Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:47:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 795172 bytes, checksum: d8766c35c169f6531bce61562c21c96d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-08-29 / The capybara, an herbivorous rodent of simple stomach, has been pointed out in the market of meats for having an excellent zootechnical performance. It has appreciated meat, valuable carcass, high reproductive potential and presents efficient food usage. The last item must be a consequence of the cecotrophy, which makes the cecum, an important organ in the digestive physiology of such animal. To carry out this study, ten adult capybaras from Cachoeirinhas` Farm in Viçosa-MG, were used. From them it was obtained data regarding the anatomy, histology and quantification of endocrine cells and nervous ganglia of the cecum. Fragments of the apex, body and base of the cranial taenia and of the area of ileocecal transition were collected. Macroscopically, the cecum is voluminous, sacciform, presenting a medium volumetrical capacity of 3,6 ± 1,7 l, and a medium length of 70 ± 16,2 cm completing a total of 25% of whole large intestine that measured 2,8 ± 0,6 m on the average. The cecum histologically showed straight tubulous glands with average length of 0,2 ± 0,02 mm, of prismatic simple mucous secretor epithelium, a highly vascularized submucosal tunic with nervous ganglia observed clearly, a developed and with numerous myenterics ganglia muscular tunic. Quantitatively, the cecum presented a medium number of 2,0 ± 1,0 submucosals ganglia/mm2, 6,7 ± 3,0 myenterics ganglia/mm2, 173,1 ± 60,8 argyrophylics cells/mm2, 207,8 ± 68,3 argentaffins cells/mm2 and 55,7 ± 27,4 serotonin immunoreactive cells/mm2. / A capivara, um roedor herbívoro de estômago simples, vem sendo apontada no mercado de carnes por ter um excelente desempenho zootécnico. Sua carne é apreciada e sua carcaça valiosa, apresenta elevado potencial reprodutivo e manifesta eficiente aproveitamento dos alimentos. Este, provavelmente seja conseqüência da realização da cecotrofia, que faz do ceco, importante órgão na fisiologia digestiva deste animal. Neste trabalho, utilizaram-se dez capivaras adultas, provenientes do criatório da Fazenda Cachoeirinha localizada no município de Viçosa-MG, das quais obtiveram-se dados a respeito da anatomia, histologia e quantificação de células endócrinas e gânglios nervosos do ceco. Foram coletados fragmentos do ápice, corpo, base, da tênia cranial e da região de transição íleo-cecal. Macroscopicamente, o ceco é volumoso, saculado, apresentando capacidade volumétrica média de 3,6 ± 1,7 l e comprimento médio de 70 ± 16,2 cm correspondente a 25% do intestino grosso com média de 280 ± 60 cm. Histologicamente, o ceco apresentou glândulas simples tubulosas de tamanho médio de 0,2 ± 0,02 mm, com epitélio simples cilíndrico secretor de muco, uma única submucosa altamente vascularizada contendo gânglios nervosos de fácil visualização, uma túnica muscular desenvolvida e com numerosos gânglios mioentéricos. Quantitativamente o ceco apresentou um número médio de 2,0 ± 1,0 gânglios submucosos/mm2, 6,7 ± 3,0 gânglios mioentéricos/mm2, 173,1 ± 60,8 células argirófilas/mm2, 207,8 ± 68,3 células argentafins/mm2 e 55,7 ± 27,4 células imunorreativas à serotonina/mm2.

No description available.

Estudou-se o arranjo do plexo mioentérico, o número de neurônios e a área do perfil do corpo celular (µm2) dos neurônios mioentéricos, nas diferentes porções das regiões apical e basal, do ceco de ratos Wistar. Trinta ratos foram, igualmente, distribuídos em grupos de seis (G-6) e doze meses de idade (G-12S), sedentários, e um grupo com doze meses (G-12T), que foi submetido a um programa de atividade física de intensidade moderada. Foram montados preparados de membrana que receberam as técnicas histoquímica de NADH-diaforase (NADH-d) e NADPH-diaforase (NADPH-d). O arranjo do plexo mioentérico e o número de neurônios foram avaliados comparativamente entre os três grupos e entre as diferentes porções das regiões do ceco. Os neurônios das regiões apical e basal foram distribuídos em classes com intervalos de 100µm2, sendo comparadas às médias da mensuração dos pares, considerando as variáveis de idade e tratamento. Não foram observadas alterações na arquitetura do plexo mioentérico nas diferentes porções do ceco dos animais nos três grupos estudados. O número de neurônios NADH-d positivos foi maior do que o de NADPH-d em todas as porções, de ambas as regiões, de todos os grupos. O grupo G-12T apresentou maior número de neurônios NADH-d reativos do que os animais sedentários, com a mesma idade, em todas as porções do ceco, excetuando-se a porção próxima à ampola cecal. Os neurônios NADPH-d positivos não diferiram em número entre os grupos G-6 e G-12T (p-valor < 5%). A área do perfil dos neurônios NADH-d e NADPH-d reativos foi maior na região apical do que na basal em todos os grupos estudados, com exceção dos neurônios NADPH-d dos animais G-12T. Os neurônios NADH-d reativos são mais afetados pela idade do animal e pelo exercício físico do que os neurônios NADPH-d. Pela primeira vez, o número de neurônios do plexo mioentérico é reportado em porções pré-estabelecidas do ceco de ratos. Nossos resultados reiteram a importância da indicação precisa da porção estudada neste segmento intestinal. / The arrangement of the myenteric plexus, the number of neurons, and the area of the profile of neuronal body (µm2) were studied in the different portions of the apical and basal regions of the cecum of rats. Thirty rats had been, equally, distributed in groups of six (G-6) and twelve months of age (G-12S), were sedentary, and a group with twelve months (G-12T), which was submitted to a program of physical activity of moderate intensity. They had been mounted whole mount preparation and were stained with the NADH-diaforase (NADH-d) and NADPH-diaforase (NADPH-d) histochemical techniques. The arrangement of the plexus and the number of neurons had been evaluated comparatively between the three groups, and the different portions of the regions of cecum. The neurons of the regions apical and basal had been distributed in class with intervals of 100µm2, and the averages of the measurements of the pairs were compared, considering the different ages and treatments. It was not observed alterations in the architecture of the myoenteric plexus in the portions of cecum, neither in the different studied groups. There was more NADH-d positive neurons than NADPH-d ones, in all the portions, of both the regions, of all the groups. The G-12T animals presented greater number of reactive NADH-d neurons than the sedentary ones, in all the portions of cecum, excepting the portion near to the cecal ampoule. The number of the positive NADPH-d neurons did not differ between G-6 and G-12T (p-value < 5%). The cellular profile area of the NADH-d and NADPH-d reactive neurons was bigger in the apical region than in the basal, in all groups, excepted of the NADPH-d neurons of animals G-12T. The NADH-d reactive neurons were more affected by the age of the animal and the physical exercise than the NADPH-d neurons. For the first time, the number of neurons of the myenteric plexus is reported in preset portions of ceco of rats. Our results reiterate the necessity of indication of the portion studied in this intestinal segment.

Estudou-se o arranjo do plexo mioentérico, o número de neurônios e a área do perfil do corpo celular (µm2) dos neurônios mioentéricos, nas diferentes porções das regiões apical e basal, do ceco de ratos Wistar. Trinta ratos foram, igualmente, distribuídos em grupos de seis (G-6) e doze meses de idade (G-12S), sedentários, e um grupo com doze meses (G-12T), que foi submetido a um programa de atividade física de intensidade moderada. Foram montados preparados de membrana que receberam as técnicas histoquímica de NADH-diaforase (NADH-d) e NADPH-diaforase (NADPH-d). O arranjo do plexo mioentérico e o número de neurônios foram avaliados comparativamente entre os três grupos e entre as diferentes porções das regiões do ceco. Os neurônios das regiões apical e basal foram distribuídos em classes com intervalos de 100µm2, sendo comparadas às médias da mensuração dos pares, considerando as variáveis de idade e tratamento. Não foram observadas alterações na arquitetura do plexo mioentérico nas diferentes porções do ceco dos animais nos três grupos estudados. O número de neurônios NADH-d positivos foi maior do que o de NADPH-d em todas as porções, de ambas as regiões, de todos os grupos. O grupo G-12T apresentou maior número de neurônios NADH-d reativos do que os animais sedentários, com a mesma idade, em todas as porções do ceco, excetuando-se a porção próxima à ampola cecal. Os neurônios NADPH-d positivos não diferiram em número entre os grupos G-6 e G-12T (p-valor < 5%). A área do perfil dos neurônios NADH-d e NADPH-d reativos foi maior na região apical do que na basal em todos os grupos estudados, com exceção dos neurônios NADPH-d dos animais G-12T. Os neurônios NADH-d reativos são mais afetados pela idade do animal e pelo exercício físico do que os neurônios NADPH-d. Pela primeira vez, o número de neurônios do plexo mioentérico é reportado em porções pré-estabelecidas do ceco de ratos. Nossos resultados reiteram a importância da indicação precisa da porção estudada neste segmento intestinal. / The arrangement of the myenteric plexus, the number of neurons, and the area of the profile of neuronal body (µm2) were studied in the different portions of the apical and basal regions of the cecum of rats. Thirty rats had been, equally, distributed in groups of six (G-6) and twelve months of age (G-12S), were sedentary, and a group with twelve months (G-12T), which was submitted to a program of physical activity of moderate intensity. They had been mounted whole mount preparation and were stained with the NADH-diaforase (NADH-d) and NADPH-diaforase (NADPH-d) histochemical techniques. The arrangement of the plexus and the number of neurons had been evaluated comparatively between the three groups, and the different portions of the regions of cecum. The neurons of the regions apical and basal had been distributed in class with intervals of 100µm2, and the averages of the measurements of the pairs were compared, considering the different ages and treatments. It was not observed alterations in the architecture of the myoenteric plexus in the portions of cecum, neither in the different studied groups. There was more NADH-d positive neurons than NADPH-d ones, in all the portions, of both the regions, of all the groups. The G-12T animals presented greater number of reactive NADH-d neurons than the sedentary ones, in all the portions of cecum, excepting the portion near to the cecal ampoule. The number of the positive NADPH-d neurons did not differ between G-6 and G-12T (p-value < 5%). The cellular profile area of the NADH-d and NADPH-d reactive neurons was bigger in the apical region than in the basal, in all groups, excepted of the NADPH-d neurons of animals G-12T. The NADH-d reactive neurons were more affected by the age of the animal and the physical exercise than the NADPH-d neurons. For the first time, the number of neurons of the myenteric plexus is reported in preset portions of ceco of rats. Our results reiterate the necessity of indication of the portion studied in this intestinal segment.

A busca por novos fármacos inspirados em substâncias de origem natural é uma estratégia conhecida e há tempos utilizada. As lactonas sesquiterpênicas (LST) são um grupo de substâncias amplo e diverso com várias atividades farmacológicas descritas, e cuja característica estrutural determinante é a de um esqueleto principal contendo 15 átomos de carbono e um anel lactônico. O mecanismo de ação das LST está intrinsicamente relacionado com reações de adição do tipo Michael frente a biomoléculas, provocando alquilações. Há na literatura estudos aprofundados sobre a química medicinal das LST, entretanto pouco há sobre o metabolismo desse grupo de substâncias em ambientes fisiológicos. Neste sentido, este trabalho é focado no estudo do metabolismo e também das vias de fragmentação por eletrospray da budleína A, que possui estrutura química do tipo furanoeliangolido, e pertence à classe dos germacranolidos. Foram realizados ensaios in vitro utilizando-se os modelos de oxidação biomimética com metaloporfirina, microssomas hepáticos e metabolismo pela microbiota intestinal de ceco de porco (pig cecum model), sendo nos dois últimos testado também o correlato 4,5-dihidro-2\',3\'-epoxi-15-desoxigoyazensolido. O estudo de fragmentação também abordou a comparação entre budleína A e a centraterina - um estereoisômero que se diferencia apenas pela orientação da cadeia lateral ligada ao C-8 - em espectrômetros distintos e com suporte de métodos computacionais para cálculos de energia (Gaussian 03 em base B3LYP/6-31G(d)). Nos estudos de fragmentação observou-se a diferença de intensidade dos sinais para íons fragmento comuns às duas LST (m/z 275, 257 e 83), além da presença do íon fragmento de m/z 293 apenas para a budleína A, permitindo a diferenciação destes isômeros por meio de espectrometria de massas com ionização por eletrospray, sem a necessidade de ressonância de magnética nuclear. Os produtos de oxidação detectados na reação com metaloporfirinas acusaram a epoxidação na cadeia lateral envolvendo C-2\' e C-3\' com a formação de diastereoisômeros. No ensaio com microssomas não foram detectados produtos para a budleína A, enquanto que para a substância correlata observou-se a abertura do epóxido na cadeia lateral e adição de uma hidroxila, formando um diol vicinal. No modelo de ceco de porco observaram-se a formação de adutos de LST com o aminoácido cisteína, os quais foram posteriormente degradados pela ação da microbiota intenstinal, dando origem a diversos metabólitos compostos pela LST e partes de cisteína. Sendo assim, este trabalho lança bases para a maior compreensão do metabolismo de LST do tipo furanoeliangolido em modelos distintos e também contribui para os estudos de espectrometria de massas para este tipo de substância, além de descrever uma ferramenta analítica útil na diferenciação de dois estereoisômeros. / The search for new drugs inspired on compounds from natural products is a wellknown strategy with several successful cases. Sesquiterpene lactones (STL) are a wide and diversified group of compounds which has already many pharmacological activities reported. Their fundamental moiety includes a skeleton containing 15 carbons and a lactone ring and the mechanism of action is related to Michael addition type reactions with biomolecules, promoting alkylation. There are a high amount of studies regarding the medicinal chemistry of the STL, however there are few information about the metabolism of these compounds under physiological environments. On this way, the aims of this work are focused on the study of the metabolism as well as the fragmentation pathways of budlein A, which is a furanoheliangolide and belongs to the germacranolides class. On this work the following experiments were carried out: in vitro oxidative metabolism with metalloporphyrin and microsomes; intestinal metabolism by using the pig cecum model (microbiota). For microsomes and intestinal metabolism the compound 4,5- dihydro-2\',3\'-epoxy-15-deoxy-goyazensolide was also applied. Fragmentation studies compared the fragmentation patterns of budlein A and centratherin - which is a stereoisomer with -orientation for the side chain bonded at C-8 - by using different spectrometers being supported by computational methods for energies calculations (Gaussian 03 at level B3LYP/6-31G(d)). For the fragmentation studies it was observed the difference of signal intensities for fragment ions which are common for both STL (m/z 275, 257 e 83), moreover the ion m/z 293 was detected only for budlein A, allowing the differentiation between these isomers by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry instead nuclear magnetic resonance. The reactions with metalloporphyrin yielded two diastereoisomers of the STL with an epoxide at the side chain between C-2\'and C-3\'. On the microsome assay any product was detected for budlein A, while for the correlated compound the epoxide ring was opened and a hydroxyl was added at C-3\', forming a vicinal diol. On the pig cecum model it was observed the formation of adducts due to the reaction of the STL and the amino acid cysteine. These adducts were later degraded by the action of the microbiota yielding different metabolites composed by STL and residues of cysteine. Thus, this work may contribute to the improvement of the knowledge about the metabolism of STL furanoheliangolide type in different models as well as for the studies regarding the mass spectrometry of this type of compound. The development of a useful analytical tool for the differentiation of two isomers was also an important achievement.

A busca por novos fármacos inspirados em substâncias de origem natural é uma estratégia conhecida e há tempos utilizada. As lactonas sesquiterpênicas (LST) são um grupo de substâncias amplo e diverso com várias atividades farmacológicas descritas, e cuja característica estrutural determinante é a de um esqueleto principal contendo 15 átomos de carbono e um anel lactônico. O mecanismo de ação das LST está intrinsicamente relacionado com reações de adição do tipo Michael frente a biomoléculas, provocando alquilações. Há na literatura estudos aprofundados sobre a química medicinal das LST, entretanto pouco há sobre o metabolismo desse grupo de substâncias em ambientes fisiológicos. Neste sentido, este trabalho é focado no estudo do metabolismo e também das vias de fragmentação por eletrospray da budleína A, que possui estrutura química do tipo furanoeliangolido, e pertence à classe dos germacranolidos. Foram realizados ensaios in vitro utilizando-se os modelos de oxidação biomimética com metaloporfirina, microssomas hepáticos e metabolismo pela microbiota intestinal de ceco de porco (pig cecum model), sendo nos dois últimos testado também o correlato 4,5-dihidro-2\',3\'-epoxi-15-desoxigoyazensolido. O estudo de fragmentação também abordou a comparação entre budleína A e a centraterina - um estereoisômero que se diferencia apenas pela orientação da cadeia lateral ligada ao C-8 - em espectrômetros distintos e com suporte de métodos computacionais para cálculos de energia (Gaussian 03 em base B3LYP/6-31G(d)). Nos estudos de fragmentação observou-se a diferença de intensidade dos sinais para íons fragmento comuns às duas LST (m/z 275, 257 e 83), além da presença do íon fragmento de m/z 293 apenas para a budleína A, permitindo a diferenciação destes isômeros por meio de espectrometria de massas com ionização por eletrospray, sem a necessidade de ressonância de magnética nuclear. Os produtos de oxidação detectados na reação com metaloporfirinas acusaram a epoxidação na cadeia lateral envolvendo C-2\' e C-3\' com a formação de diastereoisômeros. No ensaio com microssomas não foram detectados produtos para a budleína A, enquanto que para a substância correlata observou-se a abertura do epóxido na cadeia lateral e adição de uma hidroxila, formando um diol vicinal. No modelo de ceco de porco observaram-se a formação de adutos de LST com o aminoácido cisteína, os quais foram posteriormente degradados pela ação da microbiota intenstinal, dando origem a diversos metabólitos compostos pela LST e partes de cisteína. Sendo assim, este trabalho lança bases para a maior compreensão do metabolismo de LST do tipo furanoeliangolido em modelos distintos e também contribui para os estudos de espectrometria de massas para este tipo de substância, além de descrever uma ferramenta analítica útil na diferenciação de dois estereoisômeros. / The search for new drugs inspired on compounds from natural products is a wellknown strategy with several successful cases. Sesquiterpene lactones (STL) are a wide and diversified group of compounds which has already many pharmacological activities reported. Their fundamental moiety includes a skeleton containing 15 carbons and a lactone ring and the mechanism of action is related to Michael addition type reactions with biomolecules, promoting alkylation. There are a high amount of studies regarding the medicinal chemistry of the STL, however there are few information about the metabolism of these compounds under physiological environments. On this way, the aims of this work are focused on the study of the metabolism as well as the fragmentation pathways of budlein A, which is a furanoheliangolide and belongs to the germacranolides class. On this work the following experiments were carried out: in vitro oxidative metabolism with metalloporphyrin and microsomes; intestinal metabolism by using the pig cecum model (microbiota). For microsomes and intestinal metabolism the compound 4,5- dihydro-2\',3\'-epoxy-15-deoxy-goyazensolide was also applied. Fragmentation studies compared the fragmentation patterns of budlein A and centratherin - which is a stereoisomer with -orientation for the side chain bonded at C-8 - by using different spectrometers being supported by computational methods for energies calculations (Gaussian 03 at level B3LYP/6-31G(d)). For the fragmentation studies it was observed the difference of signal intensities for fragment ions which are common for both STL (m/z 275, 257 e 83), moreover the ion m/z 293 was detected only for budlein A, allowing the differentiation between these isomers by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry instead nuclear magnetic resonance. The reactions with metalloporphyrin yielded two diastereoisomers of the STL with an epoxide at the side chain between C-2\'and C-3\'. On the microsome assay any product was detected for budlein A, while for the correlated compound the epoxide ring was opened and a hydroxyl was added at C-3\', forming a vicinal diol. On the pig cecum model it was observed the formation of adducts due to the reaction of the STL and the amino acid cysteine. These adducts were later degraded by the action of the microbiota yielding different metabolites composed by STL and residues of cysteine. Thus, this work may contribute to the improvement of the knowledge about the metabolism of STL furanoheliangolide type in different models as well as for the studies regarding the mass spectrometry of this type of compound. The development of a useful analytical tool for the differentiation of two isomers was also an important achievement.

Les spatangoïdes (échinides détritivores fouisseurs) possèdent un volumineux caecum qui s’ouvre au début de l’estomac, le caecum gastrique. Ce caecum est ‘distendu’ :il est toujours gorgé d’un liquide incolore dont la nature est inconnue. Les sédiments ingérés par ces oursins et qui occupent le reste du tube digestif, ne pénètrent jamais dans le caecum. La fonction du caecum gastrique n’est pas claire: il sécréterait des enzymes dans l’estomac, serait un site d’absorption, ou encore abriterait une microflore cellulolytique. En prenant pour modèle l’un des échinides fouisseurs les plus étudiés, Echinocardium cordatum, ce travail tente d’élucider le rôle du caecum gastrique, et s’intéresse plus particulièrement à l’étude de son contenu.<p>Les résultats indiquent que le caecum gastrique d’E. cordatum contient de l’eau de mer. L’entrée d’eau de mer dans le caecum a été visualisée en la colorant et des caractéristiques communes au liquide caecal et à l’eau de mer environnante ont été observées: une même osmolarité, les mêmes particules détritiques en suspension et les mêmes communautés bactériennes. Le caecum gastrique contient de la matière organique en suspension (détritus, bactéries transitoires); il est également absorbant. Ses capacités d’absorption ont été comparées à celles de l’estomac et de l’intestin grâce à un dispositif expérimental particulier :les chambres de Ussing. Les résultats ont montré que les entérocytes du caecum et de l’intestin participent davantage au transfert de glucose vers la cavité coelomique que ceux de l’estomac.<p>Un schéma de la circulation de l’eau de mer dans le tube digestif est proposé. L’eau de mer qui circule à la surface du corps de l’oursin et qui provient de la surface des sédiments atteint la cavité buccale, une circulation entretenue par la ciliature des clavules (piquants ciliés). Le péristaltisme de l’œsophage et celui du siphon assurent l’entrée d’eau de mer dans le tube digestif. Une partie de cette eau entre dans le siphon qui l’amène dans l’intestin d’où elle est entraînée à l’extérieur avec le bol alimentaire. L’eau de mer qui n’est pas prélevée par le siphon peut atteindre l’entrée du caecum gastrique. Un système de gouttières a été mis en évidence à l’entrée du caecum. Il s’étend de l’estomac au début du caecum où les gouttières sont flagellées, et acheminerait l’eau de mer dans la lumière caecale. Les différences de pression osmotique entre le liquide caecal et le liquide cœlomique permettraient le transfert d’eau depuis le caecum vers la cavité cœlomique. Une quantité d’eau similaire devrait alors être éliminée de la cavité coelomique. Cette élimination semble se faire dans le caecum intestinal, l’eau serait ensuite éliminée par l’anus. <p>D’après nos observations, le caecum gastrique pourrait être le site d’une digestion et d’une absorption de la matière organique détritique de l’eau de mer. Si cette hypothèse est exacte, E. cordatum serait alors un détritivore particulièrement ‘complet’, digérant non seulement la fraction détritique des sédiments mais aussi celle en suspension dans l’eau de mer. Ce modèle pourrait correspondre à tous les échinides atélostomes (spatangoïdes & holastéroïdes) qui, outre la présence d’un caecum gastrique bien développé et rempli de liquide, ont en commun d’être fouisseurs, et d’entretenir une circulation d’eau dans leur terrier grâce à des clavules groupés en fascioles.<p><p>Spatangoids (burrowed deposit-feeding echinoids) have a large caecum, which opens at the beginning of the stomach, the gastric caecum. It is always swollen, filled with a colorless liquid whose nature is unknown; sediments ingested by sea urchins fill the rest of the digestive tract but never enter in the caecum. The function of the gastric caecum is unclear: it would secrete enzymes in the stomach, would be a site of absorption, and/or would harbor a cellulolytic microflora. By taking as model one of the most studied burrowing echinoids, Echinocardium cordatum, this study attempts to highlight the role of the gastric caecum by examining its contents.<p>Results indicate that the gastric caecum of E. cordatum contains seawater. Seawater inflow into the caecum was visualized using dye. The caecal liquid and the surrounding seawater were demonstrated to have similar characteristics: the same osmolarity, the same suspended particles and the same bacterial communities. The gastric caecum contains suspended organic matter (detritus, transient bacteria) and is also involved in absorption. Absorption and transfer of glucose were compared between the gastric caecum, the stomach and the intestine, using a particular experimental device: the Ussing chamber. The results showed that the enterocytes of the caecum and of the intestine were more involved in glucose transfer to the coelomic cavity than those of the stomach.<p>Seawater circulation in the digestive tube is tentatively described. Seawater currents along the body of the sea urchin originate from the sediment surface and reach the mouth; this circulation is generated by ciliae of specialized spines, the clavules. Peristalsis of the esophagus and of the siphon induces seawater to enter the mouth and to move along the digestive tube. Part of this water enters the siphon, being then transported to the intestine, and driven outside via the anus. Seawater that has not been taken by the siphon can reach the opening of the gastric caecum. A system of grooves occurring at the entrance of the caecum extends from the anterior stomach to the proximal part of the caecum where it is flagellated; these grooves could transport seawater in the caecal lumen. Differences in osmotic pressures between the caecal liquid and the coelomic liquid could transfer water from the caecum to the coelomic cavity. A similar uptake of water could then be removed from the coelom through the wall of the intestinal caecum, and water be eliminated from the digestive tube via the anus.<p>According to our observations, the gastric caecum could be specialized in digestion and absorption of detrital organic matter occurring in seawater. If this hypothesis is correct, E. cordatum would be a deposit-feeder feeding both on the detritus fraction of the sediments and on that of seawater. This model could fit all Atelostomata echinoids (spatangoids & holasteroids) which, besides the presence of a well-developed gastric caecum filled with liquid, have in common the burrowing behaviour, and the maintenance of seawater currents in their burrows owing to the action of clavules grouped into fascioles.<p><p> / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Vem crescendo a cada dia o interesse pelo aproveitamento biológico dos carboidratos não-disponíveis no que se refere ao amido resistente (AR) e à fibra alimentar (FA) e seus efeitos sobre a fisiologia do intestino grosso. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito trófico, decorrente da fermentação de carboidratos não-disponíveis da banana verde, no intestino grosso de ratos adultos. As amostras estudadas foram: ABV (amido isolado de plátano verde - Musa paradisíaca L.) e MBV (banana nanicão - Musa acuminata, variedade Nanicão - verde cozida com casca, descascada e seca). Foi realizado estudo de média duração (28 dias) com ratos Wistar adultos, divididos em três grupos: grupo Controle (G-C), que recebeu ração padrão (R-C), e dois grupos experimentais, que receberam rações com concentrações crescentes de AR, ou seja, G-MBV recebeu ração R-MBV, com 5% de AR, e G-ABV recebeu ração R-ABV, com 10% de AR. Foram avaliados consumo e fermentabilidade in vitro das rações; peso corpóreo; peso e umidade das fezes; pH e histologia cecais. Não foi observada diferença no consumo médio diário de ração entre os grupos. O consumo de R-ABV proporcionou menor crescimento dos animais. No G-ABV, além da queda do pH cecal, houve aumento do peso seco das fezes e do conteúdo cecal, possivelmente devido ao aumento da microbiota intestinal. Ainda nesse grupo, houve aumento do peso total do ceco, evidenciando não somente ganho de umidade (aumento do peso do conteúdo cecal) como também possível proliferação celular (aumento do peso da parede do ceco). No G-MBV, houve queda do pH cecal, devido à produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta pela fermentação, e ganho de umidade no conteúdo cecal, resultado coerente com a maior presença de FA solúvel nesta ração. Porém, não houve aumento do peso seco das fezes nesse grupo. Pela análise histológica do tecido cecal, foi possível evidenciar que tanto a fermentação da R-ABV como a da R-MBV exerceram efeito trófico no intestino grosso desses animais (p<0,01). Os resultados obtidos indicam que os carboidratos não-disponíveis presentes na banana verde exercem efeitos positivos sobre a fisiologia dos animais, apontando a possibilidade de utilização dessa matéria-prima na elaboração de alimentos voltados para a prevenção de determinadas doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis. / The interest in unavailable carbohydrates, mainly in the possible effects of resistant starch (RS) and dietary fiber (DF) on the physiology of the large bowel, has recently increased. The present work aimed to evaluate the trophic effect, caused by the fermentation of unavailable carbohydrates from banana, on the large bowel of adult rats. Two samples were studied: ABV (starch isolated from unripe plantain - Musa paradisíaca L.) and MBV (unripe banana -Musa acuminata, variety Nanicão - cooked with peel, peeled and dried). An assay was carried during 28 days, with adult Wistar rats, divided into three groups: Control group (G-C), fed standard diet (R-C), and two experimental groups fed crescent RS concentrations (G-MBV, fed R-MBV with 5% RS, and G-ABV, fed R-ABV with 10% RS). Consumption and in vitro fermentation of the diets; body weight; feces weight and moisture; cecum pH and histology were evaluated. No difference was observed in the average daily consumption among the groups. Rats fed R-ABV presented decreased growth. On G-ABV, besides cecum pH decrease, there was an increase in feces and cecum content dry weight, possibly due to the increase in intestinal microbiota. There was an increase in cecum total weight, evidencing not only moisture gain (increase in cecum content weight) but also possible cellular proliferation (increase in the cecum wall weight). On G-MBV, there was a decrease in the cecum pH, due to the production of short-chain fatty acids by the fermentation, and moisture gain in the cecum content, which is coherent with the greater concentration of soluble DF in this diet. However, an increase in feces dry weight was not observed in this group. Considering the histology of the cecum tissue, it was possible to evidence that the fermentation of both R-ABV and R-MBV exerted trophic effect in the large bowel of the animais (p<0,01). The results obtained indicate that unavailable carbohydrates from unripe banana exert positive effects on the physiology of the animais, pointing to the possibility of using this product on the elaboration of foods aimed to preventing certain non-transmissible chronic diseases.

L'encéphalopathie associée au sepsis (EAS) est définie comme un dysfonctionnement cérébral diffus induit par une réponse systémique à une infection. Chez les patients septiques, l'imagerie par résonance magnétique (IRM) a indiqué à la fois des anomalies de la substance grise (SG) et blanche (SB) associées à des troubles cognitifs graves, y compris le delirium. Pour améliorer notre compréhension des changements hémodynamiques, métaboliques et structuraux associés au sepsis, différentes séquences d'IRM ont été réalisées chez des rats ayant subi une injection ip de solution saline ou de lipopolysaccharide bactérien (LPS) 2,5h plus tôt ou une ligature et ponction caecale 24h plus tôt. Après ip LPS, l'IRM de contraste de phase a été réalisée pour étudier le flux des artères cérébrales antérieures et moyennes et le marquage des spins artériels (ASL) pour étudier la perfusion des structures cérébrales de la SB et SG. Des séquences d'imagerie par diffusion pondérée (DWI) ont été utilisées pour évaluer les changements structurels. Après la chirurgie CLP, ASL a été utilisé pour étudier les changements de la microcirculation. L'imagerie pondérée en T2, l'imagerie du tenseur de diffusion (DTI) et les statistiques spatiales basées sur les faisceaux (TBSS) ont été réalisées pour caractériser les événements structurels dans différentes structures cérébrales. Après imagerie, les animaux ont été sacrifiés et leur cerveau a été traité pour l'histologie afin de détecter l'enzyme synthétisant les prostaglandines vasoactives cyclooxygénase-2 (COX-2) et le canal hydrique astrocytaire aquaporin-4 (AQP4) dont l'expression peut être régulée à la hausse, évaluer la présence d'immunoglobulines périvasculaires (Ig) indiquant une rupture de la barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE) et étudier la morphologie des glies puisque la microglie et l’astroglie changent de morphologie lors des conditions inflammatoires. L'IRM n'a indiqué aucun changement hémodynamique dans la substance grise après l'administration de ip LPS, alors qu'une perfusion cérébrale accrue a été montrée au niveau du corps calleux comme indiqué par l'ASL. DTI a indiqué une augmentation de la diffusion des molécules d’eau parallèlement aux fibres du corps calleux. Ces changements étaient accompagnés d'une dégradation de BHE dans la SB ainsi que la substance grise corticale et striatale adjacente tel est indiqué par la présence périvasculaire d'IgG, sans aucun changement majeur de COX-2 vasculaire ou de morphologie des glies du coprs calleux. Le dysfonctionnement du SNC induit par le sepsis a résulté en une augmentation du contraste pondéré en T2 dans le cortex, le striatum et la base du cerveau, une diminution de la perfusion sanguine dans le cortex et une augmentation de la diffusion hydrique du corps calleux et du striatum ventral. Ces changements ont été associés dans la SB à des modifications de la morphologie des glies et dans la substance grise à une expression constitutive de COX-2 et AQP4 plus faible dans le cortex cérébral. La comparaison entre CLP ayant subit ou non une IRM sous anesthésie à l'isoflurane a montré une réponse inflammatoire réduite tel est indiqué par l'expression de COX- 2, une activation réduite des glies ainsi qu’une lésion réduite de la BHE dans le CLP subissant une IRM sous anesthésie. Collectivement, nos résultats suggèrent que des changements hémodynamiques peuvent survenir en l'absence de flux altéré dans les artères irriguant le cerveau antérieur. Ensuite, l'altération de la structure de la SB est une étape précoce de la pathogenèse de l’EAS qui peut résulter soit de la dégradation de la BHE, soit de l'activation des glies. Cette étude sous-tend l'effet délétère d'une seule exposition à l'anesthésie à l'isoflurane qui peut être atténuée par une seconde exposition chez les rats ayant subi une laparotomie ainsi que les effets de l'inflammation systémique induite par le CLP sur les glies pouvant être atténués par imagerie sous anesthésie à l'isoflurane. / Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) refers to central nervous system dysfunction during the systemic inflammatory response to infection. In septic patients with encephalopathy MRI has indicated both gray and white matter abnormalities that were associated with worse cognitive outcome including delirium. To improve our understanding of sepsis-associated hemodynamic, metabolic, and structural changes, different MRI sequences were performed in rats that either underwent an i.p injection of saline or bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 2.5h earlier or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) 24h earlier. After ip LPS, phase contrast MRI was performed to study anterior and middle cerebral arteries flow and Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) to study perfusion of white and grey matter brain structures. Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) sequences was used to assess structural changes. After CLP surgery, ASL was used to study microcirculation changes. T2-Weighted Imaging, Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) and tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) were performed to characterize structural events in different brain structures. After imaging, animals were sacrificed and their brains processed for histology to detect the vasoactive prostaglandin-synthesizing enzyme cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and the astrocytic aquaporin-4 water channel (AQP4) the expression of which can be upregulated during inflammation, to assess the presence of perivascular immunoglobulins (Ig) indicating blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage and to study glia cell morphology as both microglia and astrocytes are known to change their morphology in inflammatory conditions. Magnetic resonance rat brain imaging indicated no hemodynamic changes in the grey matter after ip LPS administration while an increased CBF was shown in corpus callosum white matter as indicated by ASL. DTI indicated increased water diffusion parallel to fibers of the corpus callosum white matter. These changes were accompanied by BBB breakdown in the white matter and adjacent cortical and striatal grey matter as indicated by the perivascular presence of IgG, but no major changes in vascular COX-2 or white matter glia cell morphology. CLP induced sepsis-associated CNS dysfunction resulted in higher T2-weighted contrast intensities in the cortex, striatum and base of the brain, decreased blood perfusion distribution to the cortex and increased water diffusion in the corpus callosum and ventral striatum compared to sham surgery. These changes were associated in the white matter with modifications in glia cells morphology and in the grey matter with lower expression of constitutive COX-2 expression and AQP4 in the cerebral cortex. The comparison between CLP that underwent or not MRI under isoflurane anesthesia indicated reduced inflammatory response as indicated by COX-2 expression, reduced glia activation and reduced BBB damage in CLP that underwent MRI under isoflurane anesthesia. Collectively, our results suggest that hemodynamic changes may occur in the absence of altered flow in forebrain irrigating arteries. Then, altered white matter structure is an early step in SAE pathogenesis that may result either from BBB breakdown or glial cells activation. This study underlies the deleterious effects of a single exposure to isoflurane anesthesia that may be mitigated by a second exposure in sham-operated rats and the effects of CLP-induced systemic inflammation on glial cells that can be attenuated by imaging under isoflurane anesthesia.

Vem crescendo a cada dia o interesse pelo aproveitamento biológico dos carboidratos não-disponíveis no que se refere ao amido resistente (AR) e à fibra alimentar (FA) e seus efeitos sobre a fisiologia do intestino grosso. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o efeito trófico, decorrente da fermentação de carboidratos não-disponíveis da banana verde, no intestino grosso de ratos adultos. As amostras estudadas foram: ABV (amido isolado de plátano verde - Musa paradisíaca L.) e MBV (banana nanicão - Musa acuminata, variedade Nanicão - verde cozida com casca, descascada e seca). Foi realizado estudo de média duração (28 dias) com ratos Wistar adultos, divididos em três grupos: grupo Controle (G-C), que recebeu ração padrão (R-C), e dois grupos experimentais, que receberam rações com concentrações crescentes de AR, ou seja, G-MBV recebeu ração R-MBV, com 5% de AR, e G-ABV recebeu ração R-ABV, com 10% de AR. Foram avaliados consumo e fermentabilidade in vitro das rações; peso corpóreo; peso e umidade das fezes; pH e histologia cecais. Não foi observada diferença no consumo médio diário de ração entre os grupos. O consumo de R-ABV proporcionou menor crescimento dos animais. No G-ABV, além da queda do pH cecal, houve aumento do peso seco das fezes e do conteúdo cecal, possivelmente devido ao aumento da microbiota intestinal. Ainda nesse grupo, houve aumento do peso total do ceco, evidenciando não somente ganho de umidade (aumento do peso do conteúdo cecal) como também possível proliferação celular (aumento do peso da parede do ceco). No G-MBV, houve queda do pH cecal, devido à produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta pela fermentação, e ganho de umidade no conteúdo cecal, resultado coerente com a maior presença de FA solúvel nesta ração. Porém, não houve aumento do peso seco das fezes nesse grupo. Pela análise histológica do tecido cecal, foi possível evidenciar que tanto a fermentação da R-ABV como a da R-MBV exerceram efeito trófico no intestino grosso desses animais (p<0,01). Os resultados obtidos indicam que os carboidratos não-disponíveis presentes na banana verde exercem efeitos positivos sobre a fisiologia dos animais, apontando a possibilidade de utilização dessa matéria-prima na elaboração de alimentos voltados para a prevenção de determinadas doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis. / The interest in unavailable carbohydrates, mainly in the possible effects of resistant starch (RS) and dietary fiber (DF) on the physiology of the large bowel, has recently increased. The present work aimed to evaluate the trophic effect, caused by the fermentation of unavailable carbohydrates from banana, on the large bowel of adult rats. Two samples were studied: ABV (starch isolated from unripe plantain - Musa paradisíaca L.) and MBV (unripe banana -Musa acuminata, variety Nanicão - cooked with peel, peeled and dried). An assay was carried during 28 days, with adult Wistar rats, divided into three groups: Control group (G-C), fed standard diet (R-C), and two experimental groups fed crescent RS concentrations (G-MBV, fed R-MBV with 5% RS, and G-ABV, fed R-ABV with 10% RS). Consumption and in vitro fermentation of the diets; body weight; feces weight and moisture; cecum pH and histology were evaluated. No difference was observed in the average daily consumption among the groups. Rats fed R-ABV presented decreased growth. On G-ABV, besides cecum pH decrease, there was an increase in feces and cecum content dry weight, possibly due to the increase in intestinal microbiota. There was an increase in cecum total weight, evidencing not only moisture gain (increase in cecum content weight) but also possible cellular proliferation (increase in the cecum wall weight). On G-MBV, there was a decrease in the cecum pH, due to the production of short-chain fatty acids by the fermentation, and moisture gain in the cecum content, which is coherent with the greater concentration of soluble DF in this diet. However, an increase in feces dry weight was not observed in this group. Considering the histology of the cecum tissue, it was possible to evidence that the fermentation of both R-ABV and R-MBV exerted trophic effect in the large bowel of the animais (p<0,01). The results obtained indicate that unavailable carbohydrates from unripe banana exert positive effects on the physiology of the animais, pointing to the possibility of using this product on the elaboration of foods aimed to preventing certain non-transmissible chronic diseases.