Vários estudos clínicos e experimentais relatam o aumento das concentrações plasmáticas de vasopressina (AVP) na fase inicial da sepse, como tentativa de restabelecer a pressão sanguínea que nesta fase começa a diminuir. Porém em uma fase mais tardia da doença, as concentrações do hormônio estão reduzidas mesmo sob um quadro de hipotensão progressiva, um dos principais estímulos para aumento da secreção deste hormônio. Este padrão de secreção hormonal alterada também parece ocorrer com o outro hormônio neurohipofisário, ocitocina (OT). O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a secreção dos hormônios AVP e OT, após estímulos osmótico e hipovolêmico em animais sobreviventes à sepse. A sepse foi induzida pelo método de ligação cecal e punção (CLP) (1 perfuração com agulha 14G) e os animais observados por 10 dias. Os sobreviventes foram submetidos à estímulo osmótico por desidratação (retirada de água para beber da gaiola) por dois dias, ou hipovolêmico por injeção intraperitoneal (i.p) de Polietileno glicol (PEG) (PEG-4000, 200mg/ml de PBS) por 90 minutos. Os animais controles foram hidratados ou receberam injeção intraperitoneal de PBS 0,01M. Após os estímulos, os animais foram decapitados para coleta de sangue e neurohipófise, para as análises de hematócrito, sódio sérico, osmolalidade plasmática, e dosagem hormonal de AVP e OT plasmática e neurohipofisária. Resultados: Os animais sobreviventes à sepse mantiveram a capacidade de responder aos estímulos com relação à secreção de AVP. Porém estes animais apresentaram uma secreção diminuída de OT após desidratação embora nenhuma alteração de secreção aparente ao estímulo volêmico. Conclusão: Animais sobreviventes à sepse apresentam alterações no padrão de resposta hormonal do eixo hipotálamoneurohipofisário ao estímulo osmótico sem aparente alteração quando o estímulo é volêmico, sugerindo que seus osmorreceptores encontram-se alterados / Many clinical and experimental studies reported the increase of plasma vasopressin (AVP) concentration in the early phase of sepsis, as an attempt to restore blood pressure that begins to decrease at this stage. However, in a later stage of the disease, the hormone concentrations are reduced even under a state of progressive hypotension, one of the major stimulus for the increase of secretion of this hormone. This pattern of impaired hormonal secretion during sepsis also seems to happen to the other pituitary hormone, oxytocin (OT). The aim of this study was to evaluate the secretion of the hormones AVP and OT after osmotic and hipovolemic stimuli in sepsis surviving animals. Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP) (1 perforation with 14G needle) and the animals observed for 10 days. The survivors were submited to osmotic stimulus by dehydration (privation of drinking water from the Cage) for two days, or hipovolemic by intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of polyethylene glycol (PEG) (PEG-4000, 200mg/ml of PBS) for 90 minutes. The control animals were hydrated or that received intraperitoneal injection of PBS 0,01M. After the stimuli, the animals were decapitated for the collection of blood and neurohypophysis, for the analysis of hematocrit, serum sodium, plasma osmolality and hormonal analysis of AVP and OT in the plasma and neurohypophysis. Results: Sepsis surviving animals maintained the capacity of answering the stimulus with AVP secretion. But these animals presented a lowered secretion of OT after dehydration, while they presented no alterations in secretion after volemic stimulus. Conclusion: Sepsis surviving animals presented alterations in the pattern of hormonal answer for the osmotic stimulus, with lowered secretion of OT, apparently there are no alterations in the pattern of a hormonal secretion after hypovolemia.

Sepse é definida como uma resposta inflamatória sistêmica frente a um estímulo infeccioso. Na fase inicial da doença ocorre aumento da secreção de vasopressina (AVP) e na fase tardia observamos uma redução, apesar dos elevados níveis de mediadores inflamatórios e agravamento da hipotensão que são estímulos para a secreção do hormônio. O óxido nítrico (NO), produzido pela enzima óxido nítrico sintase (NOS), parece modular a secreção de AVP dependendo do contexto fisiopatológico. Durante sepse experimental nosso grupo demonstrou que as concentrações plasmáticas de nitrato, que servem como índice da produção de NO, se elevam progressivamente durante a evolução da doença, mas não há evidências de que isto ocorra também a nível central. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar temporalmente a concentração de nitrato no líquido cefalorraquidiano (LCR) e a atividade enzimática das NOS no hipotálamo de ratos submetidos à sepse por ligadura e perfuração cecal (CLP). Os procedimentos, aprovados pelo Comitê de Ética no Uso de Animais do Campus de Ribeirão Preto (CEUA-USP, protocolo nº 10.1.294.53.7), foram realizados com ratos Wistar pesando 250 ± 30 gramas, os quais foram divididos em dois grupos: CLP e operação fictícia (OF). Após 0, 2, 6 e 24 horas das cirurgias, foi feita a coleta do LCR para a determinação da concentração de nitrato pelo método de quimiluminescência NO/ozônio. Imediatamente após os animais foram decapitados para coleta de sangue utilizado para determinação de hematócrito, sódio sérico, proteína, interleucina (IL)-1?, nitrato e AVP plasmáticos. Também foram removidas as neurohipófises para análise do conteúdo de AVP e o hipotálamo para análise da atividade da NOS pelo método da Citrulina. Nos animais sépticos, as concentrações plasmáticas de AVP seguiram o padrão esperado, com aumento em 2h e 6h, retornando a níveis basais em 24h. Os estoques neurohipofisários de AVP reduziram em 2h e 6h retornando a níveis basais em 24h. O sódio sérico e as proteínas plasmáticas diminuíram 2h, 6h e 24h após CLP, e os hematócritos aumentaram nos mesmos períodos. As concentrações plasmáticas de IL-1? e nitrato aumentaram 6h e mantiveram-se elevadas 24h após CLP. Entretanto, no LCR o nitrato aumentou em 6h, mas retornou a níveis basais em 24h. A atividade hipotalâmica das NOS totais e constitutivas eram de 50 a 100 vezes maiores que as das NOS induzidas e aumentaram 6h e 24h após a CLP. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que as atividades das NOS observadas no hipotálamo ex vivo dos ratos sépticos indicam a presença de formas viáveis das enzimas, sendo a isoforma constitutiva a mais relevante para a produção de NO nesta região cerebral. Além disso, as alterações temporais das concentrações de nitrato no LCR diferem da de nitrato plasmático, revelando um perfil diferenciado da produção de NO central em relação à periférica, e que este pode estar relacionado à secreção bifásica de AVP na sepse / Sepsis is defined as a systemic inflammatory response to an infectious stimulus. In the initial phase of the disease the secretion of vasopressin (AVP) is increased and late is observed a reduction, although high levels of inflammatory mediators and worsening of the hypotension, which are stimuli for the hormone secretion. Nitric oxide (NO) produced by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS), appears to modulate the secretion of AVP depending on the pathophysiological context. During experimental sepsis our group demonstrated that the plasma nitrate concentrations, which serve as an index of NO production, increase gradually during the course of the disease. However, there is no evidence that this also occurs at the central level. Our aim was to evaluate the temporal nitrate concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the enzymatic activity of NOS in the hypothalamus of rats submitted to sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). The procedures, approved by the Ethics Committee on Animal Use of the Campus of Ribeirão Preto (CEUA - USP, Protocol nº10.1.294.53.7) were performed with Wistar rats weighing 250 ± 30 grams, which were divided into two groups: CLP and Sham operation. After 0, 2, 6 and 24 hours of surgery, CSF was collected for determining the nitrate concentration by the chemiluminescence NO/ozone method. Immediately after, the animals were decapitated, blood was collected and used for hematocrit, serum sodium, protein, interleukin (IL)-1?, nitrate and plasma AVP determination. The neurohypophysis was removed for AVP content determinations and hypothalamus for NOS activity analysis by the method of citrulline. In septic animals, plasma concentrations of AVP showed the expected pattern, an increase at 2h and 6h and returning to basal levels at 24h. The AVP neurohypophyseal stocks decreased at 2h and 6h returning to basal levels at 24h. The sodium serum and plasma proteins decreased 2h, 6h and 24h after CLP, and the hematocrit increased at the same periods. The plasma concentration of IL-1? and nitrate increased 6h and remained elevated 24h after CLP. However, in the cerebrospinal, nitrate increased at 6h but returned to basal level in 24h. The total and constitutive NOS activities were fifty to one hundred times higher than inducible NOS and were increased 6h and 24h after CLP. These results suggest that the activity of NOS observed in the hypothalamus ex vivo of rats septic indicates the presence of viable forms of enzymes, and that the constitutive isoform is the most relevant for the NO production in this brain region. Moreover the temporal alterations of the nitrate concentrations in the CSF differ from the plasma nitrate, showing a different profile of the central and peripheral NO production, which may be related to biphasic AVP secretion in the sepsis.

O objetivo deste estudo foi o de avaliar a eficiência da aderência de produtos de exclusão competitiva e de probiótico sobre a tonsila cecal de frangos SPF, com idade de um a doze dias. Através da microscopia eletrônica de varredura, verificou-se a ação destes produtos comerciais com relação a proteção ao epitélio, quando desafiados com Salmonella Enteritidis. O delineamento experimental foi dividido em cinco (05) grupos, sendo o grupo T1 o controle negativo, o grupo T2 recebeu o produto de exclusão competitiva Aviguard, o grupo T3 recebeu o produto de exclusão competitiva Broilact, o grupo T4 recebeu o probiótico Biotop e o grupo T5 o controle positivo. Após 12 horas do tratamento com os produtos de exclusão competitiva ou probiótico as aves foram infectadas, por via oral, com S. Enteritidis. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os produtos de exclusão competitiva e probiótico apresentaram uma maior eficiência em estabelecer uma microbiota protetora contra S. Enteritidis, e que a adição destes pode produzir um efeito de melhor índice zootécnico, quando comparado com as aves que foram desafiadas com S. Enteritidis e que apresentaram um ganho de peso inferior. / The aim of this study was to evaluate the ultra structure of the cecal tonsil in SPF chicks using scanning electron microscopy, determining the efficacy of competitive exclusion products and probiotic and its protection in cecal epithelium against an oral challenge with Salmonella Enteritidis. The experimental design included five groups: T1 negative control, T2 chicks treated with Aviguard, T3 chicks treated with Broilact, T4 chicks treated with Biotop, and, T5 positive control. After 12 hours of treatment with competitive exclusion products or probiotic the chicks were infected orally with S. Enteritidis. Results showed that treated groups had a protective effect stimulating the establishment of the resident microflora against pathogenic bacteria. Treated chicks showed high weight gain when compared to chicks challenged.

Master of Science / Department of Biomedical Sciences / Warren Beard / Reasons for performing study: Caecal acidosis is a central event in the metabolic cascade that occurs following grain overload. Buffering the caecal acidosis by enterally administered sodium bicarbonate may be beneficial to affected horses. Objectives: To determine the effect and duration of enterally administered sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO[subscript]3) on caecal pH in healthy horses. Study design: Prospective controlled study using normal horses with caecal cannulas Methods: 9 horses previously fitted with a caecal cannula. 6 horses received 1.0 g/kg bwt NaHCO[subscript]3 via nasogastric tube and 3 control horses were given 3 L of water via nasogastric tube. Clinical parameters, water consumption, venous blood gases, caecal pH, faecal pH and faecal water content were measured at 6 hour intervals over a 36 hour study period. Results: Horses that received enterally administered NaHCO[subscript]3 had a significantly increased caecal pH that lasted the duration of the study. Treated horses increased their water intake, developed metabolic alcalemia, significantly increased sodium concentrations and significantly decreased potassium concentrations. Conclusions and potential relevance: Enterally administered NaHCO[subscript]3 may be beneficial in buffering the caecal acidosis that occurs following an acute carbohydrate overload

A series of four experiments were conducted to evaluate whether a preconditioning period, in which adult leghorn cockerels are allowed 3 weeks to adapt to diets containing relatively high levels of guar meal (GM) resulted in changes in digestive tract morphology and ecology. It was expected that these changes would result in increased utilization of GM as birds became acclimated to consuming it at high levels. In the 1st experiment, 28 birds were fed diets containing 0, 6, 12, or 24% GM. Consuming the 24% GM diet resulted in decreased body weight, increased small intestine, liver, and pancreas weight, increased ceca and villus length, and increased severity of injury to the intestinal mucosa (P < 0.05). In the 2nd experiment, 28 cockerels were subjected to a partial cross-over experiment. Preconditioning to the 24% GM diet resulted in decreased TMEn of GM, decreased body weight, and decreased absorptive capacity of the GI tract as evidenced by increased energy lost via the excreta (P < 0.05). The 3rd experiment evaluated how differences in endogenous energy losses (EEL) from 30 cockerels affected the TMEn content of GM in birds consuming 0, 6, or 12% GM. Decreased EEL was observed in birds conditioned to 6 and 12% GM relative to the control group (P < 0.05). Further, decreased TMEn of GM was observed in birds consuming 6% GM relative to those consuming the control diet (P < 0.05). In the 4th experiment, changes in cecal microbiota were evaluated in 24 cockerels consuming 0, 6, or 12% dietary GM using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of amplified bacterial DNA sequences. Cecal microbiota of birds consuming 12% GM was considerably different from the control group (similarity coefficient = 84%) with an apparent decrease in the complexity of microbial communities. Results of these studies show that consuming 12% dietary GM results in changes in the cecal microbial community which may be responsible for modest increases in the TMEn of GM when compared to 6% dietary GM, which consistently resulted in decreased TMEn values of GM. Further, determining the TMEn value of GM appears to be highly dependent upon factors such as preconditioning diet and timeframe and innate physiological "thresholds" which seem to initiate or limit the maximum physiological response to preconditioning that the bird is capable of.

Orientador: Isabel Cristina Boleli / Banca: Adriano Sakai Okamoto / Banca: Ana Maria Iba Kanashiro / Banca: Antonio Carlos Alessi / Banca: Maria Rita Pacheco / Resumo: O presente estudo teve por objetivo descrever as alterações morfológicas ocorridas nos cecos de pintos de corte, machos e fêmeas, tratados com Microbiota Cecal (MC) antes e após infecção por Salmonella enterica enterica sorovar Enteritidis (SE) durante a primeira semana de vida. No 1º dia de vida, os pintos foram tratados com MC antes e depois da infecção por SE. Durante todo o período experimental as condições clínicas, assim como a taxa de mortalidade foram observadas. No 1º, 3º, 5º e 7º dias pós infecção (dpi) quatro aves de cada sexo/tratamentos foram sacrificadas por meio de deslocamento cervical para obtenção de amostras do ceco para análises morfológicas (histologia e microscopia eletrônica de varredura), morfométricas e contagem do número de células inflamatórias e células caliciformes PAS+ e AB+. Os dados mostraram alguns episódios de diarréia e quadros de depressão nos pintos infectados com SE no 5º e 7º dpi; nesse período não foi observada mortalidade. No tocante às análise morfológicas, os pintos infectados por SE respondem ao processo infeccioso com um processo inflamatório agudo no 1º dpi, e a partir do 3º dpi, o processo se cronifica. A Microbiota Cecal (MC) antes da infecção, evita as alterações morfofuncionais causadas pela bactéria nos cecos dos pintos de corte, além disso, a MC induz a proliferação de células caliciformes PAS+ e AB+ e, conseqüentemente aumenta a produção de muco, sendo um fator de proteção ao epitélio cecal / Abstract: This study aimed to describe the morphological changes occurred in the caecu, of males and females broiler chickens treated with Cecal Microbiote (CM) before and after the infection with Salmonella enterica enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) during the first week of life. On the first day of life, chickens were treated with CM before and after the infection with SE. Throughout the experimental period, the clinical conditions as much as the mortality rates were observed. On 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th days post infection (dpi), four birds of each sex/treatment were slaughtered by cervical dislocation in order to obtain samples from the caecum for morphological analysis (histology and scanning electron microscopy), morphometrical analysis and counting of the number of inflammatory and goblet cells PAS+ and AB+. The data showed some diarrhea episodes and depression symptoms in the chickens infected with SE on 5th and 7th dpi; in this period it was not observed any mortality. Concerning the morphological analysis, the chicks infected with SE respond to infectious process with and acute inflammatory process on 1st dpi and after the 3rd dpi the process gets chronicle. The Cecal Microbiote (CM) prior to infection avoid the morphological and functional alterations caused by the bacteria in broiler chickens caecum, in addition, the CM induces the proliferation of goblet cells PAS+ and AB+ and consequently increases mucus production being a protection factor to the caecum epithelium / Doutor

Objective: To determine whether there was a correlation between induction of polymicrobial sepsis, modulation of tissue Toll-like receptor (TLR) gene, and protein expression and survival outcome. Design: Prospective, randomized animal study. Setting: University medical school research laboratory. Subjects: Age- and weight-matched ICR/HSD mice. Interventions: Sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). No-surgery and sham (laparotomy)-operated mice were controls. We also examined tissue TLR2 and TLR4 messenger RNA and TLR4 protein levels in mice treated with an immunomodulator that increases survival in polymicrobial sepsis. In the immunomodulator study, mice were treated with glucan phosphate (50 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) 1 hr before CLP. No-surgery, sham surgery, glucan + no-surgery, sham surgery + glucan, and CLP groups were employed as controls. Measurements and Main Results: Total RNA was isolated from liver, lung, and spleen at 0, 1, 3, 6, 8, and 24 hrs after CLP. TLR gene expression was assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Tissue TLR4 protein levels were evaluated at 24 hrs by Western blot and immunohistochemistry. CLP sepsis increased (p < .05) liver and lung TLR2 and TLR4 gene expression compared with controls. TLR4 protein concentrations also were increased. Increased TLR2/4 gene and TLR4 protein expression correlated with mortality. Immunoprophylaxis with glucan phosphate increased (p < .001) long-term survival (20% vs. 70%) but inhibited (p < .05) CLP-induced increases in tissue TLR2 and TLR4 messenger RNA expression as well as TLR4 protein expression. Conclusions: Early increases in TLR2/4 gene and TLR4 protein expression correlated with mortality, whereas blunting TLR gene and protein expression correlated with improved long-term survival. This suggests that early up-regulation of tissue TLR2/4 may play a role in the proinflammatory response and pathophysiology of polymicrobial sepsis.

[ES] El principal objetivo de esta tesis fue evaluar el valor nutritivo de la pulpa granulada de remolacha (PR) producida en diferentes zonas azucareras de España. Inicialmente se caracterizó la composición química de PR procedentes del norte y sur de España, cosechadas en invierno y verano, respectivamente. Se compararon la composición química y el contenido de ácidos grasos y aminoácidos de 12 muestras de PR, agrupadas según su procedencia. La composición de la materia seca (MS) de la PR, se caracteriza por un bajo contenido en proteína cruda (8.7%), dentro del 62% de la fibra neutro detergente (FND), pero rica en FND (39.4%) y fibra soluble en detergente neutro (45.7%), y bajo en grasa bruta (1.2%) y almidón (0.9%). El análisis de componentes principales (CP) de los principales principios inmediatos indicó que ya los dos primeros CP explican el 62% de la variabilidad en la composición de la PR. Los valores de los autovectores de los CP indicaron un importante peso del contenido en almidón y FND en el primer CP y del contenido en cenizas en el segundo CP. Posteriormente se determinó la digestibilidad de un pienso control con sustitución de 20% de PR de cinco orígenes distintos, y su posible efecto en el valor nutritivo de estas PR para conejos de engorde. Se utilizaron 90 conejos de 42 días de edad con 1.49 ± 0.208 kg de peso vivo, alojados en jaulas metabólicas individuales y con alimentación ad libitum. La digestibilidad de los componentes de los piensos se determinó por el método convencional in vivo de recolección fecal total. La digestibilidad de cada una de las pulpas de remolacha se determinó mediante el método de sustitución. No se apreció efecto de la sustitución de componentes del pienso control por el 20% de PR de diferentes procedencias en el consumo voluntario de los conejos. La inclusión de PR en las dietas aumentó la digestibilidad de materia seca (MS), materia orgánica, energía bruta y de todas las fracciones fibrosas, y disminuyó la digestibilidad de la proteína bruta. Respecto al efecto de la procedencia, se observaron diferencias significativas (P<0.05) en la digestibilidad de todas las fracciones fibrosas, siendo la PR recolectada en verano la de mayor digestibilidad. El origen de la PR también afectó su valor nutritivo, con valores de energía digestible entre 11.8 y 14.5 MJ/kg MS y de proteína digestible entre 38 y 66 g/kg MS. Finalmente, para evaluar el efecto del nivel de inclusión de pulpa de remolacha, con o sin melaza, sobre el rendimiento del crecimiento, se utilizaron un total de 470 conejos de 28 días de edad, con 612.2 ± 103.4 gr. de peso vivo. Los animales fueron asignados aleatoriamente a cinco tratamientos dietéticos: Control, sin pulpa de remolacha; PR20 y PR40, con 20 y 40% de pulpa de remolacha sin melaza, respectivamente; y PRM20 y PRM40, con 20 y 40% de pulpa de remolacha con melaza, respectivamente. El consumo diario de alimento (CDA) y la ganancia media diaria (GMD) se controlaron a los 28, 49 y 59 días de edad. También se determinaron las características de la canal y del tracto digestivo a los 59 días de edad. La mortalidad y la morbilidad fueron controladas diariamente. La mortalidad durante el período de crecimiento fue mayor en los grupos PRM que en los PR (+9.2%; P<0,05). A mayor inclusión de PR, con o sin melaza, menor CDA y GMD de los animales, así como el rendimiento a la canal, la proporción de hígado y el porcentaje de grasa disecable de sus canales. Sin embargo, la mejor eficiencia alimenticia durante los últimos 10 días se obtuvo con el grupo PRM40. Respecto a los parámetros digestivos, cuanto mayor fue la inclusión de pulpa de remolacha, con o sin melaza, mayor el peso del tracto gastrointestinal vacío y ciego. De hecho, una mayor inclusión de pulpa de remolacha disminuyó el pH y la materia seca, y disminuyó el contenido total de ácidos grasos volátiles del ciego, más rico en ácido acético, pero más pobre en propiónico, isobutirico, isovalérico y valérico. / [CA] L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi era avaluar el valor nutritiu de la polpa granulada de remolatxa (PR) produïda en diferents zones de sucre d'Espanya. La composició química de PR del nord i del sud d'Espanya, recol·lectada a l'hivern i l'estiu, respectivament. Es va comparar la composició química i el contingut d'àcids grassos i aminoàcids de 12 mostres de PR, agrupades segons el seu origen. La matèria seca (MS) del PR es caracteritza per un baix contingut de proteïna crua (8,7%), dins del 62% de la fibra detergent neutra (FND), però ric en FND (39,4%) i fibra soluble en detergent neutre (45,7%) i baix en greixos bruts (1,2%) i midó (0,9%). L'anàlisi principal de components (CP) dels principals principis immediats va indicar que els dos primers CP ja expliquen el 62% de la variabilitat en la composició del PR. Els valors autovector CP van indicar un pes important del contingut de midó i FND al primer CP i del contingut de cendra al segon CP. Posteriorment, la digestibilitat d'un aliment de control es va determinar amb una substitució del 20% de PR de cinc orígens diferents i el seu possible efecte sobre el valor nutritiu d'aquests PR per engreixar conills. Es van utilitzar conills de 90 42 dies amb 1,49 ± 0,208 kg de pes corporal, allotjats en gàbies metabòliques individuals i amb alimentació ad libitum. La digestibilitat dels components dels pinsos va ser determinada pel mètode in vivo convencional de recol·lecció fecal total. La digestibilitat de cadascuna de les púlps de remolatxa es va determinar mitjançant el mètode de substitució. No hi va haver cap efecte apreciat de substituir els components de l'alimentació de control per un 20% de PR de diferents fonts sobre el consum voluntari de conills. La inclusió de PR en dietes va augmentar la digestibilitat de la matèria seca (MS), la matèria orgànica, l'energia crua i totes les fraccions fibroses i va disminuir la digestibilitat de la proteïna crua. Pel que fa a l'efecte de l'origen, es van observar diferències significatives (P < 0,05) en la digestibilitat de totes les fraccions fibroses, i el PR recollit a l'estiu és el que té la màxima digestibilitat. L'origen del PR també va afectar el seu valor nutritiu, amb valors d'energia digeribles entre 11,8 i 14,5 MJ / kg MS i proteïna digestible entre 38 i 66 g / kg MS. Finalment, sobre el rendiment del creixement, es van utilitzar un total de 470 conills de 28 dies, amb 612,2 ± 103,4 gr. de pes viu. Els animals van ser assignats aleatòriament a cinc tractaments dietètics: control, sense polpa de remolatxa; PR20 i PR40, amb polpa de remolatxa 20 i 40% sense melassa, respectivament; i PRM20 i PRM40, amb polpa de remolatxa de melassa del 20 i del 40%, respectivament. El consum diari d'aliments (CDA) i el benefici mitjà diari (GMD) es van controlar als 28, 49 i 59 dies d'edat. També es van determinar les característiques del canal i del tracte digestiu als 59 dies d'edat. La mortalitat i la morbiditat es controlaven diàriament. La mortalitat durant el període de creixement va ser superior als grups PRM que a la PR (+ 9,2%; P < 0,05). Com més gran sigui la inclusió de PR, amb o sense melassa, el CDA inferior i el GMD dels animals, així com el rendiment al canal, la proporció de fetge i el percentatge de greixos dissecables als vostres canals. Tanmateix, la millor eficiència alimentària durant els darrers deu dies es va obtenir amb el grup PRM40. Pel que fa als paràmetres digestius, com més gran sigui la inclusió de la polpa de remolatxa, amb o sense melassa, més gran sigui el pes del tracte gastrointestinal buit i cec. De fet, una major inclusió de la polpa de remolatxa va disminuir el pH i la matèria seca i va disminuir el contingut total d'àcids grassos volàtils al cec, més ric en àcid acètic, però més pobre en propionic, isobutiric, isoval I valeric, independentment de la temporada, proporciona un alt contingut de fibra, soluble i insoluble, tot i que no és una font important de proteïnes, aminoàcids o àcids grassos. / [EN] The main objective of this thesis was to evaluate the nutritional value of granulated beet pulp (PR) produced in different sugar-growing areas of Spain. Initially the chemical composition of PR from the north and south of Spain, harvested in winter and summer, respectively, was characterized. The chemical composition and fatty acid and amino acid content of 12 PR samples, grouped according to their origin, were compared. The composition of the dry matter (DM) of the PR is characterized by a low crude protein content (8.7%), within 62% of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), but rich in NDF (39.4%) and fiber. soluble in neutral detergent (45.7%), and low in crude fat (1.2%) and starch (0.9%). The analysis of principal components (PC) of the main immediate principles indicated that the first two PCs already explain 62% of the variability in the composition of the PR. The values of the CP eigenvectors indicated an important weight of the starch and NDF content in the first CP and the ash content in the second CP. Subsequently, the digestibility of a control feed with 20% replacement of PR from five different origins was determined, and its possible effect on the nutritional value of these PR for fattening rabbits. Ninety 42-day-old rabbits with 1.49 ± 0.208 kg live weight were used, housed in individual metabolic cages and fed ad libitum. The digestibility of feed components was determined by the conventional in vivo method of total fecal collection. The digestibility of each of the beet pulps was determined using the substitution method. No effect was seen of replacing components of the control feed with 20% PR from different sources on the voluntary consumption of the rabbits. The inclusion of PR in the diets increased the digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter, gross energy and all fibrous fractions, and decreased the digestibility of crude protein. Regarding the effect of origin, significant differences (P<0.05) were observed in the digestibility of all fibrous fractions, with the PR collected in summer being the one with the highest digestibility. The origin of PR also affected its nutritional value, with digestible energy values between 11.8 and 14.5 MJ/kg DM and digestible protein between 38 and 66 g/kg DM. Finally, to evaluate the effect of the level of inclusion of beet pulp, with or without molasses, on growth performance, a total of 470 rabbits of 28 days of age were used, with 612.2 ± 103.4 gr. live weight. The animals were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments: Control, without beet pulp; PR20 and PR40, with 20 and 40% beet pulp without molasses, respectively; and PRM20 and PRM40, with 20 and 40% beet pulp with molasses, respectively. Daily feed intake (DAI) and average daily gain (ADG) were monitored at 28, 49 and 59 days of age. The characteristics of the carcass and digestive tract were also determined at 59 days of age. Mortality and morbidity were monitored daily. Mortality during the growth period was higher in the PRM than in the PR groups (+9.2%; P<0.05). The greater the inclusion of PR, with or without molasses, the lower the ADC and ADG of the animals, as well as the carcass yield, the proportion of liver and the percentage of dissectable fat in their carcasses. However, the best feed efficiency during the last 10 days was obtained with the PRM40 group. Regarding the digestive parameters, the greater the inclusion of beet pulp, with or without molasses, the greater the weight of the empty and blind gastrointestinal tract. In fact a greater inclusion of beet pulp decreased the pH and dry matter, and decreased the total content of volatile fatty acids of the caecum, richer in acetic acid, but poorer in propionic, isobutyric, isovaleric and valeric acids. Regarding the effect of the harvest season on the chemical characteristics of granulated sugar beet pulp, regardless of the season, it provides high fiber content, soluble and insoluble, although it is not an important source of protein / Arce Cabrera, ON. (2024). Utilización de pulpa granulada de remolacha en la alimentación de conejos en cebo [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/206201

Submitted by Celso Magalhaes (celsomagalhaes@ufrrj.br) on 2018-09-12T16:46:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Liziana Maria Rodrigues.pdf: 560442 bytes, checksum: 3ed65532525d106ac2a5c430b0f2059b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-12T16:46:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Liziana Maria Rodrigues.pdf: 560442 bytes, checksum: 3ed65532525d106ac2a5c430b0f2059b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-29 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / This study was carried out to estimate the prececal and total nutrient?s digestibility of forages by total feces collection and mobile bag techniques and evaluate the passage kinetics in the digestive tract of horses using mobile bags. This work was conducted with three assays. The first was carried out to estimate nutrient?s digestibility of coast cross hay (Cynodon dactylon cv. coastcross) with the total feces collection technique. The second assay was carried out to estimate nutrient?s digestibility of lucerne hay (Medicago sativa), coast cross hay, and peanut forage (Arachis pintoi) with the mobile bag technique. The last one was carried out to evaluate the prececal nutrient?s digestibility of the same forages used at second assay with the mobile bag technique in a horse cannulated at cecum. The two first assays were simultaneously, with four horses with average weight of 300kg fed coast cross hay only. Water and mineral salt was offered ad libitum. The nylon bags has 45? of porosity and 6.5x 3.0cm of internal dimension and were fill with 663 mg of forage samples ground at 1mm. These assays had duration of 19 days, 10 days for adaptation and regulation of intake, and the last five days to introduce the bags in the stomach and, bags collections in the feces. Two insertions of bags were made at day with 25 bags, eight bags per forage and one empty bag. The feces and the bags were kept on the floor quickly after the horses crap, the bags were separate and the time noted. The assay of prececal digestibility had duration of 20 days which the first 5 days were to horse adaptation and the last 15 days were to insert and recovery the bags in the cecum. In this assay the bags were similar of those used in the first assay, but with a little washer in the border of the bags to possibility the recovery them in the cecum with a magnet. The magnet was place into the cannula near the ileocaecal junction, and at every 30 minutes beginning one hour after bag?s insertion in the stomach, the magnet was withdraw and the bags was removed until 7 hours later. Values of total digestibility with feces collection and mobile bags were similar with the possibility to use the mobile bag technique as alternative to feces collection. There wasn?t differences between digestibility of nutrients of lucerne and peanut forage with mobile bags technique (P<0.05), nevertheless those were higher than the coast cross hay. The use of mobile bag in cannulated horses allow to estimate the digestibility from different segments of the intestine, show to be a good alternative to study the digestion in horses / Este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar a digestibilidade parcial e total dos nutrientes de forrageiras atrav?s das t?cnicas de coleta total de fezes e sacos de n?ilon m?veis e avaliar a cin?tica de passagem de sacos de n?ilon m?veis no trato digest?rio de equinos. O experimento foi dividido em tr?s ensaios. O primeiro ensaio estimou a digestibilidade dos nutrientes do feno de coastcross (Cynodon dactylon cv. coastcross) atrav?s da coleta total de fezes. O segundo ensaio estimou a digestibilidade dos nutrientes do feno de alfafa (Medicago sativa), do feno de coastcross e do amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi) com a t?cnica de sacos de n?ilon m?veis. O terceiro ensaio foi realizado utilizando as mesmas forrageiras do segundo ensaio, avaliando a digestibilidade pr?-cecal com a t?cnica dos sacos de n?ilon m?veis em equino fistulado no ceco. Os dois ensaios de digest?o iniciais foram realizados simultaneamente, com quatro equinos adultos com peso m?dio de 300kg alimentados com dieta exclusiva de feno de coastcross. A ?gua e o sal mineral foram fornecidos ad libitum. Foram utilizados sacos de n?ilon com porosidade de 45? com dimens?es internas de 6,5x 3cm, e preenchidos com 663mg de amostra das forrageiras mo?das a 1mm. Os dois ensaios iniciais tiveram dura??o de 19 dias, sendo 10 dias de adapta??o e regula??o do consumo da dieta, cinco dias para inser??o g?strica dos sacos, coleta total de fezes e dos sacos de n?ilon nas fezes. Para inser??o g?strica dos sacos de n?ilon, foram feitas duas sondagens ao dia, com 25 sacos, oito com amostras de cada alimento e um em branco. As fezes e os sacos foram coletados do piso das baias imediatamente ap?s a excre??o, os sacos foram separados manualmente e anotado o tempo de tr?nsito. O ensaio de digest?o pr?-cecal teve dura??o de 20 dias sendo os cinco primeiros para adapta??o do animal ao manejo e 15 dias de sondagens e recupera??o dos sacos. Neste ensaio foram utilizados sacos semelhantes ao ensaio anterior, por?m em uma das extremidades dos sacos foi afixada uma arruela met?lica para permitir que o saco fosse recuperado no ceco com aux?lio de um im?. Este im? foi posicionado pr?ximo a jun??o ?leo-cecal e, a intervalos de 30 minutos, iniciando uma hora ap?s a inser??o dos sacos no estomago e, o im? foi retirado da c?nula e os sacos aderidos foram coletados at? 7 horas ap?s a inser??o g?strica. Os valores de digestibilidade total atrav?s da coleta de fezes e dos sacos m?veis foram semelhantes confirmando a possibilidade de utiliza??o dos sacos m?veis como alternativa a coleta de fezes. N?o houve diferen?a entre os coeficientes de digestibilidade do feno de alfafa e do amendoim forrageiro com os de sacos de n?ilon m?veis (P<0,05), no entanto estes foram maiores que o do feno de coastcross. O uso da t?cnica de sacos de n?ilon m?veis em animais fistulados permitiu estimar a digestibilidade pr?-cecal e p?s-ileal em equinos, mostrando ser uma alternativa vi?vel no estudo dos processos digestivos desta esp?cie.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-22T16:57:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 66980.pdf: 1324531 bytes, checksum: 1e497344aa46c88cdf2881941ee38024 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-03 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de janeiro, RJ, Brasil / A sepse é uma condição médica severa, caracterizada por uma resposta inflamatória sistêmica (designada por Síndrome da Resposta Inflamatória Sistêmica), que ocorre em vigência de um quadro infeccioso, podendo evoluir para disfunção múltipla dos órgãos e morte. Atualmente é a principal causa de morte nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva em todo o mundo. Nos últimos anos, diversos medicamentos foram testados na prevenção e tratamento da sepse, com resultados pouco animadores. Estudos recentes mostraram que as estatinas (drogas hipolipemiantes amplamente utilizadas no tratamento de dislipidemias) foram capazes de reduzir a mortalidade em pacientes sépticos, bem como o risco do desenvolvimento de sepse severa. As estatinas atuam inibindo a 3-hidroxi-3-metilglutaril-coenzima A (HMG-CoA) redutase, enzima que catalisa a conversão da HMG-CoA em mevalonato, etapa limitante na biosíntese do colesterol. Além de agirem na diminuição do colesterol sérico, as estatinas estão emergindo como potentes inibidores de processos inflamatórios, ações conhecidas como efeitos pleiotrópicos. Neste estudo tivemos como principal objetivo a avaliação dos efeitos da sinvastatina em um modelo de ligadura e punção cecal (CLP), especificamente sobre a taxa de sobrevida e parâmetros inflamatórios, como migração celular, ativação celular, eliminação bacteriana e produção de óxido nítrico Observamos que a sinvastatina foi capaz de causar uma tendência de melhora nas funções renais e hepáticas de animais submetidos ao CLP. Observamos também que 24 horas após a cirurgia houve aumento da migração celular para o peritôneo, ocorrendo uma tendência de reversão deste efeito após o tratamento com sinvastatina (2 mg/kg). Nossos resultados também mostraram que a sinvastatina foi capaz de reduzir os níveis de TNF-\F061, MIF, IL-6 e IL1\F062. Nossos resultados mostraram um aumento significativo na produção de óxido nítrico no peritôneo de animais que receberam o tratamento com sinvastatina, o que pode estar relacionado com o resultado obtido na contagem de Unidades Formadoras de Colônias, da qual houve uma tendência de diminuição. O tratamento com sinvastatina ainda mostrou poder ser capaz de diminuir a produção de óxido nítrico na corrente sanguínea. Observamos, também, alteração na formação de corpúsculos lipídicos de células provenientes do lavado peritoneal de camundongos tratados com a droga, sendo este número menor nesses animais. E ainda, foi observado um efeito in vitro da droga sobre macrófagos peritoneais, havendo diminuição do CFU em todas as concentrações utilizadas. Nossos estudos, portanto, indicam que os efeitos da sinvastatina estão relacionados a determinantes da fisiopatologia da sepse, o que torna de grande importância a contínua avaliação de seus mecanismos de ação, para que possivelmente esta droga seja implementada como terapia adjuvante no tratamento da sepse / Sepsis is a severe medical condition characterized by a systemic inflammatory response (called systemic inflammatory response syndrome), which occurs in the presence of an infection, may progress to multiple organ dysfunction and death. It is currently the leading cause of death in intensive care units worldwide. In recent years, several drugs were tested in the prevention and treatment of sepsis, without good results. Recent studies have shown that statins (lipid-lowering drugs widely used to treat dyslipidemia) were able to reduce mortality in septic patients, as well as the risk of developing severe sepsis. Statins act by inhibiting 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate, the limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis. In addition to acting in the reduction of serum cholesterol, statins are emerging as potent inhibitors of inflammatory processes, actions known as pleiotropic effects. This study had as main objective the evaluation of the effects of simvastatin in a model of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), specifically on the rate of survival and inflammatory parameters, such as cell migration, cell activation, bacterial elimination and production of nitric oxide. We found that simvastatin was able to cause a trend toward improvement in kidney function and liver of animals subjected to CLP. We also note that 24 hours after surgery there was an increase of cell migration to the peritoneum, causing a trend reversal of this effect after treatment with simvastatin (2mg/kg). And also our results showed that simvastatin was able to reduce the levels of TNF-, MIF, IL-6 and IL1. Our results showed a significant increase in the production of nitric oxide in the peritoneum of animals that received treatment with simvastatin, which may be related to the result obtained in the counting of colony forming units, of which was diminished. Treatment with simvastatin also showed to be able to decrease the production of nitric oxide in the bloodstream. We also observe changes in the formation of lipid bodies from the peritoneal cavity of mice treated with the drug, this number is lower in these animals. And yet, there was a drug effect in vitro on peritoneal macrophages, with the CFU decrease at all concentrations used. Our studies thus indicate that the effects of simvastatin are related to determinants of the pathophysiology of sepsis, which makes it of great importance to continuing evaluation of its mechanisms of action, possibly to be implemented as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of sepsis.