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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
91

Regulation Of Long-Range Planar Cell Polarity By Fat- Dachsous Signaling

Sharma, Praveer Pankaj 14 January 2014 (has links)
Planar cell polarity (PCP) is the organization of cellular characteristics within the plane of a tissue. PCP manifests both structurally, as in the directionality of insect bristles or mammalian skin hair, or dynamically, as in vertebrate neurulation, gastrulation, and oriented cell division in the kidney. Two well-conserved pathways are known to regulate PCP in invertebrates and in vertebrates: the Frizzled/PCP pathway and the Fat-Dachsous (Ft-Ds) pathway. The latter consists of the cadherins Ft and Ds, along with the Golgi kinase Four-jointed (Fj) and the transcriptional co-repressor Atrophin (Atro). Ft and Ds can bind each other, suggesting a mechanism for signal transduction. Fj phosphorylates Ft and Ds, modulating their binding affinities for each other. Atro is proposed to link Ft-Ds signaling with downstream events in the nucleus during eye development. The details of Ft-Ds binding, and the consequences of their interactions with other members of the pathway are poorly understood. In this work, I quantitatively analyzed Ft-Ds pathway mutant clones for their effects on ommatidial polarity in the Drosophila eye. My findings suggest that the Ft-Ds pathway regulates PCP independently of asymmetric cellular accumulation of Ft or Ds. I found that Atro has a position-specific role in regulating polarity in the eye, that Fj dampens clonal polarity signals, and that asymmetric accumulation of the atypical myosin Dachs is not essential for production and propagation of a long-range PCP signal. My observations suggest that Ft and Ds interact to modulate a secondary signal that regulates long-range polarity, that signaling by the Ds intracellular domain is dependent on Ft, and that ommatidial fate specification is genetically separable from long-range signaling.
92

The Role of Lipids in Cellular Architecture and Function

Lopes Sampaio, Julio 15 June 2011 (has links) (PDF)
All cells are delimited by membranes that protect the cell from the surrounding environment. In eukaryotic cells the same principle applies at subcellular level where membranes delimit functional cell organelles. The membrane structure, properties and function are defined in part by their lipid composition. Lipidomics is the large‐scale study of pathways and networks of cellular lipids in biological systems. It involves the identification and quantitation of cellular lipid molecular species and their interactions with other lipids, proteins, and other metabolites. Lipidomics has been greatly facilitated by recent advances in ionization technology and mass spectrometric capabilities which have simplified the sample processing prior to analysis, giving rise to shotgun lipidomics. Shotgun lipidomics is fast, highly sensitive, and can identify hundreds of lipids missed by other methods. However, Glycosphingolipids are an important lipid family that was out of the scope of shotgun lipidomics due to the lack of suitable analytical tools. The aim of my thesis was two‐fold. The first aim was the establishment of Glycosphingolipid identification and quantification by shotgun approach. This allowed us to perform lipidomic studies with unprecedented comprehensiveness (~300 lipid species from 15 different lipid classes) from low sample amounts and with minimal sample processing. The second was the application of this technology in studies of the role of lipids in several processes like vesicular carrier formation, cell polarization, protein delivery to the plasma membrane and viral budding. This work resulted in several findings. We found that there is sorting of sphingolipids and sterols into plasma membrane targeted vesicular carriers in budding yeast. When kidney cells change from a mesenchymal to an epithelial morphology there is a profound remodeling of their lipidome, with the synthesis of longer, more saturated, more hydroxylated, and more glycosylated sphingolipids. When these sphingolipids and sterols are depleted in epithelial cells, the apical transport in epithelial cells is impaired. These data strongly support the idea that lipid rafts play an important role in sorting and delivery of lipid and protein cargo to the plasma membrane. Finally, we found that the envelopes of vesicular stomatitis virus and Semliki forest virus assert little specificity in the incorporation of lipids from the plasma membrane. This weak specificity seems to be related to a combination of virus lipid bilayer asymmetry and curvature.
93

Identification d’un double rôle de l’E3-Ubiquitine ligase Mindbomb au cours de la morphogénèse du tube neural du poisson zèbre / Identification of a dual role of the E3-ubiquitin ligase Mindbomb in the zebrafish neural tube morphogenesis

Sharma, Priyanka 14 October 2015 (has links)
Au cours de ce projet de thèse, j’ai étudié le lien fonctionnel entre la morphogénèse épithéliale et la signalisation Delta-Notch, dans le cadre de la formation du tube neural chez le poisson-zèbre. La signalisation Delta-Notch est primordiale pour le développement embryonnaire et le maintien de l’homéostasie des tissus adultes. De façon inattendue, j’ai observé suite à la perte-de-fonction de Mib une perte de la polarité apico-basale dans le neuro-épithélium de la moelle épinière embryonnaire. L’analyse plus poussée de ce phénotype m’a ensuite permis de montrer que l’activité de l’intégralité de la signalisation Notch est requise pour l’établissement de la polarité apico-basale dans le tube neural de poisson-zèbre. En effet, l’inhibition des ligands de Notch et des activateurs transcriptionnels situés en aval, Rbpja et Rbpjb, résulte en l’interruption de la polarité apico-basale. De plus, l’activation ectopique de Notch entraîne un sauvetage complet de la polarité apico-basale dans les embryons déplétés pour Mib. Finalement, le mutant Mib échoue à activer la transcription de protéines de polarité apicale Crumbs1 et Crumbs2a au cours de la formation du tube neural, ce qui suggèrerait que la signalisation Notch agit en amont des complexes de polarité. De façon surprenante, nous avons également montré que le composant de la signalisation Notch, Mib, affecte les mouvements de convergence-extension et la division cellulaire orientée, appelée C-divisions, durant la neurulation et la gastrulation à travers la signalisation PCP. Cet effet de Mib sur la PCP est indépendant de son rôle sur la signalisation Notch. Généralement, cette étude révèle un double-rôle de Mib. / In this Ph.D. project, I study the functional link between epithelial polarity and Delta-Notch signaling in the context of zebrafish neural tube morphogenesis. Notch signaling, one of the major signaling pathways and of prime importance in neurogenesis, has been widely studied for its function in cell fate specifications. Surprisingly, I found that the Notch signaling component Mindbomb (Mib) loss-of-function led to a loss of apico-basal polarity in the neuroepithelium of the embryonic spinal cord. I further explored that the activity of the entire Notch signaling pathway is actually required for the earliest steps of establishment of apico-basal polarity in the zebrafish neural tube. Indeed, inhibition of Notch ligands and downstream transcriptional activators Rbpja and Rbpjb resulted in a disruption of apico-basal polarity. Moreover, ectopic activation of Notch ensued to a complete rescue of apico-basal polarity in Mib loss of function embryos. Furthermore, Mib mutant embryos fail to upregulate the transcription of the apical polarity proteins Crumbs1 and Crumbs2a in the course of neural tube formation, suggesting that Notch signalling might act upstream of polarity complexes. Moreover, I found that Mib affects convergent-extension movements and oriented cell divisions during neurulation and gastrulation through an effect on planar cell polarity. Remarkably, this effect of Mib on PCP is independent of its role in Notch signaling. These results indicate a novel role of Mib in the regulation of PCP signaling. Altogether, this study revealed a dual role of Mib in the epithelial morphogenesis of the zebrafish neural tube.
94

Analysis of Cell Polarity Signaling in <em>C. elegans</em>: A Dissertation

Rocheleau, Christian Ernest 03 December 1999 (has links)
During embryonic development of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, cell fates are specified by asymmetric segregation of cell fate determinants and via cell-cell signaling events. Specification of the eight-cell stage blastomere E, the endoderm progenitor cell, requires both cell signaling and asymmetric cell division. At the four-cell stage, a polarity-inducing signal from the P2 cell is required for the EMS cell to divide asymmetrically to produce an anterior daughter MS, and posterior daughter E. In the absence of signal, the EMS cell divides symmetrically to produce two daughters that adopt the MS fate. This thesis describes the identification and analyses of seven genes required to tranduce this polarity-inducing signal and specify endoderm formation. The mom-1, mom-2, mom-5, apr-1, and wrm-1 genes are homologous to components of the Wnt/Wingless signal transduction pathway, and the mom-4, and lit-1 genes are related to components of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. Biochemical analysis of these signaling molecules reveal a novel convergence of these pathways at the level of the LIT-1 and WRM-1 proteins, which appear to function as a kinase complex and are required for the downregulation of POP-1. Together these genes constitute components of a complex genetic pathway required for specification of the E cell fate.
95

Specific roles of epithelial integrins in chemical and physical sensing of the extracellular matrix to regulate cell shape and polarity

Myllymäki, S.-M. (Satu-Marja) 21 September 2015 (has links)
Abstract Integrins are a large family of &#945;&#946;-heterodimeric cell adhesion receptors of which the cell type specific expression defines the extracellular matrix (ECM) binding properties of different adherent cell types. In addition to various growth factors and their receptors, epithelial morphogenesis is also executed by dynamic changes in the chemical composition and physical properties of the ECM that controls the shape and behavior of the associated cells via integrin mediated adhesion and signalling. Epithelial cell polarity and contractility are central mechanisms of epithelial shape determination and are established upon spatially, mechanically and chemically sensitive integrin signals of the microenvironment. The functional hierarchy between different integrin heterodimers and their ECM ligands in organizing these tasks has not been systematically addressed. In order to study the relative roles of different integrins, we set up a loss-of-function screen of co-expressed integrin subunits in the Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cell line. By analyzing MDCK cystogenesis in three-dimensional (3D) ECMs, we were able to establish a model of how epithelial polarity is organized: cell adhesion either by &#945;2&#946;1- or &#945;6&#946;4-integrins defines the orientation of cell polarity and coordinated functions of &#945;2&#946;1- and &#945;3&#946;1-integrins mediate the establishment of epithelial lumens via cavitation and hollowing, respectively. By analyzing the spreading of MDCK cells, we established that epithelial cell contractility is based on synergistic functions of &#946;1-integrins that mediate cell adhesion and &#945;V-integrins that facilitate ECM rigidity sensing. We also discovered that the hemidesmosomal integrin &#945;6 and integrin &#946;4 did not require heterodimerization to be transported to the plasma membrane (PM) and that integrin &#946;4 may support laminin assembly to the basement membrane (BM) independently of integrin &#945;6. / Tiivistelmä Integriinit ovat suuri molekyyliperhe &#945;&#946;-heterodimeerisiä adheesioreseptoreja. Integriinit ilmentyvät eri tavoin eri solutyypeissä, ja tämä säätelee sitä, miten solut tarttuvat ja reagoivat erilaisiin soluväliaineisiin. Tällä tavalla integriinit ja soluväliaine osallistuvat myös epiteelimorfogeneesiin lukuisten kasvutekijöiden ja niiden reseptoreiden lisäksi. Epiteelimorfogeneesissä etenkin solujen polarisaatio ja solujen supistuminen ovat tärkeitä tapahtumia, joiden ohjaukseen integriinit ja soluväliaine osallistuvat. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää eri integriinien ja niiden soluväliaineligandien toiminnallista hierarkiaa epiteelimorfogeneesissä, etenkin solujen polarisaatiossa ja supistumisessa. Integriinien keskinäisten roolien selvittämiseksi hiljensimme ilmentyvät integriinialayksiköt yksitellen munuaisen epiteelisolulinjasta RNA-häirinnän avulla. Mallina epiteelimorfogeneesille käytimme hyväksi munuaisepiteelisolujen kykyä muodostaa rakkularakenteita kolmiulotteisessa soluväliaineessa viljeltyinä. Näitä rakenteita analysoimalla pystyimme muodostamaan mallin siitä, miten polarisoitunut epiteelirakenne organisoituu: &#945;2&#946;1- tai &#945;6&#946;4-integriinien välittämä adheesio tarvitaan solujen polariteetin orientoimiseen ja &#945;2&#946;1- ja &#945;3&#946;1-integriinien yhteistoiminta tarvitaan epiteelisen rakkulan tyhjän sisäosan muodostumiseen, joko apoptoosin tai polarisoituneen kalvokuljetuksen kautta. Tutkimalla solujen levittäytymistä jäykälle kaksiulotteiselle alustalle pystyimme määrittämään, että epiteelisolun supistuminen pohjautuu &#946;1-integriinien välittämän adheesion ja &#945;V-integriinien välittämän väliaineen jäykkyyttä aistivien signaalien yhteistoimintaan. Havaitsimme myös, että hemidesmosomaalisten integriinien &#945;6 ja &#946;4 sekretioon ei tarvittu näiden keskinäistä heterodimerisaatiota ja integriini &#946;4:llä saattaa olla integriini &#945;6:sta riippumaton rooli laminiinin kokoamisessa tyvikalvoon.
96

Molecular Regulation of Muscle Stem Cell Self-Renewal

Wang, Yu Xin January 2016 (has links)
Muscle stem cells self-renew to maintain the long-term capacity for skeletal muscles to regenerate. However, the homeostatic regulation of muscle stem cell self-renewal is poorly understood. By utilizing high-throughput screening and transcriptomic approaches, we identify the critical function of dystrophin, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and fibronectin in the establishment of cell polarity and in determining symmetric and asymmetric modes of muscle stem cell self-renewal. These findings reveal an orchestrated network of paracrine signaling that regulate muscle stem cell homeostasis during regeneration and have profound implications for the pathogenesis and development of therapies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
97

Rôle du complexe rétromère dans la polarité cellulaire chez Arabidopsis thaliana / Role of the retromer complex in cell polarity in Arabidopsis thaliana

Pietrozotto, Sara 08 November 2011 (has links)
Le rétromère est un complexe multiprotéique qui régule le trafic intracellulaire et qui est conservé chez les eucaryotes. Chez la levure et les animaux, le complexe rétromère est impliqué dans le recyclage des régulateurs de la polarité cellulaire. Chez Arabidopsis thaliana, les travaux de notre équipe ont démontré que ce complexe est requis pour la localisation polaire des transporteurs d’auxine de la famille PIN. Au cours de mon travail de thèse, j’ai approfondi la caractérisation de la fonction du composant AtVPS29 du rétromère et démontré son rôle dans la régulation de la croissance cellulaire polarisée et dans la polarité planaire chez la plante modèle Arabidopsis thaliana. Les mutants perte de fonction vps29 présentent des défauts de croissance polaire des tubes polliniques et des poils absorbants, et également des défauts de morphogenèse des cellules épidermiques des cotylédons. Les petites GTPases ROP (Rho-Of-Plant) sont les régulateurs majeurs de la polarité cellulaire chez les plantes. ROP1 est requis pour la croissance du tube pollinique, et ROP2 pour la morphogenèse des poils absorbants et des cellules épidermiques des cotylédons. Le travail décrit ici est destiné à comprendre les liens fonctionnels et moléculaires entre AtVPS29 et les protéines ROP. Mes résultats suggèrent que l’activité de ROP2 est dépendante de VPS29. J’ai également établi que VPS29 était nécessaire pour assurer la localisation subcellulaire de ROP1 et de ROP2. Chez les mutants vps29, l’analyse de la voie de signalisation ROP2 suggère que l’activité de ROP2 est fortement dérégulée. Ainsi, nos données montrent que le complexe rétromère de plante régule le trafic membranaire des protéines ROP, assurant la localisation de leur activité dans les bons territoires cellulaires, et in fine, la croissance polaire des cellules. Ces données suggèrent que le complexe rétromère de plante pourrait réguler la formation et/ou le maintien de la polarité chez différents types de cellules végétales. Ils soulignent également l’importance du trafic endocytique dans la régulation de la polarité cellulaire chez les plantes. / The retromer complex is a coat pentameric complex, strongly conserved among eukaryotes and involved in intracellular trafficking. In yeast and animals, the retromer complex participates in the polar targeting of regulators of cell polarity. Our group has previously shown that the retromer is required for the polar localization of auxin carrier proteins of the PIN-FORMED (PIN) family in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here, I demonstrate that the plant retromer component AtVPS29 regulates cell polarity, with a specific focus on polar cell growth and planar cell polarity in the model plant A. thaliana. Null vps29 mutants display defects in both pollen tube and root hair tip growth, as well as in the diffuse polar growth of epidermal pavement cells. Rho-of-plant (ROP) small GTPases are master regulators of cell polarity in plants. ROP1 is required for pollen tube growth, while ROP2 coordinates root hair and pavement cell morphogenesis. The aim of my work was focused on the functional and the molecular links between the AtVPS29 and ROP proteins. My results indicate that ROP2 signaling activity is VPS29-dependent in root hairs and in pavement cells. They also suggest that VPS29 is required for the proper localization of ROP1 and ROP2. The analysis of ROP2 signaling pathway in the vps29 mutant, suggest that ROP2 activity is completely deregulated in the absence of VPS29. Altogether, my data indicate that the plant retromer mediates ROP membrane trafficking to allow the proper localization of its activity, a prerequisite for cell polar growth. These findings suggest that the plant retromer might regulate maintenance and/or establishment of cell polarity in various cell types and further emphasize the importance of endocytic recycling in the regulation of polarity in plants.
98

Contrôle spatio-temporel de la croissance filamenteuse chez Candida albicans / Temporal and spatial control of fungal filamentous growth in Candida albicans

Silva, Patricia Maria de Oliveira e 22 May 2018 (has links)
Candida albicans est un pathogène fongique opportuniste de l’Homme, qui peut causer des infections superficielles mais aussi systémiques chez les patients immunodéprimés. Sa virulence est associée à sa capacité de changer d’une forme bourgeonnante à une forme hyphale. La petite GTPase de type Rho, Cdc42, est critique pour la croissance filamenteuse et, sous forme activée, sa localisation est restreinte à l’extrémité des hyphes. J’ai utilisé un système photoactivable, constitué des domaines d’Arabidopsis thaliana Cry2PHR-CibN, pour contrôler le recrutement de Cdc42 constitutivement actif à la membrane plasmique. J'ai déterminé comment le photo-recrutement de Cdc42 constitutivement actif perturbe la croissance filamenteuse et où, quand et comment une nouvelle croissance filamenteuse est ré-initiée. Mes résultats démontrent que, lors du photo-recrutement de Cdc42 constitutivement actif, l'extension du filament cesse puis un nouveau site de croissance s’établit dans la cellule. La localisation de ce nouveau site de croissance est corrélée à la longueur du filament. J'ai étudié les mécanismes moléculaires qui sous-tendent le désassemblage du site de croissance initial et l'emplacement spécifique du nouveau site de croissance filamenteuse. Dans les hyphes en croissance, un «cluster» de vésicules, appelé Spitzenkörper, est localisé à l'extrémité du filament. Lors du photo-recrutement de Cdc42 constitutivement actif, un nouveau «cluster» de vésicules, de composition similaire à celui du Spitzenkörper initial, apparaît dans la cellule mère. J'ai suivi la dynamique du Spitzenkörper et la localisation de Cdc42 sous forme activée, des sites d'endocytose, des vésicules de sécrétion et des câbles d’actine suite à la perturbation du site de croissance initial dans le filament. Dans l’ensemble, mes résultats indiquent qu'il existe une compétition pour la croissance entre le Spitzenkörper et le «cluster» de vésicules qui se forme immédiatement après le photo-recrutement de Cdc42 constitutivement actif et qu'un axe de polarité dynamique peut être établi en l'absence de croissance directionnelle. / Candida albicans is a fungal human pathogen that can cause life-threatening infections in immunocompromised patients, in part, due to its ability to switch between an oval budding form and a filamentous hyphal form. The small-Rho GTPase Cdc42 is crucial for filamentous growth and, in its active form, localizes as a tight cluster at the tips of growing hyphae. I have used a light-activated membrane recruitment system comprised of the Arabidopsis thaliana Cry2PHR-CibN domains to control the recruitment of constitutively active Cdc42 to the plasma membrane. I have determined how photorecruitment of constitutively active Cdc42 perturbs filamentous growth and where, when and how new filamentous growth is subsequently initiated. My results demonstrate that, upon photorecruitment of constitutively active Cdc42, filament extension is abrogated and a new growth site can be established in the cell. Location of a new filamentous growth site correlates with the length of the initial filament. I have investigated the molecular mechanisms that underlie the disassembly of an initial growth site and the specific location of the new filamentous growth site. In growing hyphae a cluster of vesicles, referred to as a Spitzenkörper, is localized at the tip of the filament. Upon photorecruitment of constitutively active Cdc42, a new cluster of vesicles, with a composition similar to that of the initial Spitzenkörper, appears in the mother cell. I have followed the dynamics of the Spitzenkörper, active Cdc42, sites of endocytosis, secretory vesicles and actin cables subsequent to disruption of the initial growth site in the filament. Taken together, my results suggest that there is competition for growth between the Spitzenkörper and the cluster of vesicles that forms immediately after the photorecruitment of constitutively active Cdc42 and that a dynamic polarity axis can be established in the absence of directional growth.
99

Dissection moléculaire des étapes précoces de l'interaction méningocoque/cellules endothéliales humaines

Maïssa, Nawal 20 November 2014 (has links)
Neisseria meningitidis, ou méningocoque, est une bactérie responsable de méningites et de septicémies, dont la forme la plus grave, purpura fulminans, est souvent fatale. Cette bactérie, qui réside naturellement dans le rhinopharynx de l’Homme, est pathogène lorsqu’elle atteint la circulation sanguine et entre en contact avec les cellules endothéliales. L’établissement d’une interaction étroite entre le méningocoque et les cellules endothéliales est essentiel à la résistance des bactéries au flux sanguin et à la colonisation vasculaire. Cette interaction peut conduire à une désorganisation massive des endothéliums périphériques et cérébraux permettant la dissémination de la bactérie. Ces processus dépendent de la primo-interaction des pili de type IV du méningocoque avec le récepteur endothélial CD147 et de l’activation du récepteur β2-adrénergique (β2AR). L’activation de voies de signalisation en aval du β2AR dans les cellules hôtes permet l’adhérence efficace et intime des bactéries à la surface des cellules endothéliales. Toutefois, comment les récepteurs CD147 et β2AR coopèrent pour promouvoir une interaction initiale efficace et rapide n’était pas connu. Au cours de ma thèse, j’ai donc analysé les éventuelles interactions et liens fonctionnels existants entre les récepteurs CD147 et β2AR et suivi, à l’aide de nouvelles approches d’imagerie à haute résolution, leur organisation moléculaire aux sites de contact bactéries/cellule. Mes travaux ont permis de révéler l’existence d’une interaction fonctionnelle entre les récepteurs CD147 et β2AR, et d’identifier un nouveau partenaire cytosolique interagissant directement avec ces récepteurs, l’α-actinine4 (Actn4). L’expression de l’Actn4 est requise pour l’assemblage organisé de ces récepteurs en complexes multimoléculaires aux sites de contact bactéries/cellule endothéliale. Cette organisation est déterminante pour générer une force suffisante à l’interaction initiale du méningocoque aux cellules endothéliales, et promouvoir l’activation rapide des voies de signalisation nécessaires à la consolidation de cette interaction. L’infection des cellules endothéliales par le méningocoque s’accompagne de la désorganisation des jonctions intercellulaires et l’ouverture d’une voie paracellulaire favorisant la dissémination tissulaire des bactéries. Ces évènements dépendent de l’activation de la petite GTPase Cdc42 et, en aval, de la relocalisation du complexe de polarité Par3/Par6/aPKC au site d’adhérence bactérien. Ce complexe moléculaire très conservé est impliqué dans la mise en place de la polarité baso-apicale des cellules endothéliales. La perte de la polarité cellulaire constituant un élément déterminant de la perte de l’intégrité vasculaire, dans une seconde partie de ma thèse, j’ai donc entrepris une analyse des événements de signalisation précoces conduisant au remodelage de l’organisation apico-basale des cellules endothéliales par N. meningitidis. Mes travaux montrent que rapidement après adhésion aux cellules endothéliales, le méningocoque induit la ré-orientation de l’axe de polarité noyau-centrosome des cellules en direction des bactéries et mettant en jeu un mécanisme original indépendant de l’activation de Cdc42 par le β2AR. Le recrutement des ERM (Ezrine et Moesin) et la polymérisation d’actine corticale au site d’infection semblent constituer des facteurs clé de cette étape précoce de modification de la polarité endothéliale induite par le méningocoque. Ainsi, ces études ont permis une avancée majeure dans notre compréhension du mécanisme d’adhésion du méningocoque aux cellules endothéliales et des événements moléculaires précoces conduisant à l’altération de l’intégrité vasculaire, deux étapes clés au cœur de la pathogénèse des infections invasives à méningocoque. / Neisseria meningitidis or meningococcus is a commensal bacterium of the human nasopharynx responsible for septicemia and meningitis. Establishment of a close interaction between meningococcus and endothelial cells is an important step in meningococcal pathogenesis as it promotes bacterial resistance to blood flow and vascular colonization, leading to major endothelial dysfunctions and bacterial dissemination into perivascular tissues. This process depends on the interaction of meningococcal type IV pili with the endothelial receptor CD147 and the activation of the β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR). Activation of a cellular response downstream of β2AR activation is important to allow the efficient adhesion of meningococci at the endothelial cell surface. However, how CD147 and the β2AR cooperate to promote a rapid and efficient initial adhesion remained to be explored. During my thesis, I have analyzed the interaction and the functional link between these two receptors and, using super resolution microscopy, I have investigated their molecular organization at sites of bacterial adhesion. My work revealed a functional interaction in cis between CD147 and the β2AR and binding of these receptors complexes to the molecular scaffold protein α-actinin 4 (Actn4). Actn4 expression is required for the organized assembly of these receptors in highly-ordered complexes at bacterial adhesion sites. This specific organization is decisive to provide a sufficient binding strength of meningococcal type IV pili with endothelial receptors and to promote a rapid activation of downstream signaling events in a short time frame. Endothelial cell infection by N. meningitidis is associated with the disruption of intercellular junctions and the opening of a paracellular route favoring bacterial dissemination into tissues. These events are dependent on Cdc42 activation and on the relocalization of the Par3/Par6/aPKC polarity complex at bacterial adhesion sites. This molecular complex is conserved and involved in baso-apical polarity establishment in endothelial cells. Since endothelial polarity is essential in maintaining junction integrity, in a second part of my thesis work I have analyzed the early signaling events triggered by meningococcal infection with a particular emphasis on endothelial cell polarity modifications. I observed that bacterial adhesion rapidly induced a re-orientation of the nucleus-centrosome axis toward bacterial adhesion sites. Unexpectedly, this re-orientation was independent of Cdc42 activation downstream of the β2AR. In place, the ERM proteins (Ezrin and Moesin), along with cortical actin polymerization seem to be key factors in this process. This work contributes to the understanding of the meningococcal adhesion mechanism to endothelial cells and the early molecular events leading to the loss of vascular integrity. These two key steps are very important in the meningococcal pathogenesis.
100

Konvenční a nové funkce rostlinného komplexu exocyst / Conventional and Novel Functions of the Exocyst Complex in Plants

Kulich, Ivan January 2013 (has links)
Exocyst is an octameric protein complex, conserved across all Eukaryotes. Its role, originally described in yeast, resides in a tethering of the secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane prior to the membrane fusion of the two membranes. Subunits SEC3 and EXO70 are believed to be spatial landmarks for the vesicles delivery. While yeast genome encodes single EXO70, we find dozens of them in land plants (23 in Arabidopsis). This work is focused at a role of the exocyst complex in plant cells. Its first part documents, that exocyst is essential for delivery of the cell wall components, namely pectins, but also for pathogen induced secondary cell wall thickening. Second part reveals an unconventional role of EXO70B1 subunit harboring exocyst subcomplex at an autophagic pathway to the vacuole and raises many questions about plant secretory pathway.

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