This article describes the contribution of the British to the development of Northeastern Ontario since the beginning of the 20th century.

By elucidating the distinct values of charter school advocates, this thesis will draw out unspoken assumptions about the nature of how charter schools function in America’s public school arena. Laying out the framework of three theories of charter school action will enable discussions on charter school policy to start from a shared point of understanding.

In a recently published official Report from the Swedish Government (SOU 2010:73) a leg- islative proposal has been introduced. Its main purpose is to prevent parallel registrations of ships that are bareboat chartered to other countries. The legislative proposal claims that by preventing parallel registration of ships the Swedish Maritime Code will better corre- spond with the UN convention on the law of the sea. The UN convention on the law of the sea clearly states that ships are forbidden to fly two flags. There is however no restriction concerning parallel registration, simultaneously, in two registers. A ship that is bareboat chartered out from Sweden does not fulfil criteria re- quired in order to be deregistered, according to the Swedish maritime code. In matter of fact ownership remains unchanged in a bareboat procedure. The situation leads to parallel registration, and uncertainty can arise regarding which country has full state control over the ship. This may cause problems, and should be dealt with. There are however more ap- propriate ways of dealing with the issue rather than prohibiting parallel registration, and that are compatible with the UN convention on the law of the sea. By allowing bareboat registration according to the UN convention on conditions for regis- tration of ships, the issue of which country has full state control over the ship is resolved, and assures that the ship sails under only on states flag. Sweden has held a passive position regarding the issue of parallel registration of ships and a legislative change is necessary, mainly because parallel registration, as it is currently con- ducted in Sweden today, is in conflict with the UN convention on the law of the sea, but also because it leads to uncertainty concerning which country has full state control over the ship. However, a prohibition against parallel registration is not compatible with the rest of EU, where the majority has chosen to permit parallel registration. Bareboat registration ac- cording to the UN convention on conditions for registration of ships is not in conflict with the UN convention on the law of the sea and should therefore be permitted in Sweden.

In the context of Canadas Kindergarten to Grade 12 education system and given the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, there is a growing body of jurisprudence which reflects ongoing debates about who should ultimately maintain control of the formal and informal curriculum in our schools. In these cases, debates about curricular battles play out through rights conflicts, which our courts are required to resolve. These conflicts typically involve claims relating, directly or indirectly, to fundamental freedoms such as freedom of religion and freedom of expression as well as claims associated with the right to equality.<p>In this thesis, I aim to offer a critical assessment of the relevant body of jurisprudence. My critique draws on the theoretical work of Rob Reich and Jeremy Waldron. Reich suggests that our best hope of understanding and resolving the curricular struggles related to the control of childrens education requires a balanced approach whereby we attempt to reconcile the educational interests of three primary actors: parents, the state and children. Building on Reichs conceptualization of the different interest holders, I identify a fourth stakeholder, namely, teachers, who have interests which are germane to our analysis because these interests raise issues connected to curricular control and childrens education. In my analysis, I apply Reichs matrix of interests to the extant body of jurisprudence to ascertain whether or not our courts are alive to the different interest holders in its treatment of cases involving conflicts of constitutional rights. I also want to know whether the interests of the four stakeholders overlap or conflict with another. Finally, I want to know how these interests are conceptualized by the court and whether this conceptualization is consistent with, or differs from, the one offered by Reich. <p>Waldrons work offers analytical clarity for how we might better understand and resolve conflicts of rights, including conflicts involving constitutional rights claims. He maintains that rights conflicts are fundamentally about conflicts of duties and that we are likely to have more success reconciling conflicts of rights when we conceive of these conflicts in this manner. Applying Waldrons strategy for reconciling rights conflicts to the cases in my study, I posit that we can make sense of the reconciliation process by examining the duties associated with the rights in question. Although our courts do not explicitly draw on Waldrons theoretical framework in their legal analysis, I maintain that, generally speaking, what our courts do is consistent with a Waldronian analysis of conflicts of rights. <p>In my conclusion, I note that the jurisprudence considered initially seems to focus exclusively on two key guiding values: liberty and equality. Yet, a closer examination of the case law reveals a concern for two other important meta values, namely, efficiency and community. Furthermore, the notion of children as rights bearers poses special challenges. We might treat older children as rights claimants, on their own terms, because of their capacity to advance certain projects and to engage in certain commitments. Yet, the exact moral and legal status, for example, of a six- or seven-year old is still uncertain. Finally, I recognize that a rights only version of what happens in our schools provides only a partial account of educational reality. Other values such as duty, love, friendship and compassion are needed to furnish a richer and more nuanced account of morality for our school communities.

Maritime is a very competitive industry in global market. In addition to political, economic and prosperity, container carriers have to confront oil prices and climate. It gets high risk and uncertainty in operation. The threat of oversupply of capacity will affect the operation and development of container carriers. Costs is aggravated on container carriers due to they brought too many new vessels when previous boom but economic declined soon. Fleet deployment is a big issue when making operational strategies and plans. Container carriers have to plan how to purchase and lease vessels. People said that the proportion of owned container vessels of Europe container carriers is lower than Asia container carriers. Europe container carries may not spend too much cost to purchase container vessels so it would be more flexible to lease container vessels and able to deploy container vessels in/out of route and create brand new service more mobility. For this reason, operating performance is better than Asia container carriers. This study is base on secondary data from Alphaliner, Containerisation International and American Shipper database and periodical in 2007 and 2008: net profit, total revenue, the numbers of owned, leased and operated container vessels. The 15 major container carriers are divided into three segments: Asia-Chinese, Asia-Non-Chinese and Non-Asia container carriers. The General Linear Mode is practiced on these to find out if any impact or correlation from the proportion of owned container vessel to performance. The conclusions of this study are as following. 1. It¡¦s no correlation between the proportion of owned container vessels and net profit and total revenue in 2007 and 2008 2. The proportion of owned container vessels can not be fixed at a value 3. The proportion of owned container vessels is dynamic, may not be operated by container carriers.

Thesis (Ed. D.)--University of North Texas, Aug., 2009. / Title from title page display. Includes bibliographical references.

This literature review addresses the increasingly popular charter school movement and its effectiveness in academic achievement and multicultural diversity. It examines the literature starting with the foundations of the charter school movement to the present state of American charter schools. Implications for charter school counselors are discussed. Although charter schools are gaining support in some public arenas, and with policymakers, more evidence is needed before charter schools can embody public official’s claims as the new solution in public education. / text

The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms can be interpreted in two ways regarding its relation with administrative law. First, as an alternative statutory remedy against government; second, as a general democratic mandate to reconsider the foundations of Canadian administrative law. Nevertheless, in spite of the entrenchment of the Charter, the former interpretation has prevailed. Indeed, since 1982, the Charter has developed as a distinct body of rights operating separately from administrative law remedies. / The interpretation of the Charter as a distinct statutory remedy has caused problems in both the definition of administrative power under the Charter and in the judicial review of administrative action. First, the interpretation of the Charter as autonomous remedy has polarized the definition of administrative power insofar as administrative authorities can either apply or not apply the Charter. However, both solutions are extreme: administrative authorities are not superior courts; conversely, the notwithstanding clause set aside, the power to give effect to the Charter cannot validly be withdrawn. Second, at the judicial level, even though it is part of the Constitution, the Charter has been treated as an autonomous cause of action against government, thus distinct from inherent judicial powers. This has prompted a separate regime of judicial power under the Charter, and separate constitutional and administrative law standards of review. / However, the autonomy of the Charter and administrative law, at both administrative and judicial levels, is being reconciled through the integration of the Charter into the process of statutory interpretation, thus minimizing the distinction between "administrative law" and the "law of the Charter".

The time is ripe for a re-examination of the doctrine of humanitarian intervention, and in particular, of its legal basis in international law. This thesis attempts to draw attention to the significance of the decision to justify humanitarian intervention in a certain way, and to some of the implications of that decision. / The thesis compares the two justificatory options which seem to be most appropriate to the multilateralism of the post-Cold War era: collective humanitarian intervention under Chapter VII of the UN Charter and mulitilateral humanitarian intervention under customary international law. It reviews recent state practice, arguing that a mulitilateral right to intervene for the protection of human rights is emerging at custom. / After critically analysing humanitarian intervention's justification under the Charter, the thesis concludes that the better way to justify the doctrine, both in principle and in practice, is under customary law.

Dialogue between courts and legislatures can occur where legislatures reverse, modify or avoid judicial decisions. With two exceptions, however, legislatures have only reversed the Supreme Court on three occasions. Defiant legislative responses enacted without the notwithstanding clause undermine the Charter and the courts, and are an inappropriate means of expressing institutional disagreement. However, based on a model of coordinate constitutionalism, recourse to the override constitutes a legitimate means for legislatures to advance alternate interpretations of Charter rights. Furthermore, section 33's value lies in the opportunity it creates for public deliberation regarding issues of national importance. Its relative disuse can be attributed to a combination of factors including its legislative history, the influence of American constitutionalism and an executive-dominated parliamentary process. Recognizing the legitimacy of section 33 would contribute to a greater respect for the roles and responsibilities of all three branches of government under a system of constitutional supremacy.