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The variations in discharge and water chemistry among and within headwater catchments are not well understood. Developing a better understanding of the processes that control these variations is crucial to determining how headwater catchments will respond to changes in climate and land use. This dissertation explores how hydrologic processes in headwater catchments may be better understood by utilizing a hydropedological framework, where similar soils are grouped together and considered to be representative of and developed by similar hydrologic and biogeochemical processes. In the first chapter, soil groups, called hydropedological units (HPUs) are found to be indicative of distinct water table regimes characterized by the interquartile range and median of shallow groundwater levels, the percent time water table exists in the soil, and the level of catchment storage at which groundwater responds. The second chapter explores the hydrological processes that may lead to the formation of HPUs in the catchment. By examining water table records and unsaturated water potential from tensiometers we found that lateral unsaturated flow regimes may be partially responsible for the patterns of lateral translocation observed in HPUs. Finally, the third chapter identifies two HPUs in the catchment as sources of streamwater dissolved organic carbon (DOC). While near-stream areas have typically been found to be DOC sources in headwater catchments, the HPUs identified as sources occur at high elevations in the catchment, near channel heads. Overall, these findings will be useful to better explain runoff generation, soil formation, and DOC export from headwater catchments. Headwater streams source water to larger bodies of water that are valuable natural resources. Therefore, explaining these processes is critical to predicting and responding to changes in climate and land use that may affect important water supplies. / Ph. D.

A área plantada com eucaliptos no Brasil cresceu a uma taxa de 4,7% ao ano nos últimos 7 anos (ABRAF, 2013). Os impactos que as plantações tendem a ocasionar nos recursos hídricos podem ser incertos e imprecisos quando do não conhecimento do clima, solo e espécie plantada. Nesse contexto, o balanço hídrico é uma abordagem largamente recomendada para a boa avaliação e tomada de decisão nos processos hidrológicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar experimentalmente o balanço hídrico e a erosão do solo numa plantação de Eucalyptus grandis ainda em idade jovem (entre 2 e 3 anos) durante um ano. A instalação experimental foi locada no município de Brotas - SP, a 35 km da cidade de São Carlos. Foram utilizados dois métodos para a coleta da Precipitação interna (Pi) na plantação: calhas e pluviômetros, para verificação estatística. Concluiu-se que a Pi coletada por calhas e pluviômetros são estatisticamente semelhantes, porém o desvio padrão médio dos valores coletados pelas calhas é menor. O Escoamento fustal (Ef) foi coletado com o auxílio de fitas adesivas e mangueiras coladas a 10 troncos, e armazenado em galões. O Escoamento superficial (Es) e os sedimentos provenientes da erosão do solo foram coletados em parcelas experimentais de 100 m² (5,0 x 20,0 m) com a maior dimensão no sentido do escoamento, numa área com declividade de aproximadamente 10%. Os resultados mostram que a Perda por Interceptação (It) correspondeu a 13,0% da Precipitação total (Pt) registrada em 2013. O Ef correspondeu a 2,4% de Pt, não podendo ser desprezado na parcela da It da plantação. O valor de Es foi baixo (0,6% de Pt), pois o solo da área de pesquisa era bastante arenoso (86%). Os valores diários de Evapotranspiração real (Et) foram estimados pela equação de Penman, e resultaram em 938,0 mm no ano de 2013. O valor da Recarga direta (Rd) foi estimado em 250,8 mm, o que está de acordo com trabalhos realizados anteriormente na mesma região. A erosão do solo na plantação foi de 2,21 Mg.ha-1 no ano de 2013, sendo a lâmina d\'água e a intensidade máxima da precipitação os principais fatores que provocaram as maiores erosões. / The planted area of eucalyptus in Brazil increased in a rate of 4.7% per year in the last 7 years (ABRAF, 2013). The impacts of the plantations in the water resources tend to lead to uncertainty and inaccuracy on the knowledge of the climate, soil and planted specie. In this context, the water balance is a largely recommended approach on the decision-making regarding the hydrological processes. The main objective of this work was to quantify experimentally the water balance and the soil erosion in an Eucalyptus grandis plantation still in young ages (between 2 and 3 years old) over one year. The experimental installation was set in Brotas - SP, 35 km away from the city of São Carlos. Two methods were utilized to collect the throughfall (Pi): transects and rain gauges, aiming a statistical verification. The result suggests that Pi collected by transects and rain gauges are statistically similar, but the mean standard deviation of the transects is smaller. The Stemflow (Ef) was collected with adhesive tapes connected to 10 stems, and stored in gallons. The Stream flow (Es) and the soil erosion were collected in experimental catchments of 100 m2 (5.0 x 20.0 m) with the largest dimension towards the flow, in an area with 10% of slope. The results showed that the Interception loss (It) corresponded to 13.0% of the Gross rainfall (Pt) registered in 2013. The Ef corresponded to 2.4% of the Pt, proving that it can\'t be neglected on the It calculation. The value of Es was low (0.6% of Pt), because the soil of the catchment was very sandy (86%). The daily values of Evapotranspiration (Et) were estimated by using the Penman-Monteith equation, resulting in 938.0 mm in 2013. The value of Direct recharge (Rd) was estimated in 250.8 mm, and according to previous works done in the same region, it is consistent. The soil erosion in the plantation was 2.21 Mg.ha-1, being the rain depth and the maximum rain intensity the main factors that caused biggest erosions.

For centuries, river catchments and their constituent habitats have been altered and modified through various human activities to maximise provision of tangible benefits like food and water, while impacting on their capacity to provide other less obvious but equally important benefits for human survival. However, in the last few decades, perceptions on the role of catchments as mere providers of tangible benefits have been changing, as recognition has been given to other human beneficial services like regulation of floods. This recognition has drawn increased interest in both science and policy, towards understanding human-nature relations and how approaches like the ecosystem services concept can inform sustainable management of catchments. Although, the multiple and differently weighted relationships existing between habitats and ecosystem services have been acknowledged, the relationship between spatio-temporal change in habitats and spatio-temporal change in ecosystem services delivery, has not received as much attention in the research literature. In this thesis, it is argued that this is an important omission as spatio-temporal habitat change could have broader consequences for ecosystem services provided by a catchment. On this basis, this study maps and assesses the influence of habitat changes across space and time on ecosystem services delivery at a local catchment scale. Approaches to assessing ecosystem service delivery across landscapes and catchments draw on habitat mapping data for those landscapes or catchments. Such data are in turn used as proxies for estimating different ecosystem services delivered by the landscape or catchment based on their integration with other spatial or non-spatial data. To date this approach has been applied to assess contemporary delivery of different ecosystem services. The basis of the approach taken in this study involved comparing a pre-existing contemporary ecosystem service assessment of two chosen sub catchments of the Tweed catchment in Scotland, with a similar assessment based on a set of older “historic” habitat maps for the mid-20th century period. Derivation of the digital map base for the latter was a major focus of the present study. Aerial photography taken during the Royal Air Force surveys in the 1940s archived in the Royal Commission on Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland were obtained and first scanned digitally, arranged into a mosaic of adjacent images and ortho-rectified to remove camera distortion. These photo mosaics were then visually interpreted and, aided with ancillary data, the current (2009) habitat maps were edited and backdated to derive the historic habitat maps for the study catchments. The Spatial Evidence for Natural Capital Evaluation (SENCE) ecosystem services mapping approach was then used to translate generated habitat maps into ecosystem service supply maps. Findings show that the study catchments changed from multifunctional to intensively managed landscapes by 2009, with a higher capacity for supplying provisioning ecosystem services, while their capacity to supply regulating and supporting ecosystem services was reduced. Findings also show that a change in one habitat type results in changes in multiple ecosystem services, while changes in the spatial configuration of habitats reduces areas with high supply capacity for regulating and supporting ecosystem services. This study concludes that ecosystem service delivery is not only affected by changes in gross area of constituent habitats but also by spatial changes in the configuration and distribution of these habitats. In this regard, it is argued that recognising and understanding changes in ecosystem services adds an important strand in catchment management. It is therefore suggested that planning for future ecosystem services in catchment management needs to be informed by historic baselines.

The alluvial forms of the rivers that drain the Colorado Plateau are a product of the water and sediment load that tributaries deliver to the trunk streams. Where the Green and Colorado Rivers cross structural barriers, narrow canyons have been incised. In the steep terrain adjacent to many of these canyons debris flows occur in the catchment basins of tributaries and deliver coarse sediment to the mainstem river corridor. Over time, debris flow deposits have aggraded in trunk stream valleys and created landforms known as debris fans. The sizes of these debris fans are related to the accommodation space available for fan formation. Lithologic variation in the layer-cake stratigraphy of the Colorado Plateau has led to varying valley widths. Tributary catchment, debris fan, depositional site, and mainstem river characteristics are examined over the 156-kilometer reach of the Green River through Desolation and Gray Canyons. Desolation and Gray Canyons provide some of the widest valley widths and resultant debris fan areas on the Colorado Plateau.

Semi-arid environments are mainly characterized by scarce water resources and are usually subject to risks of water stress. In these regions, water supply for drinking and irrigation purposes depends strongly on storage in surface reservoirs and sediment deposition in these reservoirs affects adversely the water storage. In order to reproduce the complex behaviour of sediment deposition in reservoirs located in semi-arid environments and the effects of using sediment management techniques, a reservoir sedimentation model is developed and coupled within the WASA-SED model, which simulates rainfall-runoff processes and sediment transport at the hillslope and river network. The reservoir sedimentation model consists of two modelling approaches, which may be applied according to reservoir size and data availability. For reservoirs with information about their geometric features (reservoir topography, stage-area and stage-volume curves) and physical properties of sediment deposits, such as deposition thickness, grain size distribution of sediment deposits and sediment densities, a detailed modelling approach of reservoir sedimentation may be applied. For reservoirs without those characteristics, a simplified modelling approach is used. The detailed modelling approach of reservoir sedimentation enables the assessment of sediment deposition pattern in reservoirs and the evaluation of sediment release efficiency of sediment management techniques. It simulates sediment transport along the longitudinal profile of a reservoir. The reservoir is divided into cross sections to elaborate the sediment budget. The sediment transport component is calculated using a non-uniform sediment transport approach based on the concept of sediment carrying capacity. Four different sediment-transport equations can be selected for the simulations. The simplified modelling approach of reservoir sedimentation is suitable to simulate water and sediment transfer in dense reservoirs network. Nevertheless, it allows simulating neither sediment management techniques, nor spatial distribution of sedimentation. In this approach, the reservoirs are classified into small and strategic reservoirs according to their location and size. Strategic reservoirs are medium and large-sized reservoirs located on main rivers at the sub-basin’s outlet or reservoirs of particular interest. The small reservoirs are located at tributary streams and represented in the model in an aggregate manner by grouping them into size classes according to their storage capacity. A cascade routing scheme is used to describe the upstream-downstream position of the reservoir classes. The water and sediment balances of small reservoirs are computed for one hypothetical representative reservoir of mean characteristics. Sediment trapping efficiency and effluent grain size distribution are estimated using the overflow rate concept. Three model applications are carried out within this research, as follows: • The detailed modelling approach of reservoir sedimentation is applied to the 92.2 Mm³ Barasona Reservoir, located in the foothills of the Central Pyrenees (Aragon, Spain). A two-stage calibration was performed to account for changes on the sediment deposition pattern caused by sediment management. The reservoir sedimentation model is then validated for another simulation period which confirms that the processes related to reservoir sedimentation are well represented by the model. • An application is carried out to the 933-km² Benguê catchment, located in the semi-arid region of Northeast Brazil. The catchment is characterized by a dense reservoir network, covering almost 45% of the catchment area, with a significant lack of data. Water and sediment balances of those reservoirs are computed using the simplified modelling approach. Three spatial configurations describing the cascade routing scheme are tested. • The reservoir sedimentation model is applied again to the Barasona reservoir to evaluate the sediment release efficiency of sediment management strategies. Cost analysis is presented to help in the choice of the most promising sediment management technique for that situation. Thus, the model enables the assessment of technical features of the sediment management strategies. Overall, simulation results are characterized by large uncertainties, partly due to low data availability and also due to uncertainties of the model structure to adequately represent the processes related to reservoir sedimentation. / Semiaride Gebiete sind hauptsächlich durch geringe Wasserressourcen gekennzeichnet und unterliegen häufig dem Risiko der Wasserknappheit. In diesen Gebieten ist die Wasserbereitstellung für Bewässerung und Trinkwasserversorgung stark von der oberflächlichen Speicherung in Stauseen abhängig, deren Wasserverfügbarkeit nachteilig durch Sedimentablagerung beeinflusst wird. Zur Wiedergabe des komplexen Sedimentablagerungsverhaltens in Stauseen von semiariden Gebieten und die Auswirkungen von Sedimentmanagementmaßnahmen wird ein Sedimentationsmodell entwickelt und mit dem WASA-SED Modell gekoppelt, das für die Modellierung der Abflussbildung und des Sedimenttransportes in Einzugsgebieten geeignet ist. Das Sedimentationsmodell beinhaltet zwei Ansätze, die unter der Berücksichtigung verschiedener Stauseengrößenklassen und Datenverfügbarkeit eingesetzt werden können. Für die Stauseen mit verfügbaren Informationen über ihre geometrischen Eigenschaften (wie Stauseetopographie und Höhe-Fläche-Volumen-Beziehung) und weitere Kenngrößen wie Ablagerungsmächtigkeit, Korngrößenverteilung und Sedimentdichte, kann ein detaillierter Modellansatz für die Sedimentablagerung verwendet werden. Wo diese Informationen nicht verfügbar sind, wird auf einen vereinfachten Ansatz zurückgegriffen. Der detaillierte Modellansatz ermöglicht die Betrachtung von Ablagerungsmustern im Stausee und Einschätzungen über die Effektivität von Sedimentmanagementmaßnahmen hinsichtlich der Sedimententlastung. Dieser Ansatz beruht auf der Simulation des Sedimenttransportes entlang eines Stauseelängsprofils. Für die Berechnung des Sedimenttransfers wird der Stauseekörper in einer Folge von Querprofilen repräsentiert. Der Sedimenttransport wird dabei korngrößenspezifisch entsprechend der Transportkapazität berechnet. Dafür stehen vier verschiedenen Sedimenttransportgleichungen zur Verfügung. Der vereinfachte Modellansatz ist für die Simulation des Sedimenttransfers in Gebieten mit hoher Stauseedichte geeignet, jedoch können weder Sedimentmanagementmaßnahmen noch die räumliche Verteilung der Ablagerungen berücksichtigt werden. Dafür werden die Stauseen in Abhängigkeit von ihrer Größe und Position in kleine und strategische Stauseen unterteilt. Dabei sind strategische Stausseen solche mit mittlerem bis großem Volumen sowie einer Lage im Hauptgerinne oder solche mit sonstiger besonderer Bedeutung. Kleine Stauseen hingegen befinden sich an den Nebenflüssen und werden im Modell in aggregierter Form durch ihre Einteilung in Stauseegrößenklassen repräsentiert. Ein Kaskadenverfahren wird für den Wasser- und Sedimentlauf zwischen den Stauseeklassen verwendet. Dabei werden für jede Stauseeklasse der Wasser- sowie Sedimenthaushalt für einen hypothetischen repräsentativen Stausee mit mittleren Eigenschaften berechnet. Die Sedimentaufnahme und die Korngrößenverteilung des abgegebenen Sediments werden mit dem Überlaufanteil-Ansatz berechnet. In dieser Studie werden drei Modellanwendungen vorgestellt: • Für den 92,2 Mio.m³-großen Barasona-Stausee (Vorland der Zentralpyrenäen, Aragon, Spanien) wird die Modellierung der Sedimentablagerung mit dem detaillierten Modellansatz vorgenommen. Die Kalibrierung dafür wurde in zwei Schritten durchgeführt, um Änderungen im Stauseemanagement Rechnung zu tragen. Die ModellValidierung wird schließlich für eine andere Simulationsperiode vorgenommen. Dabei wird ersichtlich, dass die Prozesse der Sedimentablagerung gut durch das Modell wiedergegeben werden. • Das Modell wird auf das 933 km²-große Benguê-Einzugsgebiet, das sich im semiariden Nordosten Brasiliens befindet, angewendet. Dieses Einzugsgebiet ist durch eine hohe Dichte an kleinen Stauseen, charakterisiert, die fast 45% des Gebietes umfasst, wofür jedoch wenige Messdaten verfügbar sind. Deshalb werden der Wasser- und Sedimenttransport mit dem vereinfachten Modellansatz berechnet. Dabei werden drei Konfigurationen des Kaskadenverfahrens getestet. • Die Modellanwendung erfolgt erneut für den Barasona-Stausee bezüglich der Effektivität der Sedimentmanagementmaßnahmen. Eine Kostenanalyse ermöglicht die Auswahl geeigneter Maßnahmen für den Stausee. Dadurch wird eine Beurteilung der verschiedenen Sedimentmanagementstrategien ermöglicht. Im Allgemeinen unterliegen die Simulationsergebnisse großen Unsicherheiten, teilweise wegen der geringen Datenverfügbarkeit, andererseits durch die Unsicherheiten in der Modellstruktur zur korrekten Wiedergabe der Sedimentablagerungsprozesse.

The Critical Zone (CZ) is the surficial layer of the planet that sustains life on Earth and extends from the base of the weathered bedrock to the top of the vegetation canopy. Its structure influences water fluxes, biogeochemistry and vegetation. In this dissertation, I explore the relationships between climate, water fluxes, vegetation dynamics, biogeochemistry, and effective energy and mass transfer fluxes (EEMT) in a semi-arid critical zone. This research was carried out in the upper Jemez River Basin in northern New Mexico across gradients of climate and elevation. The main research objectives were to (i) quantify relations among inputs of mass and energy (EEMT), hydrological and biogeochemical processes within the CZ, (ii) determine water fluxes and vegetation dynamics in high elevation mountain catchments with different terrain aspect and solar radiation, and (iii) study temporal variability of climate and its influence on the CZ water availability, forest productivity and energy and mass fluxes. The key findings of this study include (i) significant correlations between EEMT, water transit times (WTT) and mineral weathering products around Redondo Peak. Significant correlations were observed between dissolved weathering products (Na⁺ and DIC) and maximum EEMT. Similarly, ³H concentrations measured at the springs were significantly correlated with maximum EEMT; (ii) terrain aspect strongly controls energy, water distribution, and vegetation productivity in high elevation ecosystems in catchments draining different aspects of Redondo Peak. The predominantly north facing catchment, when compared to the other two eastern catchments, receives less solar radiation, exhibits less forest cover and smaller biomass, has more surface runoff and smaller vegetation water consumption. Furthermore, the north facing catchment showed smaller NDVI values and shorter growing season length as a consequence of energy limitation, and (iii) from 1984 to 2012 a decreasing trend in water availability, increased vegetation water use, a reduction in both forest productivity and EEMT was observed at the upper Jemez River Basin. These changes point towards a hotter, drier and less productive ecosystem which may alter critical zone processes in high elevation semi-arid systems.

Extensive research has been undertaken to improve the robustness of runoff quantity predictions for urban catchments. However, equally robust predictions for runoff quality have yet to be attained. Past studies addressing this issue have typically been confined to the use of simple conceptual or empirical models which forgo the tedious steps of providing a physical representation of the actual system to be modelled. Consequently, even if the modelling results for the test catchments are satisfactory, the reliability and applicability of these models for other catchments remain uncertain. It is deemed that by employing process-based, deterministic models, many of these uncertainties can be eliminated. A lack of understanding of the hydrological processes occurring during storm events and the absence of good calibration data, however, hamper the advancement of such models and limit their use in the field. This research proposes that the development of a hydrologic model based on the kinematic wave equations linked to an advection-dispersion model that simulates pollutant detachment and transport will improve both runoff quantity and quality simulations and enhance the robustness of the predictions. At the very worst, a model of this type could still highlight the underlying issues that inhibit models from reproducing the recorded historical hydrographs and pollutographs. In actual fact, this approach has already been applied by various modellers to simulate the entrainment of pollutants from urban catchments. Also, the paradigm shift to using the Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) approach in designing urban stormwater systems has prompted the need to differentiate the various sources of pollutants in urban catchments such as roads, roofs and other impervious surfaces. The primary objective of the study reported herein is to model runoff quantity and quality from small urban catchments, facilitated by the procurement of the necessary field data to calibrate and validate the model via implementation of a comprehensive field exercise based in Sydney. From a water quality perspective, trace metals were selected as the foci. The study outcomes include the formulation of a linkage of models capable of providing accurate and reliable runoff quantity and quality predictions for the study catchments by taking into consideration: - The different availability of pollutants from urban catchments, i.e. roads vs. roofs; - The build-up characteristics of pollutants on the distinct urban surfaces and their spatial distribution; - The contribution of rainwater to urban runoff pollution; - The partitioning of pollutants according to particulate bound and dissolved phases; - The respective role of rainfall and runoff in the detachment and entrainment of pollutants; - The influence of particle properties such as particle size distribution and density on pollutant transport; and - The relationship associating particulate bound metals to suspended solids. The simulation results obtained using the proposed model were found to be suitable for modelling the detachment and transport of pollutants for small urban catchments. Interpretation of these results reveals several key findings which could help to rectify shortcomings of existing modelling approaches. Even though the robustness of the model presented here may not translate into a significant improvement in the overall robustness of model predictions, the physical basis on which this process-based model was developed nevertheless provides the flexibility necessary for implementation at alternative sites. It is also shown that the availability of reliable runoff data is essential for implementation of the model for other similar urban catchments. In conclusion, the proposed model in this study will serve as a worthy tool in future urban catchment management studies.

A área plantada com eucaliptos no Brasil cresceu a uma taxa de 4,7% ao ano nos últimos 7 anos (ABRAF, 2013). Os impactos que as plantações tendem a ocasionar nos recursos hídricos podem ser incertos e imprecisos quando do não conhecimento do clima, solo e espécie plantada. Nesse contexto, o balanço hídrico é uma abordagem largamente recomendada para a boa avaliação e tomada de decisão nos processos hidrológicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar experimentalmente o balanço hídrico e a erosão do solo numa plantação de Eucalyptus grandis ainda em idade jovem (entre 2 e 3 anos) durante um ano. A instalação experimental foi locada no município de Brotas - SP, a 35 km da cidade de São Carlos. Foram utilizados dois métodos para a coleta da Precipitação interna (Pi) na plantação: calhas e pluviômetros, para verificação estatística. Concluiu-se que a Pi coletada por calhas e pluviômetros são estatisticamente semelhantes, porém o desvio padrão médio dos valores coletados pelas calhas é menor. O Escoamento fustal (Ef) foi coletado com o auxílio de fitas adesivas e mangueiras coladas a 10 troncos, e armazenado em galões. O Escoamento superficial (Es) e os sedimentos provenientes da erosão do solo foram coletados em parcelas experimentais de 100 m² (5,0 x 20,0 m) com a maior dimensão no sentido do escoamento, numa área com declividade de aproximadamente 10%. Os resultados mostram que a Perda por Interceptação (It) correspondeu a 13,0% da Precipitação total (Pt) registrada em 2013. O Ef correspondeu a 2,4% de Pt, não podendo ser desprezado na parcela da It da plantação. O valor de Es foi baixo (0,6% de Pt), pois o solo da área de pesquisa era bastante arenoso (86%). Os valores diários de Evapotranspiração real (Et) foram estimados pela equação de Penman, e resultaram em 938,0 mm no ano de 2013. O valor da Recarga direta (Rd) foi estimado em 250,8 mm, o que está de acordo com trabalhos realizados anteriormente na mesma região. A erosão do solo na plantação foi de 2,21 Mg.ha-1 no ano de 2013, sendo a lâmina d\'água e a intensidade máxima da precipitação os principais fatores que provocaram as maiores erosões. / The planted area of eucalyptus in Brazil increased in a rate of 4.7% per year in the last 7 years (ABRAF, 2013). The impacts of the plantations in the water resources tend to lead to uncertainty and inaccuracy on the knowledge of the climate, soil and planted specie. In this context, the water balance is a largely recommended approach on the decision-making regarding the hydrological processes. The main objective of this work was to quantify experimentally the water balance and the soil erosion in an Eucalyptus grandis plantation still in young ages (between 2 and 3 years old) over one year. The experimental installation was set in Brotas - SP, 35 km away from the city of São Carlos. Two methods were utilized to collect the throughfall (Pi): transects and rain gauges, aiming a statistical verification. The result suggests that Pi collected by transects and rain gauges are statistically similar, but the mean standard deviation of the transects is smaller. The Stemflow (Ef) was collected with adhesive tapes connected to 10 stems, and stored in gallons. The Stream flow (Es) and the soil erosion were collected in experimental catchments of 100 m2 (5.0 x 20.0 m) with the largest dimension towards the flow, in an area with 10% of slope. The results showed that the Interception loss (It) corresponded to 13.0% of the Gross rainfall (Pt) registered in 2013. The Ef corresponded to 2.4% of the Pt, proving that it can\'t be neglected on the It calculation. The value of Es was low (0.6% of Pt), because the soil of the catchment was very sandy (86%). The daily values of Evapotranspiration (Et) were estimated by using the Penman-Monteith equation, resulting in 938.0 mm in 2013. The value of Direct recharge (Rd) was estimated in 250.8 mm, and according to previous works done in the same region, it is consistent. The soil erosion in the plantation was 2.21 Mg.ha-1, being the rain depth and the maximum rain intensity the main factors that caused biggest erosions.

Les ressources en eau sont très variables dans l'espace et dans le temps. Leur estimation à l'échelle des bassins versants requiert des modèles hydrologiques dont l'utilisation est contrainte par la complexité des bassins et une difficulté de mesure (caractéristiques du bassin et forçages météorologiques). Sur la plupart des bassins une chronique de débit est disponible à l'exutoire du bassin, on parle alors de bassin versant jaugé. Ces mesures peuvent être utilisées pour analyser le fonctionnement des bassins et optimiser les paramètres des modèles hydrologiques. En revanche, pour les bassins versants non jaugés, le fonctionnement du bassin doit être envisagé de manière différente et l'utilisation du modèle doit se faire via une régionalisation de ses paramètres.Le principe des études de régionalisation est d'utiliser les bassins versants jaugés pour développer des méthodes applicables aux bassins versants non jaugés. Ces études couvrent un grand nombre de domaines d'application: régionalisation des signatures hydrologiques (débit moyen interannuel, régime, courbe des débits classés...), des étiages, des crues, de l'hydrogramme... Dans cette thèse, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'estimation de l'hydrogramme sur des bassins versants non-jaugés, via la régionalisation des paramètres des modèles hydrologiques.De nombreuses méthodes ont été développées pour résoudre ce problème et reposent en majorité sur la connaissance des jeux de paramètres sur des bassins jaugés, donneurs de paramètres, qu'il faut alors transférer vers des bassins versants non-jaugés, receveurs de paramètres. Ces méthodes font donc deux hypothèses fortes: (i) les paramètres ont été correctement identifiés par le calage sur les bassins versants jaugés et (ii) nous sommes capables d'identifier des bassins versants jaugés et non-jaugés similaires entre lesquels le transfert de paramètres est possible. Cependant, ces hypothèses ne sont pas toujours vérifiées et, dans ce cadre, le calage régional apparaît comme une option prometteuse pour la régionalisation des modèles hydrologiques. En effet, le calage régional recherche des valeurs de paramètres communes à plusieurs bassins et permet (i) de mieux contraindre ces paramètres lors du calage et (ii) de réaliser conjointement le calage et le transfert de ces paramètres à des bassins versants non-jaugés. L'enjeu de cette thèse est d'évaluer le potentiel du calage régional pour régionaliser les paramètres du modèle hydrologique GR6J. Sur un large échantillon de bassins, nous avons en particulier étudié si le calage régional peut être une solution compétitive au regard des méthodes existantes.Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes attachés à étudier le modèle en contexte jaugé. Nous avons mené une étude de la sensibilité du modèle à ses paramètres pour définir leur rôle fonctionnel et avons testé huit stratégies de paramétrisation.Nous nous sommes attachés à identifier le jeu de paramètres hydrologiquement optimal, c'est-à-dire un jeu de paramètres indépendant de la stratégie de calage et donc transférable à des bassins versants non jaugés. Dans un second temps, nous avons proposé une méthode innovante appelée “ calage groupé ”, basée sur le calage régional, pour relier les paramètres de GR6J à des caractéristiques mesurables du paysage. Cette méthode présente l'avantage de prendre en compte les compensations au sein du jeu de paramètre et de permettre une interprétation des valeurs de paramètres au regard des processus hydrologiques. / Water resources are variable in time and space. Hydrological models are required to assess these resources and have to cope with catchments complexity and measurement limits. Most of the catchments are gauged which means that streamflow measurements are available at the catchment outlet. In particular, streamflow measurements can be used to analyse the catchment hydrological behavior and calibrate model parameters. However for ungauged catchments, the hydrological behavior must be define by other ways and model parametrisation must be assessed through regionalization instead of calibration.Regionalization studies rely on gauged catchments to developp methodologies applicable to ungauged catchments. They cover a large range of applications from hydrological signatures predictions (mean streamflow, regime, flow duration curves ...) to low-flow or flood predictions. The present work aims at estimating streamflow hydrographs in ungauged catchments by regionalizing hydrological model parameters.Several methods have been developped to solve this problem and they mostly rely on the knowledge of parameter sets on gauged catchments to find the best way to transfer the parameters sets between catchments. Gauged catchments are then considered as donor catchments while ungauged catchments are receiver: the challenge of transfert-based methods being to assign the correct donnor to each receiver. However, these methods make two strong hypothesis: (i) parameters sets calibrated on gauged catchments are reliable and (ii) similar gauged and ungauged catchments can be accurately matched during the transfer. However, those hypothesis do not always seem to hold true. In this context, regional calibration appears as a promising way for hydrological model regionalization since regional calibration look for common parameter sets on several catchments. This way, parameters are known with less uncertainties on gauged catchment and parameters regionalization is joined with calibration. The challenge of this PhD thesis is to develop and apply a regionalization scheme, based on regional calibration, to the GR6J hydrological model. On a large dataset, we have studied if regional calibration is a competitive solution to regionalize hydrological models compared to existing methodologies (i.e. transfer-based methods).As a prelude to the regionalization study, we paid attention to analyse the model on gauged catchments. In particular, we analysed the model sensitivity to its parameters to define the functionnal role of each parameter. Eight model parametrisation schemes were tested to identify the hydrologically optimal parameter set, i.e. a parameter set that is only catchment-dependant and do not depend on calibration strategy. Secondly we present an inovative method called “group calibration”, based on regional calibration, to link model parameters and hydrological descriptors. This method is fit for taking into account compensations between model parameters, allows the hydrological interpretation of the obtained relationships and is competitive to existing methods. Last, we conceptualize the regionalization methods to better undestand how to best value regional informations and increase model performance in extrapolation. We show that all methods set a ceilling and that space for improvement do not lie in the correct matching of donnor and reciever catchments but in the identification of more easily transferable informations.