La enfermedad de Crohn es una enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal muy rara en nuestro medio y con una distribución muy variable en diferentes partes del mundo, la incidencia media es de 6,7 (rango de 1,6 a 14,6) casos por 100 000 habitantes anualmente y la prevalencia de 140 (rango de 10 a 199) casos por 100 000 habitantes en occidente. Presentamos el caso de un varon de 52 años natural y procedente del Callao con una imagen por colonoscopia compatible con una Ulcera Cecal y sin otras alteraciones en el tracto gastrointestinal, el cual presento un diagnostico anatomopatológico compatible con una Enfermedad de Crohn que es confirmada por serología. / Crohn s Disease, is a rare inflammatory bowel disease in Perú. Incidence rates vary from 1,6 – 14,6 / 100 000 and prevalence rate is 140 / 100000 in the western hemisphere. We report a case of 52 y.o male patient from Callao Peru, with a colonoscopy image of a solitary cecal ulcer and without other gastrointestinal findings and a histology suggestive of Crohn s Disease with a ASCA positive and p –ANCA negative.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-02-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:44:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sterzo_ev_dr_jabo.pdf: 1284040 bytes, checksum: 1b92a11284babaa3c1ccc125e04e5893 (MD5) / O presente estudo teve por objetivo descrever as alterações morfológicas ocorridas nos cecos de pintos de corte, machos e fêmeas, tratados com Microbiota Cecal (MC) antes e após infecção por Salmonella enterica enterica sorovar Enteritidis (SE) durante a primeira semana de vida. No 1º dia de vida, os pintos foram tratados com MC antes e depois da infecção por SE. Durante todo o período experimental as condições clínicas, assim como a taxa de mortalidade foram observadas. No 1º, 3º, 5º e 7º dias pós infecção (dpi) quatro aves de cada sexo/tratamentos foram sacrificadas por meio de deslocamento cervical para obtenção de amostras do ceco para análises morfológicas (histologia e microscopia eletrônica de varredura), morfométricas e contagem do número de células inflamatórias e células caliciformes PAS+ e AB+. Os dados mostraram alguns episódios de diarréia e quadros de depressão nos pintos infectados com SE no 5º e 7º dpi; nesse período não foi observada mortalidade. No tocante às análise morfológicas, os pintos infectados por SE respondem ao processo infeccioso com um processo inflamatório agudo no 1º dpi, e a partir do 3º dpi, o processo se cronifica. A Microbiota Cecal (MC) antes da infecção, evita as alterações morfofuncionais causadas pela bactéria nos cecos dos pintos de corte, além disso, a MC induz a proliferação de células caliciformes PAS+ e AB+ e, conseqüentemente aumenta a produção de muco, sendo um fator de proteção ao epitélio cecal / This study aimed to describe the morphological changes occurred in the caecu, of males and females broiler chickens treated with Cecal Microbiote (CM) before and after the infection with Salmonella enterica enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) during the first week of life. On the first day of life, chickens were treated with CM before and after the infection with SE. Throughout the experimental period, the clinical conditions as much as the mortality rates were observed. On 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th days post infection (dpi), four birds of each sex/treatment were slaughtered by cervical dislocation in order to obtain samples from the caecum for morphological analysis (histology and scanning electron microscopy), morphometrical analysis and counting of the number of inflammatory and goblet cells PAS+ and AB+. The data showed some diarrhea episodes and depression symptoms in the chickens infected with SE on 5th and 7th dpi; in this period it was not observed any mortality. Concerning the morphological analysis, the chicks infected with SE respond to infectious process with and acute inflammatory process on 1st dpi and after the 3rd dpi the process gets chronicle. The Cecal Microbiote (CM) prior to infection avoid the morphological and functional alterations caused by the bacteria in broiler chickens caecum, in addition, the CM induces the proliferation of goblet cells PAS+ and AB+ and consequently increases mucus production being a protection factor to the caecum epithelium

Eight cecally fistulated geldings were used in a randomized 4 x 4 Latin square design to observe the effect varying levels of dietary starch had on cecal environment. The 4 treatment rations contained 2 g starch/kg BW (Diet 2), 4 g/kg BW (Diet 4), 6 g/kg BW (Diet 6), or 8 g/kg BW (Diet 8). The rations were comprised of a commercial pelleted feed to meet 2 g starch/kg BW in each treatment, with ground corn used to fulfill the remaining starch requirements in each diet. Soybean meal was added to ensure diets were iso-nitrogenous, and cottonseed hulls were used to equalize dry matter intake. A 21 day adaptation period was allowed before cecal contents were sampled. Samples were drawn 4 hours after the morning meal and were immediately tested for pH. Samples were used to count total anaerobic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria, as well as determine methane activity, ammonia activity, volatile fatty acids, and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). Stoichiometric calculations were performed to give an indirect measure of fermented hexose, methane, and carbon dioxide. Diet did not influence dry matter intake (DMI), however it did have an effect on starch intake (P < 0.0001) and caused a linear increase in starch consumption as the amount of offered starch increased (P < 0.0001). Diet did not influence the pH of the cecum (P > 0.05), although a tendency for a linear decrease (P < 0.06) in pH from 6.92 ? 6.58 occurred when dietary starch increased. Total anaerobic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria were unaffected by treatment diets (P > 0.05). Propionate production was affected by dietary treatment (P < 0.05), causing a quadratic increase (P = 0.04) from 8.26 to 14.13 mM as starch in the diets increased. Diet did not affect the production of acetate, butyrate, or ammonia (P > 0.05). Results found that stoichiometric calculations and IVDMD values were not affected by diet (P > 0.05). These results show that starch intake influenced the production of fermentative by-products, which caused decreases in pH, although there was no observed increase in the bacterial populations of the cecum.

Eight cecally fistulated geldings were used in a randomized 4 x 4 Latin square design to observe the effect varying levels of dietary starch had on cecal environment. The 4 treatment rations contained 2 g starch/kg BW (Diet 2), 4 g/kg BW (Diet 4), 6 g/kg BW (Diet 6), or 8 g/kg BW (Diet 8). The rations were comprised of a commercial pelleted feed to meet 2 g starch/kg BW in each treatment, with ground corn used to fulfill the remaining starch requirements in each diet. Soybean meal was added to ensure diets were iso-nitrogenous, and cottonseed hulls were used to equalize dry matter intake. A 21 day adaptation period was allowed before cecal contents were sampled. Samples were drawn 4 hours after the morning meal and were immediately tested for pH. Samples were used to count total anaerobic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria, as well as determine methane activity, ammonia activity, volatile fatty acids, and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). Stoichiometric calculations were performed to give an indirect measure of fermented hexose, methane, and carbon dioxide. Diet did not influence dry matter intake (DMI), however it did have an effect on starch intake (P < 0.0001) and caused a linear increase in starch consumption as the amount of offered starch increased (P < 0.0001). Diet did not influence the pH of the cecum (P > 0.05), although a tendency for a linear decrease (P < 0.06) in pH from 6.92 ? 6.58 occurred when dietary starch increased. Total anaerobic bacteria and lactic acid bacteria were unaffected by treatment diets (P > 0.05). Propionate production was affected by dietary treatment (P < 0.05), causing a quadratic increase (P = 0.04) from 8.26 to 14.13 mM as starch in the diets increased. Diet did not affect the production of acetate, butyrate, or ammonia (P > 0.05). Results found that stoichiometric calculations and IVDMD values were not affected by diet (P > 0.05). These results show that starch intake influenced the production of fermentative by-products, which caused decreases in pH, although there was no observed increase in the bacterial populations of the cecum.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1954. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves [82-85]).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1951. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 55-58).

The equine cecal microbiome is an incredibly diverse ecosystem that is critical to the overall health of the horse. It is of particular interest to equine researchers because of the link between colic and the bacterial profile residing within the cecum. We investigated ten probiotics for their ability to reduce numbers of previously identified pathogenic microorganisms: Streptococcus bovis/equinus complex (SBEC), Escherichia coli K-12, Escherichia coli general, Clostridium difficile, and Clostridium perfringens. A preliminary in vitro study was used to measure the reduction in opportunistic bacteria that are commonly found in the equine gastrointestinal tract. The second in vitro was designed as a titration study using the three most effective probiotics from the first project. In this second stage of testing, different dosage levels were utilized to determine if dosage had an effect on bacterial reduction potential. Dosage levels included manufacturer’s recommended dosage (1x), twice the recommended dosage (2x), and three times the recommended dosage (3x). Lastly, an in vivo study was conducted using three cecally-cannulated horses in a Latin square design in order to measure opportunistic bacteria reduction potential in the live horse model. Cecal fluid characteristics, pH, volatile fatty acids, and ammonia concentrations were measured, along with bacterial concentrations. In the initial in vitro experiment, we observed that all probiotic treatments numerically decreased the bacterial concentrations in comparison to the control. There were three products that decreased bacterial concentrations most consistently: Command FT, CRS, and SmartDigest Ultra. These probiotics were chosen for a titration in vitro study. Selected probiotics were dosed at the recommended dose (1x), as well as at two times the recommended dose (2x) and three times the recommended dose. In the titration in vitro experiment, SmartDigest Ultra increased (P < 0.01) bacterial concentrations of E. coli K12 and C. perfringens at 2x and 3x. Due to a lack of statistical significance for Command FT and CRS (P ≥ 0.10), cost efficiency was used as a selection criteria. Command FT was approximately $0.27 per dose and CRS was approximately $0.18 per dose. Therefore, CRS was chosen for further testing in the following in vivo experiment. In the in vivo experiment, CRS was dosed at one times (1x) and two times (2x) the recommended dose. We observed that blood parameters, cecal fluid characteristics, and bacterial concentrations were not statistically (P ≥ 0.10) altered by treatment. Numerical increases for bacterial concentrations were observed for SBEC at 1x and 2x, C. difficile at 2x, and C. perfringens at 2x. Numerical decreases were observed for E. coli K12 at 1x and 2x and E. coli general at 1x and 2x. Overall, this study suggests that the selected probiotics can be safely used at the recommended dose.

Sepse é definida como uma resposta inflamatória sistêmica frente a um estímulo infeccioso. Na fase inicial da doença ocorre aumento da secreção de vasopressina (AVP) e na fase tardia observamos uma redução, apesar dos elevados níveis de mediadores inflamatórios e agravamento da hipotensão que são estímulos para a secreção do hormônio. O óxido nítrico (NO), produzido pela enzima óxido nítrico sintase (NOS), parece modular a secreção de AVP dependendo do contexto fisiopatológico. Durante sepse experimental nosso grupo demonstrou que as concentrações plasmáticas de nitrato, que servem como índice da produção de NO, se elevam progressivamente durante a evolução da doença, mas não há evidências de que isto ocorra também a nível central. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar temporalmente a concentração de nitrato no líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR) e a atividade enzimática das NOS no hipotálamo de ratos submetidos à sepse por ligadura e perfuração cecal (CLP). Os procedimentos, aprovados pelo Comitê de Ética no Uso de Animais do Campus de Ribeirão Preto (CEUA-USP, protocolo nº 10.1.294.53.7), foram realizados com ratos Wistar pesando 250 ± 30 gramas, os quais foram divididos em dois grupos: CLP e operação fictícia (OF). Após 0, 2, 6 e 24 horas das cirurgias, foi feita a coleta do LCR para a determinação da concentração de nitrato pelo método de quimiluminescência NO/ozônio. Imediatamente após os animais foram decapitados para coleta de sangue utilizado para determinação de hematócrito, sódio sérico, proteína, interleucina (IL)-1?, nitrato e AVP plasmáticos. Também foram removidas as neurohipófises para análise do conteúdo de AVP e o hipotálamo para análise da atividade da NOS pelo método da Citrulina. Nos animais sépticos, as concentrações plasmáticas de AVP seguiram o padrão esperado, com aumento em 2h e 6h, retornando a níveis basais em 24h. Os estoques neurohipofisários de AVP reduziram em 2h e 6h retornando a níveis basais em 24h. O sódio sérico e as proteínas plasmáticas diminuíram 2h, 6h e 24h após CLP, e os hematócritos aumentaram nos mesmos períodos. As concentrações plasmáticas de IL-1? e nitrato aumentaram 6h e mantiveram-se elevadas 24h após CLP. Entretanto, no LCR o nitrato aumentou em 6h, mas retornou a níveis basais em 24h. A atividade hipotalâmica das NOS totais e constitutivas eram de 50 a 100 vezes maiores que as das NOS induzidas e aumentaram 6h e 24h após a CLP. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que as atividades das NOS observadas no hipotálamo ex vivo dos ratos sépticos indicam a presença de formas viáveis das enzimas, sendo a isoforma constitutiva a mais relevante para a produção de NO nesta região cerebral. Além disso, as alterações temporais das concentrações de nitrato no LCR diferem da de nitrato plasmático, revelando um perfil diferenciado da produção de NO central em relação à periférica, e que este pode estar relacionado à secreção bifásica de AVP na sepse / Sepsis is defined as a systemic inflammatory response to an infectious stimulus. In the initial phase of the disease the secretion of vasopressin (AVP) is increased and late is observed a reduction, although high levels of inflammatory mediators and worsening of the hypotension, which are stimuli for the hormone secretion. Nitric oxide (NO) produced by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS), appears to modulate the secretion of AVP depending on the pathophysiological context. During experimental sepsis our group demonstrated that the plasma nitrate concentrations, which serve as an index of NO production, increase gradually during the course of the disease. However, there is no evidence that this also occurs at the central level. Our aim was to evaluate the temporal nitrate concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the enzymatic activity of NOS in the hypothalamus of rats submitted to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The procedures, approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Use of the Campus of Ribeirão Preto (CEUA - USP, Protocol nº10.1.294.53.7) were performed with Wistar rats weighing 250 ± 30 grams, which were divided into two groups: CLP and Sham operation. After 0, 2, 6 and 24 hours of surgery, CSF was collected for determining the nitrate concentration by the chemiluminescence NO/ozone method. Immediately after, the animals were decapitated, blood was collected and used for hematocrit, serum sodium, protein, interleukin (IL)-1?, nitrate and plasma AVP determination. The neurohypophysis was removed for AVP content determinations and hypothalamus for NOS activity analysis by the method of citrulline. In septic animals, plasma concentrations of AVP showed the expected pattern, an increase at 2h and 6h and returning to basal levels at 24h. The AVP neurohypophyseal stocks decreased at 2h and 6h returning to basal levels at 24h. The sodium serum and plasma proteins decreased 2h, 6h and 24h after CLP, and the hematocrit increased at the same periods. The plasma concentration of IL-1? and nitrate increased 6h and remained elevated 24h after CLP. However, in the cerebrospinal, nitrate increased at 6h but returned to basal level in 24h. The total and constitutive NOS activities were fifty to one hundred times higher than inducible NOS and were increased 6h and 24h after CLP. These results suggest that the activity of NOS observed in the hypothalamus ex vivo of rats septic indicates the presence of viable forms of enzymes, and that the constitutive isoform is the most relevant for the NO production in this brain region. Moreover the temporal alterations of the nitrate concentrations in the CSF differ from the plasma nitrate, showing a different profile of the central and peripheral NO production, which may be related to biphasic AVP secretion in the sepsis.

Vários estudos clínicos e experimentais relatam o aumento das concentrações plasmáticas de vasopressina (AVP) na fase inicial da sepse, como tentativa de restabelecer a pressão sanguínea que nesta fase começa a diminuir. Porém em uma fase mais tardia da doença, as concentrações do hormônio estão reduzidas mesmo sob um quadro de hipotensão progressiva, um dos principais estímulos para aumento da secreção deste hormônio. Este padrão de secreção hormonal alterada também parece ocorrer com o outro hormônio neurohipofisário, ocitocina (OT). O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a secreção dos hormônios AVP e OT, após estímulos osmótico e hipovolêmico em animais sobreviventes à sepse. A sepse foi induzida pelo método de ligação cecal e punção (CLP) (1 perfuração com agulha 14G) e os animais observados por 10 dias. Os sobreviventes foram submetidos à estímulo osmótico por desidratação (retirada de água para beber da gaiola) por dois dias, ou hipovolêmico por injeção intraperitoneal (i.p) de Polietileno glicol (PEG) (PEG-4000, 200mg/ml de PBS) por 90 minutos. Os animais controles foram hidratados ou receberam injeção intraperitoneal de PBS 0,01M. Após os estímulos, os animais foram decapitados para coleta de sangue e neurohipófise, para as análises de hematócrito, sódio sérico, osmolalidade plasmática, e dosagem hormonal de AVP e OT plasmática e neurohipofisária. Resultados: Os animais sobreviventes à sepse mantiveram a capacidade de responder aos estímulos com relação à secreção de AVP. Porém estes animais apresentaram uma secreção diminuída de OT após desidratação embora nenhuma alteração de secreção aparente ao estímulo volêmico. Conclusão: Animais sobreviventes à sepse apresentam alterações no padrão de resposta hormonal do eixo hipotálamoneurohipofisário ao estímulo osmótico sem aparente alteração quando o estímulo é volêmico, sugerindo que seus osmorreceptores encontram-se alterados / Many clinical and experimental studies reported the increase of plasma vasopressin (AVP) concentration in the early phase of sepsis, as an attempt to restore blood pressure that begins to decrease at this stage. However, in a later stage of the disease, the hormone concentrations are reduced even under a state of progressive hypotension, one of the major stimulus for the increase of secretion of this hormone. This pattern of impaired hormonal secretion during sepsis also seems to happen to the other pituitary hormone, oxytocin (OT). The aim of this study was to evaluate the secretion of the hormones AVP and OT after osmotic and hipovolemic stimuli in sepsis surviving animals. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) (1 perforation with 14G needle) and the animals observed for 10 days. The survivors were submited to osmotic stimulus by dehydration (privation of drinking water from the Cage) for two days, or hipovolemic by intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of polyethylene glycol (PEG) (PEG-4000, 200mg/ml of PBS) for 90 minutes. The control animals were hydrated or that received intraperitoneal injection of PBS 0,01M. After the stimuli, the animals were decapitated for the collection of blood and neurohypophysis, for the analysis of hematocrit, serum sodium, plasma osmolality and hormonal analysis of AVP and OT in the plasma and neurohypophysis. Results: Sepsis surviving animals maintained the capacity of answering the stimulus with AVP secretion. But these animals presented a lowered secretion of OT after dehydration, while they presented no alterations in secretion after volemic stimulus. Conclusion: Sepsis surviving animals presented alterations in the pattern of hormonal answer for the osmotic stimulus, with lowered secretion of OT, apparently there are no alterations in the pattern of a hormonal secretion after hypovolemia.

O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar a eficiência da aderência de produtos de exclusão competitiva e de probiótico sobre a tonsila cecal de frangos SPF, com idade de um a doze dias. Através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura, verificou-se a ação destes produtos comerciais com relação a proteção ao epitélio, quando desafiados com Salmonella Enteritidis. O delineamento experimental foi dividido em cinco (05) grupos, sendo o grupo T1 o controle negativo, o grupo T2 recebeu o produto de exclusão competitiva Aviguard, o grupo T3 recebeu o produto de exclusão competitiva Broilact, o grupo T4 recebeu o probiótico Biotop e o grupo T5 o controle positivo. Após 12 horas do tratamento com os produtos de exclusão competitiva ou probiótico as aves foram infectadas, por via oral, com S. Enteritidis. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os produtos de exclusão competitiva e probiótico apresentaram uma maior eficiência em estabelecer uma microbiota protetora contra S. Enteritidis, e que a adição destes pode produzir um efeito de melhor índice zootécnico, quando comparado com as aves que foram desafiadas com S. Enteritidis e que apresentaram um ganho de peso inferior. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the ultra structure of the cecal tonsil in SPF chicks using scanning electron microscopy, determining the efficacy of competitive exclusion products and probiotic and its protection in cecal epithelium against an oral challenge with Salmonella Enteritidis. The experimental design included five groups: T1 negative control, T2 chicks treated with Aviguard, T3 chicks treated with Broilact, T4 chicks treated with Biotop, and, T5 positive control. After 12 hours of treatment with competitive exclusion products or probiotic the chicks were infected orally with S. Enteritidis. Results showed that treated groups had a protective effect stimulating the establishment of the resident microflora against pathogenic bacteria. Treated chicks showed high weight gain when compared to chicks challenged.