Les matériaux semi-conducteurs sont très utilisés, notamment dans le domaine de l'électronique. Pourtant leur fonctionnement intime reste mal connu du fait du manque de techniques de mesures directes de leur distributions de charges. Les distributions de charges, qui sont à la base des propriétés électriques du matériau, sont en effet encore déterminées à l'aide de modèles et de mesures électriques globales ou destructives. Ainsi les nouveaux matériaux, sans modèle éprouvé, sont difficiles à analyser.L'utilisation d'un couplage élasto-électrique local (méthode de l'onde de pression) permettrait de palier à ce problème et ainsi de faciliter l'analyse des nouveaux matériaux pour la micro-électronique. Ce couplage agit en effet directement sur les charges à mesurer de manière non destructive.Dans ce mémoire de thèse le couplage élasto-électrique est modélisé dans des structures à semi-conducteurs et des métaux. Le signal induit par la propagation d'une onde élastique est calculé analytiquement ou numériquement selon la situation de la structure testée. Les résultats analytiques et numériques sont validés par des mesures expérimentatales avec la méthode de l'onde de pression appliquée à différentes structures contenant des matériaux semi-conducteurs et des métaux en variant les paramètres de mesure. / Semiconductor materials are widely used in electronic industry but their electrical behaviour remains elusive due to a lack of direct space charge distribution measurement methods. Charge measurements in those materials are indeed still indirectly estimated through a model of the studied materials or destructively obtained. Therefore new semiconductor materials, without a good model, are very complex to analyse. This problem may be solved by using an elasto-electric coupling (pressure wave propagation method) to directly and non-destructively characterize electrical properties of semi-conductor structures. This coupling acts directly and non-destructively on the charges to be measured. In this thesis the elasto-electric coupling is modelled in semiconductor structures and metals. The signal induced by the propagation of an elastic wave in the structure is calculated analytically or numerically depending on the studied structure. Analytical and numerical results are validated by experimental results of the pressure wave propagation method applied to various semiconductor structures and metals by varying the measurement conditions.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur l'incorporation de charges minérales d'oxyde d'erbium, Er2O3, et d'oxyde de praséodyme, Pr6O11, dans une matrice polymère de type élastomère, ceci dans le cadre d'un projet industriel de remplacement du plomb dans des équipements de radioprotection. L'objet de cette thèse était d'améliorer la dispersion des charges au sein de la matrice par le biais de procédés de traitements chimiques de ces particules. Divers types de fonctionnalisations de surface ont été employés afin de compatibiliser celles-ci avec une matrice organique, notamment par greffage de composés de type acides phosphoniques. Plusieurs acides phosphoniques ont ainsi pu être utilisés avec succès pour la fonctionnalisation des deux types de charges. La caractérisation de ces différentes fonctionnalisations représente une part importante de ce projet. Des techniques d'analyse innovantes, aussi bien directes qu'indirectes ont été employées dans ce but, à savoir de la Py-GC/MS pour la détection des composés ancrés à la surface des charges, de la fluorescence X et de la spectroscopie infrarouge dans un objectif de quantification, mais aussi des études cinétiques de sédimentation des charges dans un milieu liquide organique. Finalement, des composites ont pu être obtenus par mélange des charges, traitées et non traitées, avec une matrice polyuréthane. Des essais de traction ont permis de montrer clairement une amélioration des propriétés mécaniques de certains des composites, grâce à la fonctionnalisation des charges par les acides phosphoniques. / This thesis focuses on the incorporation of mineral fillers of erbium oxide, Er2O3, and praseodymium oxide, Pr6O11, in an elastomeric polymer matrix, in the context of an industrial project to replace the lead in radiation protection equipment. The actual purpose of this thesis was to improve the dispersion of the fillers in the matrix through chemical treatment processes of these particles. Various types of surface functionalization were used to compatibilize them with an organic matrix, in particular by grafting compounds such as phosphonic acids. Hence, several phosphonic acids have been successfully used for the functionalization of both types of fillers. The characterization of these functionalizations is an important part of this project. Innovative analysis techniques, both direct and indirect have been used for this purpose, namely Py-GC/MS to detect the chemical compounds anchored to the surface of the fillers, X-ray fluorescence and FTIR spectroscopy with a quantification target, but also a study of sedimentation kinetics of the fillers in an organic medium. Finally, composites were obtained by mixing the fillers, untreated and treated, with a polyurethane matrix. Tensile tests have clearly shown an improvement of mechanical properties for some of the composites, due to the functionalization of the fillers by phosphonic acids.

Dans les industries automobile et aéronautique, les opérations de finition des pièces métalliques sont souvent réalisées avec des bandes abrasives ; on parle alors de « toilage ». Lors des opérations de toilage à sec des aciers, les conditions à l’interface entre l’outil abrasif et la pièce métallique usinée sont très sévères en termes de pression et de température. Un transfert métallique, communément appelé « chargement métallique » est observé à la surface des grains abrasifs en céramique de la bande abrasive, entrainant une chute de ses performances de coupe. L’objectif de ce travail est de comprendre ce phénomène de chargement métallique et notamment de mettre en évidence les paramètres l’influençant. L’effet de la nature des grains, de la nature des aciers ou encore de la présence de charges actives dans la bande abrasive ont donc été étudié. Une étude a donc été réalisée à différentes échelles : à l’échelle globale du contact bande abrasive / métal sur un dispositif industriel de toilage, puis à l’échelle plus locale du contact entre la céramique (du grain abrasif) et du métal, grâce à un dispositif tribologique adapté. Des caractérisations physico-chimiques par XPS (X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) et TEM-EDX (Transmission Electron Microscopy couplée avec la spectroscopie Energy Dispersive X-ray) des bandes abrasives ont également été réalisées. L’influence des charges actives, produits fluorés ajoutés à la résine de la bande abrasive, sur l’adhésion du métal sur le grain céramique a ainsi été mise en évidence, notamment dans le cas de l’acier inoxydable 304 où le chargement métallique a été fortement limité. Les mécanismes d’action de ces charges actives sont ensuite discutés. / In automotive and aeronautic industries, grinding operations can sometimes be done with abrasive belts. During dry metal grinding, conditions at the interface between the abrasive tool and the metal workpiece are very hard in terms of pressure and temperature. Metal transfer, known as “metal capping”, is observed at the surface of the abrasive ceramic grain inducing a drop in the cutting efficiency. The objective of this work is to understand this metal capping phenomenon and to highlight the parameters which have an influence on it. The effects of abrasive grain nature, metal nature or active filler presence in the abrasive belt are then studied. A study has been done at different scales: at the global scale of the abrasive belt / metal contact thanks to an industrial grinding test, and then at the more local scale of the contact between ceramic (from the abrasive grain) and metal, thanks to a suitable tribological device. Physicochemical characterizations by XPS (X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) and TEM-EDX (Transmission Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy) were carried out on worn abrasive belts. The influence of the active fillers – fluorinated products added in the resin of the abrasive belt – on metal adhesion on the ceramic grain was then observed, especially in the case of the 304 stainless steel grinding where metal capping was significantly reduced. Action mechanisms of these active fillers were finally discussed.

Intensive Care Units (ICUs) account for over 10 percent of all US hospital beds, have over 4.4 million patient admissions yearly, approximately 360,000 deaths, and account for close to 30% of acute care hospital costs. The need for critical care services has increased due to an aging population and medical advances that extend life. The result is efforts to improve patient outcomes, optimize financial performance, and implement models of ICU care that enhance quality of care and reduce health care costs. This retrospective chart review study examined the dose effect of APN Intensivists in a surgical intensive care unit (SICU) on differences in patient outcomes, healthcare charges, SICU length of stay, charges for APN intensivist services, and frequency of APNs special initiatives when the SICU was staffed by differing levels of APN Intensivist staffing over four time periods (T1-T4) between 2009 and 2011. The sample consisted of 816 randomly selected (204 per T1-T4) patient chart data. Study findings indicated reported ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) rates, ventilator days, catheter days and catheter associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) rates increased at T4 (when there was the lowest number of APN Intensivists), and there was increased pressure ulcer incidence in first two quarters of T4. There was no statistically significant difference in post-surgical glycemic control (M = 142.84, SD= 40.00), t (223) = 1.40, p = .17, and no statistically significant difference in the SICU length of stay among the time-periods (M= 3.27, SD = 3.32), t (202) = 1.02, p= .31. Charges for APN services increased over the 4 time periods from $11,268 at T1 to $51,727 at T4 when a system to capture APN billing was put into place. The number of new APN initiatives declined in T4 as the number of APN Intensivists declined. Study results suggest a dose effect of APN Intensivists on important patient health outcomes and on the number of APNs initiatives to prevent health complications in the SICU.

Aujourd’hui, l’accès à l’espace constitue un enjeu scientifique, technologique et politique d’importance. Il est primordial de pouvoir garantir le succès de la mise sur orbite des satellites pour un coût de transport minimal. Les lanceurs tels qu’Ariane 5 sont soumis à des fluctuations de pression pouvant induire des efforts instationnaires repris par les vérins du moteur Vulcain. Ces efforts s’exercent notamment dans la zone décollée du culot du lanceur normalement à l’axe de la poussée et sont qualifiés de charges latérales. Du point de vue de la simulation numérique, l’étape de discrétisation des éléments technologiques du lanceur rend la génération de maillages structurés particulièrement complexe. Cette constatation conduit à la présente étude. Dans le but d’évaluer l’influence des effets technologiques sur la prévision des charges latérales pour des configurations réalistes de lanceur, la thématique des frontières immergées est étudiée. L’objectif est de développer une stratégie numérique permettant d’accroître le niveau de complexité de la géométrie considérée tout en conservant la précision des résultats des études antérieures sur des configurations simplifiées. Cette stratégie s’inscrit dans le cadre de simulations numériques ZDES d’écoulements massivement décollés d’arrière-corps, à haut nombre de Reynolds et en régime compressible. Les capacités de la méthodologie développée sont évaluées sur des cas tests numériques canoniques avant d’être éprouvées sur des configurations simplifiées de lanceur. Enfin, l’effet de cette stratégie sur la prévision des charges latérales est étudié. / Nowadays, access to space has become a great issue in scientific, technological and political framework. It is essential to ensure the success of the placing of orbiting satellites with a minimal flight cost. Launchers, as the Ariane 5 space launcher, are subject to pressure fluctuations which can lead to unsteady loads on the actuators of the Vulcain engine. These loads occur especially in the separated zone of the launcher base flow and act normally to the thrust axis. They are referred to as side loads. From the numerical simulation perspective, the launcher technological elements discretization process makes the generation of structured mesh particularly difficult. The present study lies within such a framework. In order to assess the influence of the technological effects on the side loads prediction for realistic launcher configurations, immersed boundaries are studied. The aim is to develop a numerical strategy able to increase the level of geometrical complexity of the geometry at stake while maintaining the accuracy of the results of previous studies on simplified configurations. This strategy fits into numerical simulations of ZDES type of separating/reattaching flows at high Reynolds number and compressible regime. The abilities of the methodology are first assessed on canonical numerical test cases. Then, the strategy is applied on simplified launcher configurations. Finally, the effect of this strategy on the side loads prediction is assessed.

The final thesis analyzes funding of Czech healthcare system in 2015 and shows its sustainability in future years in order to answer the question, what is the impact of the abolition of regulatory fees, which were introduced in 2008, subsequently in 2014 and cancelled in 2015. Many demographic changes, specifically age structure of the nation, occurred over recent decades in the Czech Republic. This fact caused disproportionate changes on the expenditure side and the revenue side of the health system. The state tried to balance this disparity with short-introduced charges, but those were abolished due to the political pressure. The final thesis assesses the appropriateness of this measure. The theoretical part explains the healthcare system in the Czech Republic and all its entities, explains different approaches to the concept of health and issues of regulatory charges. The practical part is devoted to analysis of statistical data. There is the state of health care through the last of the statistics and demographic prognosis described. Following part talks about the issues of charges in a broader context of health care. There are also global trends and the biggest problems that the Czech Republic faces in that direction defined. The conclusion evaluates the role and effectiveness of regulatory charges and the impact of their abolition, offers possible solutions or recommendations, which are formulated on the basis of evaluated data. The final thesis concludes that regulatory charges are suitable complement to the overall reform, but this arrangement is not capable of comprehensively addressing current and possible future problems by itself.

The goal of this work is to show particular conditions and problems according to Equality and Effecciency of Government Progammes and offer possibilities how to solve them, improve them or alternatives to those problems on particular examples. Theoretical part of this work is at first about the role of Public Sector in the National Economy, reasons why is this sector involved in some parts of economy, especially in Healthcare Services. This part is followed by concepts of Efficiency evaluation of particular Government Programmes and theoretical concepts about Equality. Practical part is then aimed on Regulative charges introduced in the Healthcare Services in the Czech Republic.

The subject of the diploma thesis is a characteristic of elements of tax autonomy and their following analysis executed in municipalities of Kladno district. Description of elements of tax autonomy of mentioned municipalities by law number 338/1992 Coll., about tax on real estates and by law number 565/1990 Coll., about local charges is included in theoretical section of the diploma thesis. The signifikance of the elements of tax autonomy consists in the fact that through them can the municipalities increase their tax incomes and therefore their financial independence from the state. In the practical part of the diploma thesis is analysed the rate of utilization of these elements in municipalities of Kladno district and also there are deduced the aspects which influence it. In the last part of the diploma thesis the established rate of utilization of the elements of tax autonomy in municipalities of Kladno district are being compared with the national average. Performed analysis shows that the rate of utilization of local coefficient is (in contrast with the rate of utilization of the coefficient 1,5 and alteration of correctional coefficient in Kladno district) higher then the national average. From the viewpoint of local charges was found that overall collection of local charges in Kladno district since the year 2007 decreased, while the national collection of local charges increased. Increase of collections, compared to the year 2007, was in Kladno district recorded only local charges for waste, dogs and accommodation capacity.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(社会健康医学) / 甲第23118号 / 社医博第114号 / 新制||社医||11(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科社会健康医学系専攻 / (主査)教授 佐藤 俊哉, 教授 森田 智視, 教授 黒田 知宏 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Public Health / Kyoto University / DFAM

This diploma thesis deals with optimization of process metallurgical material purchase and cutting with use of the problem solving of optimal material dividing, which is one of the linear programming problems. The aim of this problem solving is to minimize waste and to minimize the purchase costs for base material. The solution of this problem has the practical application at the company KULICKOVE SROUBY KURIM,a.s. This work is based on Deming Cycle (“Plan-Do-Check-Act”), as the basic method of solution efficiency and operations, processes and systems improvement.