in the physiological actions of insulin and glucagon, the effects of these pancreatic hormones on STAT expression have not been examined. Using grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) as an animal model, we have cloned the cDNAs for STAT1, STAT3 and STAT5 and confirmed that they are single copy genes in the carp genome. Tissue expression profiling using RT-PCR revealed that the three members of STATs were ubiquitously expressed in various tissues of the grass carp including the liver. Function expression of grass carp STAT1, STAT3 and STAT5 in mammalian cell lines also demonstrated that the STAT proteins of fish origin were all effective in transactivating the target promoters with STAT-binding sites. In grass carp, hepatocyte culture, glucagon and insulin treatment were both effective in increasing STAT1, STAT3 and STAT5 mRNA expression. Using a pharmacological approach, the stimulatory effect of glucagon on transcripts expression of the three forms of STATs were shown to be mediated through activation of the cAMP/PKA, PI3K/AKT and MAPK ( Erk1/2 and JNK) pathways. In the case of insulin stimulation, the PI3K/AKT and p38 MAPK but not JNK pathways were involved in STAT1, STAT3 and STAT5 mRNA up-regulation. Furthermore, insulin-induced STAT3 and STAT5, but not STAT1 mRNA expression, could be blocked by Erk1/2 inactivation, suggesting that the MEK1/2/Erk1/2 pathway might be differentially coupled to gene expression of the individual members of STAT family. These findings provide evidence for first time that glucagon and insulin can regulate STAT1, STAT3 and STAT5 gene expression at the hepatic level in fish model via overlapping and yet distinct signaling mechanisms. / published_or_final_version / Biological Sciences / Master / Master of Philosophy
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Bottom soil quality in ponds for culture of catfish, freshwater prawn, and carp in ThailandWudtisin, Idsariya, January 2006 (has links) (PDF)
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Auburn University, 2006. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographic references (ℓ. 83-89)
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