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Gräsrotsfinansiering, också känt Crowdfunding, är en finansieringsmetod för att finansiera diverse projekt genom mindre ekonomiska bidrag från ett stort antal olika personer. Detta fenomen har växt sig stort de senaste åren, mycket på grund av möjligheterna som öppnats upp via medietekniska plattformar och sociala medier. Denna studie ämnar undersöka huruvida det finns projekt som använder sig av crowdfunding utan att ha ett finansiellt motiv och drivkraft. Resultatet är grundat på två olika medieprojekt med politiska inriktningar. Empirin som studien grundar sig på är framtaget genom kvalitativa ostrukturerade intervjuer med Andreas Öhman skapare bakom tv-serien Dom jävlarna ska skjutas, och Glynnis Ritter, Junior producer på produktionsbolaget WG Film angående dokumentärfilmen Bikes vs Cars. Studiens resultat visar att det finns projekt som drivs av andra krafter än finansiella. De två undersökningsobjekten i denna studie statuerar exempel för politiska projekt som har ett opinionsbildande motiv. Båda projekten arbetar för att föra varsin sakfråga framåt och fungera som debattverktyg för personer som sympatiserar med deras åsikt och är båda överens om att kommunikation, mellan grundare och backare, är avgörande för överlevnad. I slutändan har en modell kunnat skapas för att tydliggöra och strukturera upp olika motiv och vinning hos skilda parter i en crowdfundingkampanj. Genom transparens och kontinuerlig kommunikation mellan skapare och backare, som möjliggörs genom medietekniska plattformar, kan crowdfundingkampanjer skapa förändringar i samhället. / “Look, we are many”- A case study about public opinion formatting as a motive for crowdfunding campaigns.Crowdfunding is a method of financing to fund various projects through small financial contributions from a large number of different people. This phenomenon has grown large in recent years, largely because of the possibilities opened up by the media technology platforms and social media.This study intends to examine whether there are projects that use crowdfunding without having a financial motive and urge. The results are based on two different media projects with political intentions and the data is developed through two qualitative semi-structured interviews.Study results show that there is projects run by forces other than financial. The two projects in this study set an example for political projects that have an public opinion forming motive. Both projects are working to bring the their subject of interest forward and act as debate tool for people who sympathize with their point of view. They are both convinced that communication between parts is very essential for survival.In the end a model had been created that shows the structure and different motives that the different parts of the crowdfunding campaign can have. Through transparency and continuous communication between founders and backers, that enable through digital sites, crowdfunding campaigns can change structures in society.KeywordsCrowdfunding, motive, public opinion forming, media production, The Wolves, Bikes vs Cars

Machine perception is a key element for the research on autonomous driving vehicles. In particular, we focus on the problem of lane detection with a single camera. Many lane detection systems have been developed and many algorithms have been published over the years. However, while they are already commercially available to deliver lane departure warnings, their reliability is still unsatisfactory for fully autonomous scenarios. In this work, we questioned the reasons for such limitations. After examining the state of the art and the relevant literature, we identified the key methodologies adopted. We present a self-standing discussion of bird’s eye view (BEV) warping and common image preprocessing techniques, followed by gradient-based and color-based feature extraction and selection. Line fitting algorithms are then described, including least squares methods, Hough transform and random sample consensus (RANSAC). Polynomial and spline models are considered. As a result, a general processing pipeline emerged. We further analyzed each key technique by implementing it and performing experiments using data we previously collected. At the end of our evaluation, we designed and developed an overall system, finally studying its behavior. This analysis allowed us on one hand to gain insight into the reasons holding back present systems, and on the other to propose future developments in those directions. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Rail vehicle designers and analysts can benefit from the results of vehicle parameter estimation. Using this technique, they can determine the effects of suspension design decisions, and they can reduce the amount of on-track testing required to qualify new designs for service. This work addresses two major issues: the determination of parameter identifiability and the estimation of rail vehicle parameters from laboratory tests. Usually, the identifiability issue should be addressed first since identifiability determines the number of independent parameters that can be estimated. The general issues of identifiability and parameter estimation are discussed. Two identifiability tests are explored in-depth, as is a Bayesian least-squares parameter estimation method. Laboratory tests from a lightweight intermodal rail vehicle with single-axle trucks provided the data for the parameter estimation. The test setup and a simple vehicle mathematical model provided the structure for the identifiability determination. This work shows that identifiability and estimation issues closely interact. Even if a system is not identifiable, the Bayesian estimation method can return results. Thus, the Bayesian method can instill false confidence in the validity of the estimation results. Estimation of experimental data with a linear model provided values within one percent for the mass and damped natural frequency, and ten percent for the peak amplitude. Excellent agreement with the experimental data was obtained for frequencies above the resonant peak and for very low frequencies. Error at frequencies slightly below the resonant peak, however, indicated the vehicle contained significant nonlinearities. To achieve closer agreement between model response and test response at these frequencies, a nonlinear vehicle model is needed. / Master of Science

The understanding of rail vehicle steady-state and dynamic curving has increased substantially in the last few years. Contemporary curving models include such nonlinear effects as two-point contact, creep force saturation, and rail flexibility. The usual approximation concerning the contact geometry is that the Iocalized wheel and rail curvatures at the center of the contact patch are constant throughout the contact patch. This approximation allows computation of contact stresses using Hertzian theory, and it allows the computation of contact patch forces using one of Kalker’s theories. In vehicle curving, contact usually occurs at or near the wheel flange, where the wheel/rail contact geometry is non·Hertzian. Furthermore, after being in service for some time, the wheel and rail profiles provide non·Hertzian geometry due to wear. Both of these effects tend to invalidate the assumption of Hertzian contact geometry in the contact region. This work uses a generic wheelset model which is the basic component of any rail vehicle model. The wheel/rail interaction is modelled using the finite element method. The wheel is generated as a surface of revolution of its tread profile, and the rail is generated as an extrusion of the rail head profile. Three—dimensional contact elements are used to characterize the wheel/rail interface. A simple stick/slip friction model is used wherein relative motion is permitted if the tangential force exceeds the adhesion limit, and no relative motion occurs otherwise. The results show that the finite element method was successfully used to solve the static contact problem. Both Hertzian and non-Hertzian contact problems were anaIyzed correctly. However, the application of the finite element method to the rolling contact problem was not completely successful. The finite element method results for tangential contact forces were about 25 percent lower than forces predicted by Kalker’s theory. Recommendations for extending the analysis to solve the rolling contact problem are made. The report includes a derivation of the wheelset steadystate equations of motion, as well as a solution algorithm for the nonlinear, algebraic equations. / Master of Science / incomplete_metadata

yes / The car is a symbolic presence at the heart of the everyday experience of multi-ethnic coexistence. Exploring the potential significance of car ownership among members of the Pakistani/Muslim population in Bradford has an inherent interest and virtue, but more acutely, it can shed light on social relations where class, gender, religion and ethnicity intersect. The ‘young Asian/White/Muslim/Black male driver’ has acquired a certain meaning and reputation which has largely negative associations across Britain. However, once stereotypes such as the ones at play in the diary entry above are unpicked and engaged with, meaning becomes more nuanced and complicated, but no less vital. Indeed, the research upon which this paper is based suggests that car culture offers insights: first, into how some aspects of broader ‘British Muslim’ identity are framed; and second, that often negative, exoticized and racialized aspects of identity can be detuned and thus made less potent markers of racialized thinking.

The automotive industry is going through a massive transformation sparked by integrating emergingtechnologies within cars, such as automation and digital connectivity. These technologies were among theenablers of in-vehicle digital services. These services are deployed in the in-vehicle infotainment (IVI)system. While current IVI systems prioritize driver safety, they often overlook the needs of passengers forimmersive entertainment experiences. This oversight becomes especially critical as OEM companiestransition to level 4 autonomous cars, where driver distraction is no longer problematic. Therefore, thisthesis explores how automotive companies in Sweden will adapt their infotainment services when shifting tolevel 4 autonomous cars. An interpretive qualitative study is conducted with Polestar employees. Two mainthemes emerge 1) Current state of Digital Services in IVI Systems and 2) Future Directions of DigitalServices in IVI Systems within Level 4 Autonomous Vehicles. Findings highlight challenges faced by appdevelopers, adoption criteria for new technology, and strategies for future-proofing IVI digital services.Implications are discussed, and future directions of IVI digital services are proposed in the discussionsection. Finally, the manuscript concludes with suggestions for limitations and future research, inviting theaudience to contribute to the ongoing discourse.

Forskning inom marknadskommunikation har traditionellt varit beläget inom den företagsekonomiska disciplinen med fokus på hur företag kommunicerar med sina kunder. Men marknadskommunikation som område innefattar även andra kommunikativa processer vilka berörs inom den medie- och kommunikationsvetenskapliga forskningen, men som inte definieras som marknadskommunikation. Genom att utmana marknadsföringsstrategin country-of-origin ur ett medie- och kommunikationsvetenskapligt perspektiv teorigranskar studien marknadskommunikation som tvärvetenskapligt forskningsfält mellan disciplinerna. Studien är en jämförande case study som synliggör ett samband mellan vilka värden Volvo Cars och Svenska Institutet kommunicerar om Sverige. Volvo Cars värden är definierade utifrån en tematisk funktionell kvalitativ textanalys av reklamfilmen Vintersaga och Svenska Institutets värden är förankrade i deras varumärkesstrategi. Resultatet av jämförelsen, tillsammans med det medie- och kommunikationsvetenskapliga perspektivet, bidrar till en begreppsutveckling av marknadsföringsstrategin country-of-origin. Begreppsutvecklingen kontextualiseras i relation med studiens syfte; hur disciplinerna företagsekonomi och medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap kan förhålla sig till varandra genom marknadskommunikation som ett tvärvetenskapligt forskningsfält. Studien betonar vikten av kommunikativa perspektiv för marknadsföringsforskningen och vikten att ge medie- och kommunikationsvetenskapen ett tydligt område för forskning relaterad till marknader. Studien stipulerar att marknadskommunikation ska erkännas som ett tvärvetenskapligt forskningsfält mellan disciplinerna medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap och företagsekonomi. / Research in marketing communications has mainly been situated within the business administration discipline, focusing on how the company communicates towards its customers. But the marketing communications area includes other communicative processes. Processes which are reviewed in research within media and communication science but not labeled as marketing communications. By challenging the marketing strategy country-of-origin from a media and communication study-perspective this study examines how marketing communications can function as interdisciplinary field between the business administration discipline and media and communication studies. The study is a comparative case study that reveals a connection between the values Volvo Cars and Svenska Institutet communicates about Sweden. Volvo Cars values ​​are defined through a thematic functional qualitative textual analysis of the commercial Vintersaga and Svenska Institutet’s values ​​are rooted in their brand strategy. The result of the comparison, together with the media and communication perspective, contributes to the conceptual development of the marketing strategy country-of-origin. The concept development is then contextualized in relation to the purpose of the study; how business administration and media and communication studies can relate to each other through marketing communications as an interdisciplinary field of research. The study emphasizes the importance of communicative aspects for marketing as well as give media and communication a clear area for research connected to marketing. The study stipulates that marketing communications should be recognized as an interdisciplinary field of research between the disciplines of media and communication studies and business administration.

Du fait de leur compacité, leur robustesse et leur faible coût, les microlasers impulsionnels nanosecondes constituent des sources particulièrement attractives pour de nombreux systèmes de détection et d'analyse, en particulier les cytomètres en flux ou les dispositifs pour la spectroscopie CARS (Coherent Raman Anti Stokes Scattering). Cependant, ces applications nécessitent des performances améliorées en ce qui concerne la gigue temporelle et la cadence de répétition accessible. Dans sa première partie, cette thèse propose des solutions originales pour atteindre les performances requises à partir de microlasers passivement déclenchés, grâce à la mise en oeuvre d'une cavité hybride couplée, pompée par une onde modulée en intensité. Une cadence de répétition supérieure à 30 kHz avec une gigue demeurant inférieure à 200 ns est atteinte. Le potentiel de microlasers à fibres déclenchés par modulation du gain pour monter en cadence est aussi évalué, montrant que des impulsions à faible gigue, à une cadence de plus de 2 MHz peuvent être produites. Enfin, la dernière partie est consacrée à la mise au point et à l'exploitation d'un nouveau système de spectroscopie CARS assisté par une excitation électrique haute tension. Ce dispositif, réalisé à partir d'un microlaser amplifié, permet de s'affranchir du bruit de fond non résonnant des mesures et de réaliser une analyse spectroscopique fine de la réponse de différents milieux d'intérêt sous champ continu ou impulsionnel, pouvant conduire à une nouvelle méthode de microdosimétrie de champ. Diverses applications, dont la granulométrie à l'échelle micro ou nanométrique ou l'identification de marqueurs pour la biologie, sont démontrées. / Thanks to their compactness, robustness and low cost, pulsed nanosecond microlasers are particularly attractive sources for different detection and analysis systems, particularly flow cytometers or devices for CARS (Coherent Anti Raman Stokes Scattering) spectroscopy. However, these applications require reduced time jitter and increased repetition rate. The first part of this thesis proposes novel solutions to achieve the required performance from passively Q-switched microlasers, which are based on an hybrid coupled-cavity and intensitymodulated pump wave. A repetition rate greater than 30 kHz with jitter remaining lower than 200 ns is reached. Pulsed fiber microlasers operating by gain switching are also studied, showing that pulses with low timing jitter, at a repetition rate of more than 2 MHz can be obtained. The last part is devoted to the development and the implementation of a new system of CARS spectroscopy assisted by a high-voltage electrical stimulation. This device, based on an amplified microlaser, allows to substract the non-resonant background noise in the measurements. Thus, a fine spectroscopic analysis of the response of different environments of interest in continuous or pulsed field can be achieved. It may lead to a new method for field microdosimetry. Various applications, including granulometry at the micro or nanometric scale and the identification of markers for biology, are shown.