(1) Reliable measures of population abundance are essential for managing wildlife effectively. Aerial surveys provide a rapid and efficient means of surveying large mammals and many techniques have been developed to adjust for the inability to count all animals within transects. The probability of detection varies according to a range of factors which are important to consider when estimating density. Standardised survey methods developed in flat country are not readily transferable to steep terrain due to safety, access and difficulties delineating transect widths. Other methods have logistic constraints and must adhere to various other assumptions. (2) Density estimators are seldom examined using actual population size, hence their ability to correct for true bias is unknown. Studies that compare techniques are difficult to interpret because of the uncertainty of adherence to their respective assumptions. Factors influencing detection probability, estimators that correct for bias, the validity of their assumptions and how these relate to true density are important considerations for selecting suitable methods. The aim of this study was to obtain accurate and reliable methods for estimating the density of feral goats by improving predictions of detection probability, investigating the assumptions of aerial surveys, and examining the accuracy of 15 density estimators by comparing with total counts of feral goats. (3) Group size, vegetation and observer were the most important factors influencing the probability of observing a group of goats during aerial surveys. However, different approaches to analysing these data influenced the significance of variables and the predicted probabilities. Goat colour, type of helicopter, site and rear observer experience in hours were also found to be significant (P<0.05) when using likelihood equations based on all animals in the population rather than only those in the sample. The slope of the terrain was also shown to significantly (P=0.014) affect the probability of detection. (4) Indices are commonly used in wildlife management for their simplicity and practicality, but their validity has been questioned because of variable probability of detection. Results of this study suggest aerial survey indices are useful in monitoring a range of medium-sized mammal species across space and time if differences in detection probability between species, group size, vegetation and observer are considered and their effects are standardised. (5) An assumption of most sampling regimes that is fundamental but rarely examined is that animals are not counted more than once. In this study the behavioural responses of feral goats to helicopters were investigated as a basis for estimating the probability that goats were recounted. No long-term consequences were evident in feral goat behaviour of responses to helicopters. However, helicopter surveys were found to alter the structure of 42% of groups observed, with 28% of groups merging with others and 14% splitting into separate groups. Therefore, group size estimated from the air should not be considered as biologically important, and when estimating density, researchers should also avoid using group sizes determined from independent ground observations to correct group sizes determined from aerial surveys. Goats were also more likely to flush further when helicopters were within 150 m, which is close to or within standard helicopter strip widths. Substantial movement occurred between transects and 21% of goats were estimated to be available for recounting in adjacent transects. (6) Different detection probabilities between groups of goats may be particularly relevant when using double-counting, where multiple observers are �capturing� and �recapturing� animals in the same instant. Many analyses test and adjust for this �unequal catchability� assumption in different ways, with the approaches of Huggins and Alho allowing prediction of unique probability values for a range of co-variates. The approach of Chao attempts to correct for skewed distributions in small samples. The Horvitz-Thompson approach provides a useful basis for estimating abundance (or density) when detection probability can be estimated and is known to vary between observations according to a range of independent variables, and also avoids errors associated with averaging group size. (7) After correcting for recounting, the Alho estimator applied to helicopter surveys was the most accurate (Bias = 0.02) and reliable of all techniques, which suggests that estimates were improved by taking into account unconditional detection probability and correcting individual observations according to their characteristics. The positive bias evident in the Chao (Bias = 0.28) and Petersen (Bias = 0.15) aerial survey estimators may have been a result of averaging detection probability across all observations. The inconsistency and inaccuracy of the ground-based area-count technique emphasises the importance of other assumptions in density estimation, such as representative sampling and availability bias. The accuracy of index-manipulation-index techniques was dependent on the indices used. Capture-recapture estimates using mustering showed slight negative bias (Bias = -0.08), which was likely a result of increased probability of re-capture (i.e. trap happy). Ground-based capture-resight estimates were labour intensive and positively biased (Bias = 0.13), likely due to underestimating the area sampled, or overestimating the number of unmarked individuals with each sample. (8) Helicopter survey using double-counting is recommended for estimating the density of feral goats in steep terrain. However, consideration of recounting under intensive sampling regimes and adjustments for the factors that influence unconditional detection probability is required.

川邊，乃四川之邊，其含義可分狹義與廣義兩種，狹義的川邊指的是寧靜山以東至四川邊界，而廣義的川邊指的則包含藏人所稱的「康」部，即丹達山以東至四川邊界皆可稱為川邊。 　　由於川邊的地理位置，使得川邊成為內地中央朝廷經營西藏的重要中間地帶，又由於境內山高水深、地形複雜，致使內地中央朝廷不得不以土司制度加以遙制。十八世紀以後，西方勢力不斷滲入中國，川邊土司制度變得非常不合時宜，改變川邊體制，將其納入中央政府直接管轄，成為當務之急。光緒三十一年(1905)，駐藏幫辦大臣鳳全於入藏途中被殺，在此背景之下，趙爾豐被委以勘亂任務，率兵進駐川邊，自此展開其為期七年的積烈改革。 　　本論文除前言與結語外，計分四章十二節敘述。前言部份敘述研究動機、研究範圍、研究限制、研究方法及檔案介紹。第一章從川邊的歷史及地理說起，分為兩節，說明川邊的自然環境、社會民情，並以內地中央王朝的更迭為時代分際，說明歷代的川邊歷史並兼述與內地的關係。第二章為川邊特別行政區的設置，分為三節，第一節敘述川邊特別行政區設置的背景，第二節討論川邊特別行政區設置的近因～巴塘事件，第三節說明趙爾豐與川滇邊務大臣的設置。第三章為趙爾豐與川邊土司改土歸流，本章依趙爾豐改土歸流的順序分成四節，第一節﹕康南地區的改土歸流(1905～1907)﹔第二節﹕康北地區的改土歸流(1908～1909)﹔第三節﹕金沙江西岸的改土歸流(1909～1910)﹔第四節﹕康東地區的改土歸流(1911～)。第四章討論趙爾豐對川邊的建設，計分三節，第一節說明趙爾豐的政治改革，底下細分為地方行政的改革、對土司、寺廟的限制及其他三個單元。節二節討論趙爾豐的經濟建設，並分成財務、墾務、礦業、手工業、商務、交通等單元。第三節說明趙爾豐的社會改革，分成教育、醫藥衛生、風俗習慣等個三單元。 　　趙爾豐七年的川邊經營，對長期處於閉塞的川邊地區而言，產生極大的衝擊，其保護國家領土完整的初衷順利達成，而對於川邊的經濟、社會所產生的影響則直至現代。

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Princeton University, 1990. / Photocopy does not include plates. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 349-376).

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京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23165号 / 工博第4809号 / 新制||工||1752(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 立川 康人, 准教授 市川 温, 教授 田中 茂信 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18555号 / 工博第3916号 / 新制||工||1602(附属図書館) / 31455 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 立川 康人, 教授 戸田 圭一, 准教授 KIM Sunmin / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

La experiencia de desarrollo local expresado en el fortalecimiento del capital social a partir del emprendimiento agrícola en el C.P.M. Tanguche, Distrito de Chao, Provincia de Virú, Región La Libertad, se torna de interés de estudio dado que es una nueva experiencia de emprendimiento, si bien es cierto La Región La Libertad se constituye como uno de las regiones con mayor producción agrícola, también es una de las regiones que poseen índices de pobreza significativos, en sus tres regiones costa, sierra y selva. La experiencia la conforman 130 agricultores vinculados al emprendimiento agrícola a través de una Asociación, de las 172 familias que habitan el CP.M. Tanguche. La investigación por un lado será de tipo descriptiva y favorecerá la comprensión del proceso de gestación, implementación, hitos, logros y cambios que son centrales en la experiencia. Por otro lado, el estudio será de tipo cualitativo; y se ha considerado el estudio bajo cuatro dimensiones, la primera que es la reconstrucción histórica, la segunda que aborda el emprendimiento agrícola, la tercera que refiere el fortalecimiento del capital social y una última resultante del trabajo de campo orientada a la formalización. El interés de estudiar los procesos de este emprendimiento radica en que la experiencia proviene de la misma población voluntariamente organizada en razón a potenciar su actividad principal haciendo uso de sus propios recursos (naturales, económicos, humanos, etc), a lo que se suma el involucramiento privado y en menor proporción la participación pública.Los logros claros a la fecha es el pase de una agricultura de subsistencia a una agricultura de desarrollo poblacional que consolida un sistema de redes expreso directamente en la comercialización no sólo al interior sino también al exterior del país. También la experiencia ha permitido monitorear con mayor énfasis la salud de los agricultores, así como al cuidado del medio ambiente principalmente el suelo y el agua, y la formación e identificación de líderes quienes a través de la asociación no sólo perfilan ideas para la agricultura sino también para el desarrollo de otras aspectos comunitarios, entre otros. Así la investigación se ha orientado al estudio y la promoción del desarrollo económico local y el desarrollo territorial, donde la unidad de actuación es el territorio y no la empresa, y en algún caso ambos actuando bajo un sistema de redes que favorezca el desarrollo en sus dimensiones económico, humano, socioinstitucional, político y ambiental, es decir un desarrollo integrado, y es que los desafíos de la gerencia social está en responder a las demandas sociales inmersas en un mundo globalizado, para reducir las brechas de desigualdad y de pobreza. / The experience of local development expressed in the strengthening of social capital from agricultural entrepreneurship in the C.P.M. Tanguche, Chao District, Virú Province, La Libertad Region, becomes a study interest given that it is a new entrepreneurial experience, although it is true La Libertad Region is one of the regions with the highest agricultural production, It is one of the regions that have significant poverty rates, in its three coastal regions, mountains and jungle. The experience is made up of 130 farmers linked to agricultural entrepreneurship through an Association, of the 172 families that inhabit the CP.M. Tanguche. The research on the one hand will be descriptive and will promote the understanding of the process of gestation, implementation, milestones, achievements and changes that are central to the experience. On the other hand, the study will be qualitative; and the study has been considered under four dimensions, the first one being the historical reconstruction, the second one that approaches the agricultural entrepreneurship, the third one that refers the strengthening of the social capital and the last one resulting from the field work oriented to the formalization. The interest of studying the processes of this venture lies in the fact that the experience comes from the same population voluntarily organized in order to enhance its main activity by making use of its own resources (natural, economic, human, etc.), to which is added the private involvement and to a lesser extent public participation. The clear achievements to date are the shift from a subsistence agriculture to a population development agriculture that consolidates a system of networks directly expressed in marketing not only to the interior but also to the exterior of the country. Also the experience has allowed to monitor with greater emphasis the health of the farmers, as well as the care of the environment mainly the soil and the water, and the formation and identification of leaders who through the association not only outline ideas for agriculture but also for the development of other community aspects, among others. Thus, research has focused on the study and promotion of local economic development and territorial development, where the unit of action is the territory and not the company, and in some cases both acting under a network system that favors development in its economic, human, socio-institutional, political and environmental dimensions, that is, an integrated development, and that is the challenges of social management is to respond to social demands immersed in a globalized world, to reduce the gaps of inequality and poverty . / Tesis

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第22760号 / 工博第4759号 / 新制||工||1744(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 清水 芳久, 教授 田中 宏明, 教授 米田 稔 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

The orienteering problem is one of the newer problems in the field of discrete programming. The formulation of this problem originates from a sport discipline, called orienteering. In the beginning of this thesis a formulation and mathematical model for this problem are introduced. The extension of the problem is the team orienteering problem, described in the next chapters of theoretical part. Many heuristics were published for this problem. While the heuristic of Chao et al. and a path relinking approach are described in detail in this thesis. Practical part deals with the team orienteering problem applied to a real task, specifically a visiting of 23 attractions in the New York in different number of days. The solution is found by optimization program Lingo 90 and by heuristic of Chao el al. Heuristic algorithm was implemented in programming language Visual Basic for Application. A comparison of the results is described at the end of the practical part.