China's Songhua River water pollution incident in question, by the world's attention, let the public know the problem of water pollution in China has severe course. Looking at the causes of water pollution in China may be economic development and the relationship between the two central terms. Brought about by rapid economic development of industrialization, urbanization and agricultural pollution makes water pollution from urban expansion in China to rural areas. In addition the central government and local governments in environmental protection and economic aspects had many differences that have made the central environmental protection policies are not correctly implemented at the local, for water pollution control is full of challenges. Therefore, this paper describes in detail the causes of China's water pollution problems and water resources are unevenly distributed in the central and local relations to be discussed by the conflicts, and then from the Songhua incident, China's environmental system, resulting in the evolution and development.

在毛澤東的極權主義政權之下，中共的中央與地方關係經過不斷地改變過程。不過，雖然經過「大躍進」和「文化大革命」時期的權力下放和中間的收權，中共的中央與地放一直屬於上傳下達的隸屬關係。到鄧小平時代，中共推動經濟改革政策，為了成功地實行經濟改革，在多方面採取權力下放的措施。其中最重要的措施是「放權讓利」的財政體制改革和計劃體制改革。其結果，在很多方面獲得成功，且給地方很大的自主性。不過也有負面的現象，而且這些現象成為阻礙經濟改革的主要素。其中明現的現象是「地方保護主義」、「諸侯經濟」等的現象。地方保護主義是指從狹隘的局部利益出發，採取不合理的干預手段和措施，人為地製造障礙、限制、封鎖區際間相互貿易，割裂區際間資源技術、市場等的經濟聯繫。地方保護主義對中央與地方關係的影響深大。地方的自主性擴大導致地方主義之抬頭，影響到中央宏觀調控能力之弱化。因此中共中央採取整頓措施，不過這些整頓措施反而阻礙經濟改革的速度，而且遭到地方的抵制與反抗。中共十四大以後提出「社會主義市場經濟」的概念，加強經濟改革的速度，中央與地方關係也隨著待重構。