This study represents a qualitative and quantitative analysis of the Supreme Court of Canada's treatment of the exclusionary rule set out in s.24(2) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The objective of this thesis is to contribute to the theoretical debate between legal positivism and legal realism by examining judicial discretion and the application of s.24(2) by the justices of the Supreme Court. The goal of this work is to demonstrate the weakness of the positivist school in its basic premise that judicial decisions are based solely on the application of the rule of law. It is contended that Supreme Court decisions are derived not only from the words of the law, but also from extra-legal factors, since judges possess certain predispositions by virtue of their own personal experiences. This thesis will illustrate that the exercise of judicial discretion by the Court in its interpretation of s.24(2) has had a profound impact on the nature of Canadian criminal justice policy, moving Canada even closer to the due process model of criminal justice and further from the crime control model than was intended by the framers of the Charter. Both the qualitative and quantitative analysis of s.24(2) Supreme Court decisions show that the language of this provision is often circumvented by the justices who are not constrained by either the intention of the framers or even their own precedent. Consequently, the vague wording of this provision coupled with the discretion conferred on these justices allows the Court to read the exclusionary provision in a manner that best accommodates the exclusionary philosophies of the majority of Supreme Court justices.

Tiriamojo darbo tikslas – nustatyti Lietuvos architektūros paveldo objektų, konkrečiai Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės valdovų rūmų Vilniaus Žemutinėje pilyje, Labanoro bažnyčios statinių komplekso ir Vilniaus dominikonų vienuolyno statinių ansamblio, atkūrimo darbų atitikimą tarptautinių paveldosaugos dokumentų nuostatoms. Darbe ištirta tarptautinės paveldosaugos pradžios (stilistinio restauravimo) bruožų ir pagrindinių tarptautinių paveldosaugos dokumentų (Atėnų, Venecijos ir Rygos chartijų bei Nara dokumento) nuostatų, susijusių su architektūros paveldo objektų išsaugojimu, raida. Taip pat išnagrinėtas Prancūzijos ir Vokietijos valstybių skirtingų laikotarpių architektūros paveldo objektų atkūrimo darbų ir to meto nuostatų, įteisintų tarptautiniuose paveldosaugos dokumentuose, atitikimas. Pagrindinė darbo dalis yra Lietuvos architektūros paveldo objektų (Lietuvos Didžiosios Kunigaikštystės valdovų rūmai Vilniaus Žemutinėje pilyje, Labanoro bažnyčios statinių komplekso, Vilniaus dominikonų vienuolyno statinių ansamblio) atkūrimo darbų atitikimas tarptautiniams paveldosaugos dokumentams. Tyrimui pritaikyta kokybinė dokumentų, literatūros, archyvinės medžiagos ir kitų informacijos šaltinių analizė. Be to, lyginama architektūros paveldo objektams vykdoma atkūrimo veikla su tarptautinių paveldosaugos rekomenduojama paveldo saugojimo veikla ir pateikiamos išvados, kuriose išskiriami gerosios praktikos ir prieštaravimų rekomendacijoms pavyzdžiai. / The aim of this paper is to determine the preservation compliance of Lithuanian architectural heritage objects, in particular the Royal Palace of Lietuvos Didžioji Kunigaikštytė, the Labanoras church buildings complex and the Vilnius Dominican Monastery buildings complex, in terms of international rebuilding regulations. The study is aimed towards the evolution of primary attitudes of architectural heritage preservation, from early stylistic restoration to currently valid international heritage documents. There are conclusions drawn for French and German rebuilding works’ compliance to statements of international heritage documents, applicable for certain periods. Main body of the paper is dedicated to aforementioned Lithuanian architectural heritage objects and recent rebuilding works done in context of international heritage documents, such as The Nara Document on Authenticity, The Athens Charter, The Venice Charter, and The Riga Charter. Research was driven by available documents, literature, archives and other sources of information in qualitative approach. Rebuilding works were also compared to statements of valid international heritage documents in order to provide conclusions, where examples of best practices and inadequacies are distinguished.

This dissertation is a compilation of three studies related to public school choice issues. Chapter 2 examines whether access to public schools of choice influences a household’s decision to choose private school for their child. I employ a multistate, individual-level data-set on students and their families — for which I have been granted access to restricted geo-code information. I supplement these data by matching students with their respective school districts using geographic information systems (GIS); I then examine whether relative measures of public school choice (PSC) in a school district influence the household’s public-private school decision. I find slight evidence that households respond to general measures of choice, though the implied effects appear to be trivial. Conditional on the presence of either PSC type of school in a district, I find more consistently significant crowd-out effects for competition measures from magnet schools, while charter school measures elicit stronger private-sector crowd-out effects, roughly three times those of the respective magnet school measures. Chapter 3 examines the statewide educational policies and student, household, and school district-level attributes that influence the demand for interdistrict and intra-district public schools of choice. In the context of a multinomial probit model, I also estimate the demand for private school as a third alternative to attending an assigned school. I find evidence to suggest that households substitute between intra-district and interdistrict schools of choice.. I also find that mobility patterns may significantly increase the probability a household opts out of district. Chapter 4 is an exploratory analysis that examines the qualities that distinguish school districts as net-losers, net-keepers, or net- gainers of students in their public schools. In particular, I examine how public schools of choice affect the net flow of students across the public sector. I find that charter schools appear to locate in districts that are net-losers of students, where students are opting into private school. I also find evidence to suggest that net-loser districts may signal better quality school districts with more diverse options available to facilitate positive student-school matches.

Charter schools have recently become a hot topic of debate in the United States. For parents who cannot afford private schooling or moving to another school district, charter schools seem to be an attractive option. These schools, which are often argued to outperform traditional schools, offer an alternative path to public education which allows teachers more flexibility to employ innovative strategies in the classroom. In order to expedite the creation of such schools, Republicans in the Georgia General Assembly called for the amending of the Georgia Constitution which would allow the state to approve charters by circumventing the publicly elected local school board. This study analyzes the more recent political history of the Commission, the debate surrounding the amendment, and ultimately the vote itself for Amendment 1.

This scientific research has been made on the international carriage of cargo by sea contract – charter party structure and interrelationship of its parts. Emphasis were done on the charter parties and their main responsibilities. Great attention was paid on limitation of liability of parties and its regulation. In addition, specific requirements to ship and cargo according to charter party has been analyzed as well. Main parties obligations in respect of ship condition as well as cargo has been reflected. It is very important to summarize charter party structure which makes great impact on voyage performance as well as parties obligations and responsibilities which has been also defined in this research. The work contains regulation and analysis of freight payment and laytime calculation. By the time of research most of charter party elements were compared in parallel with national legislation.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2011 / Pacific Islands Studies

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Ohio University, June, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 275-297)

Thesis (M.A.)--Duquesne University, 2004. / Title from document title page. Abstract included in electronic submission form. Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-85) and abstract.

Thesis (Ed. D.)--Liberty University, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 1999. / Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-112). Also available on the Internet.