Na presente dissertação pretende-se mostrar a motivação, o planejamento e a metodologia usada para desenvolver o projeto e a implementação de um pacote aerodinâmico no veículo de competição da equipe EESC-USP Fórmula SAE da Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos. O principal objetivo no projeto da equipe é a dinâmica veicular. À partir disso, será projetado um pacote aerodinâmico a fim de gerar força de sustentação negativa ou downforce, melhorando a capacidade de tração dos pneus com o asfalto da pista e proporcionando maiores valores de aceleração lateral e velocidade nas curvas. Inicialmente é realizado um estudo para encontrar a melhor configuração nas simulações em dinâmica de fluidos computacional (CFD) a fim de otimizar a relação entre a fiabilidade dos resultados obtidos e o custo computacional deles. Também é feita uma descrição geral dos perfis aerodinâmicos a serem usados e um breve analise deles. Com base nesses resultados são projetados o diferentes dispositivos aerodinâmicos, onde são aplicadas estratégias de alto downforce a fim de otimizar o desempenho deles. Além disso, é realizado uma análise do comportamento aerodinâmico do veículo inteiro, com o intuito de integrar as diferentes componentes do carro que são influenciadas pela aerodinâmica. Também é feito um estudo em dinâmica veicular que visa entender o comportamento do carro em pista sob influência das forças aerodinâmicas. Finalmente, o modelo real do veículo é construído e é levado para pista a fim de realizar uma série de testes para validar os dados encontrados nas simulações. / In the present dissertation, it is intended to show the motivation, planning and methodology used to develop the design and implementation of an aerodynamic package in the EESSC-USP Formula SAE\'s race car of the Engineering School of São Carlos. The main objective of the team is vehicle dynamics. From this, an aerodynamic package is designed in order to generate negative lift forces known as downforce, improving the traction capacity between the tires and the asphalt of the track, and providing larger values of lateral acceleration and cornering speeds. Initially, a study to find the best configurations in CFD simulations is performed in order to optimize the rate between reliability of obtained results and computation cost. In addition, a general description and analysis of the aerodynamic profiles used is done. On basis in these results, several aerodynamic devices are designed, and some strategies of high downforce are applied to optimize its performance. Furthermore, an analysis of aerodynamic behavior of the entire vehicle is done with the purpose of integrating other components of the car influenced by aerodynamics. Also, a study about vehicle dynamics is done searching to understand the behavior of the car in track under the influence of aerodynamic forces. Finally, the real model of the race car is constructed and put on track in order to carry out several tests to validate found data in simulations.

Considerando o nível de competitividade do mercado automobilístico atual, a satisfação do cliente tem se tornado uma vantagem competitiva a ser considerada, devido ao aumento da expectativa dos clientes em relação à percepção da qualidade. Neste aspecto, uma das maiores dificuldades existentes no projeto de sistemas de freio reside no fato de transformar informações e/ou opiniões subjetivas em informações e/ou dados objetivos, tais como parâmetros de projeto. O presente trabalho investiga a análise objetiva do conforto de frenagem de automóveis de passeio, estabelecendo indicadores que auxiliem e/ou complementem as análises subjetivas normalmente utilizadas pela empresa, para um estudo de caso envolvendo a mudança de material de atrito da pastilha do freio a disco de um automóvel de passeio. Foram utilizados para a análise objetiva, programas de simulação computacional para analisar o desempenho do sistema de freio com relação aos indicadores estabelecidos. Os dados obtidos através desta simulação foram comparados, tanto com os resultados da avaliação subjetiva, quanto aos resultados de medições experimentais do veículo analisado, buscando analisar a correlação dos resultados. Ao final do trabalho, da comparação realizada entre a avaliação subjetiva e a avaliação objetiva observou-se uma melhoria no conforto de frenagem aos usuários, apesar de ser imperceptível na avaliação subjetiva. Esta ferramenta será muito importante no estabelecimento da curva de conforto de frenagem ótima para os novos desenvolvimentos de sistemas de freio eletrohidráulicos, denominados “brake-by-wire" (BBW). / Considering today’s competitive automotive market, the customer satisfaction has become a competitive advantage to be considered, due to the customer expectation increasing regarding the quality perception. In this aspect, one of biggest existing difficulties in the brake system design is to transform subjective information and/or opinions into objective information and/or data, such as design parameters. The present study investigates the objective analysis of the brake pedal feeling for passenger cars, establishing index that can support and/or complement the subjective analysis, usually used by our company, for a study case involving the friction material change of passenger car’s caliper brake pad. The computational simulation program has been used for the objective analysis, to analyze the brake system performance based on established index. The obtained data through this simulation was compared with the subjective evaluation results as much as with experimental measurements results of the analyzed vehicle, analyzing the correlation of results. To the end of this study, based on the comparison between subjective evaluation and objective evaluation, it observed a brake comfort improvement for drivers, instead of this characteristic would be imperceptive in subjective evaluation. This tool will be very important in the optimum comfort curve establishment for the new developments of electro-hydraulic brake systems, called "brake-by-wire" (BBW).

Por volta de meados desse século, haverá 40 megacidades no mundo, quase o dobro das 21 que temos hoje. Cerca de um quinto delas terão mais de 30 milhões de habitantes na sua região metropolitana. A imensa maioria dessas quatro dezenas de enormes aglomerados urbanos se formará em países emergentes, onde as condições de desenvolvimento humano e urbano são menos propícias que o desejável para receber, num espaço tão curto, o desafio de acomodar tamanho contingente de novos habitantes. Esse crescimento poderá trazer consequências não muito simples de serem dimensionadas. Mas é possível desenvolver cenários que permitam antever algumas dessas consequências, para auxiliar no processo de planejamento dos eventos futuros. Para conseguir atingir o objetivo de elaborar cenários que pudessem ser, além de visões sobre o futuro, ferramentas que permitissem ensaios, testes de hipóteses e novas formulações, a elaboração do modelo aqui descrito contou com recursos que vieram de duas metodologias bastante testadas, casos da Dinâmica de Sistemas e da técnica Delphi. O que se procurou fazer foi vencer, com a junção de partes de cada uma delas, as limitações que cada metodologia tem na sua base original. Da Dinâmica de Sistemas, procurou-se aproveitar da completude da análise da cadeia de fatos intervenientes e relações de causa e efeito, sem adotar integralmente a complexidade da sua estrutura total, muito necessária para a montagem de modelos para estudar determinados problemas, mas demasiadamente ampla para questões que necessitam de uma abordagem menos densa. Da técnica Delphi foi utilizada a sua prática de consultas sequenciais a grupos de especialistas, de modo a dar consistência ao processo de simplificação do conjunto de variáveis gerado, sem, no entanto, perder a possibilidade de simular novos cenários apenas com a alteração dos valores e pesos das variáveis, o que, pela característica da metodologia Delphi, só seria possível numa pesquisa inteiramente nova. O conjunto de cenários aqui descrito permite algumas conclusões importantes tanto sobre São Paulo quanto sobre as projetadas 40 megacidades de 2040. E a diversidade de análises possíveis, o número praticamente ilimitado de cenários que podem ser gerados, e a relativa simplicidade para se elaborar e utilizar o modelo proposto foram objetivos que se quis alcançar nesse trabalho. / By the middle of this century, there will be 40 megacities in the world, almost twice as the 21 we have today. About a fifth of them will have more than 30 million inhabitants in its metropolitan area. The vast majority of these 40 huge urban centers will be formed in emerging countries, where human and urban development conditions are less favorable than the desirable to receive in such a short space of time, the challenge of accommodating this great contingent of new inhabitants. This growth can bring not very simple consequences to be solved. But it is possible to develop scenarios which shows some of the possible consequences, to support the planning process of future events. To be able to achieve the goal of developing scenarios that could be not only visions of the future but also tools that allow experimenting and the test of hypothesis and new formulations, the preparation of the model described here had features that came from two very well tested methodologies: System Dynamics and Delphi technique. What was sought was to overcome the limitations that each method has its original basis with the joint of some of their parts. From System Dynamics, we took advantage of the analysis completeness of the chain of intervenient facts and cause-effect relationships without fully embrace the complexity of the overall structure, much needed for the assembly of models for studying certain problems, but too wide for questions that require a less dense approach. Delphi technique was used for the practice of sequential consultation with expert groups in order to give consistency to the set of variables on the simplification process generated, without, however, losing the possibility to simulate new scenarios only with the changing values and weights of the variables, which, by the feature of the Delphi methodology, would only be possible in a completely new search. The set of scenarios described here allows some important conclusions about both São Paulo and the projected 40 megacities of 2040. And the diversity of possible analyzes, a virtually unlimited number of scenarios that can be generated, and the relative simplicity to develop and use the proposed model were objectives that were presented on this work.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1982. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Susan Marie Krolewski. / M.S.

ABSTRACT Author's name: Bc. Tomáš Bronček School: University of Economics, Prague Sq. Winstona Churchilla 4 130 67, Prague 3 Faculty: Faculty of International Relations Department: International Trade Name of thesis: The price and value in the world of insurance companies Consultant: doc. Ing. František Drozen, CSc. Number of pages: 60 Year of thesis defense: 2012 Key words: cars valuation, compulsory insurance, the valuation methods, Wöhler's model, price and value. The target of the diploma thesis is a market analysis of new and driven cars sales and its insurance process. The theoretical part is focusing on establishing and application of Wöhler's deterioration model, used for car valuation. The practical part evaluates and compares the price and value of new and driven car on a chosen model, Škoda Octavia 1,9 TDI and on three markets of EU member states: Czech republic, Slovak republic and Germany. In the 12 -- year - observing period, there is also a focus on a car compulsory insurance, for the chosen model.

Na presente dissertação pretende-se mostrar a motivação, o planejamento e a metodologia usada para desenvolver o projeto e a implementação de um pacote aerodinâmico no veículo de competição da equipe EESC-USP Fórmula SAE da Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos. O principal objetivo no projeto da equipe é a dinâmica veicular. À partir disso, será projetado um pacote aerodinâmico a fim de gerar força de sustentação negativa ou downforce, melhorando a capacidade de tração dos pneus com o asfalto da pista e proporcionando maiores valores de aceleração lateral e velocidade nas curvas. Inicialmente é realizado um estudo para encontrar a melhor configuração nas simulações em dinâmica de fluidos computacional (CFD) a fim de otimizar a relação entre a fiabilidade dos resultados obtidos e o custo computacional deles. Também é feita uma descrição geral dos perfis aerodinâmicos a serem usados e um breve analise deles. Com base nesses resultados são projetados o diferentes dispositivos aerodinâmicos, onde são aplicadas estratégias de alto downforce a fim de otimizar o desempenho deles. Além disso, é realizado uma análise do comportamento aerodinâmico do veículo inteiro, com o intuito de integrar as diferentes componentes do carro que são influenciadas pela aerodinâmica. Também é feito um estudo em dinâmica veicular que visa entender o comportamento do carro em pista sob influência das forças aerodinâmicas. Finalmente, o modelo real do veículo é construído e é levado para pista a fim de realizar uma série de testes para validar os dados encontrados nas simulações. / In the present dissertation, it is intended to show the motivation, planning and methodology used to develop the design and implementation of an aerodynamic package in the EESSC-USP Formula SAE\'s race car of the Engineering School of São Carlos. The main objective of the team is vehicle dynamics. From this, an aerodynamic package is designed in order to generate negative lift forces known as downforce, improving the traction capacity between the tires and the asphalt of the track, and providing larger values of lateral acceleration and cornering speeds. Initially, a study to find the best configurations in CFD simulations is performed in order to optimize the rate between reliability of obtained results and computation cost. In addition, a general description and analysis of the aerodynamic profiles used is done. On basis in these results, several aerodynamic devices are designed, and some strategies of high downforce are applied to optimize its performance. Furthermore, an analysis of aerodynamic behavior of the entire vehicle is done with the purpose of integrating other components of the car influenced by aerodynamics. Also, a study about vehicle dynamics is done searching to understand the behavior of the car in track under the influence of aerodynamic forces. Finally, the real model of the race car is constructed and put on track in order to carry out several tests to validate found data in simulations.

Esta investigación tiene como propósito identificar cuáles son los factores más determinantes para un posible comprador de un auto híbrido en comparación a un auto convencional en Lima Metropolitana, es por esto que se han utilizado herramientas cualitativas y cuantitativas para obtener un resultado; esto permitirá a las marcas de autos saber que factor es más importante para el consumidor y potenciarlo a través de estrategias de marketing directo e indirecto. En el análisis cualitativo desarrollado a través de un focus group se encontraron diferentes afirmaciones y negaciones que son respaldadas a través del análisis cuantitativo con el modelo estadístico logístico binario; en este caso se demostró que todas las variables son importantes para un posible comprador de un auto híbrido; pero unas tienen mayor importancia que otras y esto determinaría que se deben llevar a cabo estrategias que estén relacionadas al precio y diseño del auto; ya que son las variables que obtuvieron mayor importancia en el análisis. / This investigation has as purpose identify which are the factors more important for a possible buyer of a hybrid car in comparison of a conventional car in Lima Metropolitana, that is why qualitative and quantitative tools have been used to get a result; this will allow car brands to know which factor is more important for the consumer and to empower it through direct and indirect marketing strategies. In the qualitative analysis developed through a focus group, different affirmations and negations were found that are supported through quantitative analysis with the statistical binary logistic model; in this case it was shown that all the variables are important for a possible buyer of a hybrid car; but some are more important than others and this would determine that price and design should be the ones that have to have the focus of the strategies because they are the variables that obtained more importance in the statistical analysis. / Tesis

La mise en forme en amplitude, phase spectrale et polarisation des impulsions laser ultracourtes dans le régime femtoseconde peut fortement influencer le résultat d'une expérience d'optique non-linéaire. Dans cette thèse nous présentons un dispositif de façonnage d'impulsions basé sur l'utilisation de deux modulateurs spatiaux de lumière (SLM) pour contrôler ces trois propriétés simultanément et ce pour toutes les fréquences présentes dans l'impulsion. Une méthode basée sur la génération de second harmonique (SHG) est développée pour lire individuellement les composantes de la susceptibilité non-linéaire du deuxième ordre dans les milieux cristallins et biomoléculaires. Une approche similaire a été utilisée pour la diffusion Raman anti-Stokes cohérente (CARS). Pour cette étude, l'ordre d'orientation des molécules peut être déterminé par des mesures d'impulsion unique. Une approche polarimétrique basée sur la fluorescence à deux photons (TPEF) est présentée pour quantifier les distorsions introduites par tous les éléments optiques dans le trajet du faisceau. Des distorsions de la phase spectrale sont déterminées et corrigées soit par une stratégie évolutive ou par une méthode SPIDER (interférométrie de phase spectrale pour la reconstruction directe du champ électrique) homodyne d'impulsion unique. De plus, l'exaltation des signaux non-linéaires par des structures photoniques est caractérisée par SHG pour des nano-ouvertures dans un film métallique et par impulsion unique CARS pour des microsphères diélectriques avec un façonnage en amplitude, phase et polarisation.

<p>The automotive industry is today in a world of globalisation and external factors can influence the car companies and it is important that they progress with the people. When an external factor, as the oil price, increases dramatically, it will affect the economies in different matters. Other external factors are impacted by the oil price, for example inflation, unemployment and target rates. In addition, people are changing their preferences due to the attention of the environment. With this as the foundation the problem of the essay were divided into three aspects. First, are the automotive companies affected by an increasing oil price? Second, is a different green thinking in the markets of the companies affecting them? Third, do economic trends making an impact on the auto companies? The purpose of this essay is to investigate if the oil price, a new green way of thinking and if different economical factors have affected the car companies. To be able to accomplish the purpose, the ten largest automotive companies’ annual reports and Internet sites were used to gather information about monthly and annual sales numbers. Along with that, other necessary sources as pollution rates for different areas; inflation rates, unemployment rates and target rates were collected. Theories that were necessary for analyzing the empiric work were used. The analysis part of the essay consists mostly of correlation- and regression analysis, because they are the most appropriate tools in this context. Furthermore, the study is stating that the car companies are demonstrating tendencies to being negatively affected by an increasing in the oil price. Moreover, auto companies with more green cars have more sales on markets that have additional green thinking. Lastly, the study is also concluding that economical trends do not affect the companies in any special circumstances.</p>

The automotive industry is today in a world of globalisation and external factors can influence the car companies and it is important that they progress with the people. When an external factor, as the oil price, increases dramatically, it will affect the economies in different matters. Other external factors are impacted by the oil price, for example inflation, unemployment and target rates. In addition, people are changing their preferences due to the attention of the environment. With this as the foundation the problem of the essay were divided into three aspects. First, are the automotive companies affected by an increasing oil price? Second, is a different green thinking in the markets of the companies affecting them? Third, do economic trends making an impact on the auto companies? The purpose of this essay is to investigate if the oil price, a new green way of thinking and if different economical factors have affected the car companies. To be able to accomplish the purpose, the ten largest automotive companies’ annual reports and Internet sites were used to gather information about monthly and annual sales numbers. Along with that, other necessary sources as pollution rates for different areas; inflation rates, unemployment rates and target rates were collected. Theories that were necessary for analyzing the empiric work were used. The analysis part of the essay consists mostly of correlation- and regression analysis, because they are the most appropriate tools in this context. Furthermore, the study is stating that the car companies are demonstrating tendencies to being negatively affected by an increasing in the oil price. Moreover, auto companies with more green cars have more sales on markets that have additional green thinking. Lastly, the study is also concluding that economical trends do not affect the companies in any special circumstances.