Chemiluminescence, the production of light from a chemical reaction, has found widespread use in analytical chemistry. Both tris (2, 2’-bipyridyl) ruthenium (II) and acidic potassium permanganate are chemiluminescence reagents that have been employed for the determination of a diverse range of analytes. This thesis encompasses some fundamental investigations into the chemistry and spectroscopy of these chemiluminescence reactions as well as extending the scope of their analytical applications. Specifically, a simple and robust capillary electrophoresis chemiluminescence detection system for the determination of codeine, O6-methylcodeine and thebaine is described, based upon the reaction of these analytes with chemically generated tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(III) prepared in sulfuric acid (0.05 M). The reagent solution was contained in a glass detection cell, which also held both the capillary and the cathode. The resultant chemiluminescence was monitored directly using a photomultiplier tube mounted flush against the base of the detection cell. The methodology, which incorporated a field amplification sample introduction procedure, realised detection limits (3a baseline noise) of 5 x 10~8 M for both codeine and O6-methylcodeine and 1 x 10~7 M for thebaine. The relative standard deviations of the migration times and the peak areas for the three analytes ranged from 2.2 % up to 2.5 % and 1.9 % up to 4.6 % respectively. Following minor instrumental modifications, morphine, oripavine and pseudomorphine were determined based upon their reaction with acidic potassium permanganate in the presence of sodium polyphosphate. To ensure no migration of the permanganate anion occurred, the anode was placed at the detector end whilst the electroosmotic flow was reversed by the addition of hexadimethrine bromide (0.001% m/v) to the electrolyte. The three analytes were separated counter to the electroosmotic flow via their interaction with a-cyclodextrin. The methodology realised detection limits (3 x S/N) of 2.5 x 10~7 M for both morphine and oripavine and 5 x 10~7 M for pseudomorphine. The relative standard deviations of the migration times and the peak heights for the three analytes ranged from 0.6 % up to 0.8 % and 1.5% up to 2.1 % respectively. Further improvements were made by incorporating a co-axial sheath flow detection cell. The methodology was validated by comparing the results realised using this technique with those obtained by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), for the determination of both morphine and oripavine in seven industrial process liquors. A complimentary capillary electrophoresis procedure with UV-absorption detection was also developed and applied to the determination of morphine, codeine, oripavine and thebaine in nine process liquors. The results were compared with those achieved using a standard HPLC method. Although over eighty papers have appeared in the literature on the analytical applications of acidic potassium permanganate chemiluminescence, little effort has been directed towards identifying the origin of the luminescence. It was found that chemiluminescence was generated during the manganese(III), manganese(IV) and manganese(VII) oxidations of sodium borohydride, sodium dithionite, sodium sulfite and hydrazine sulfate in acidic aqueous solution. From the corrected chemiluminescence spectra, the wavelengths of maximum emission were 689 ± 5 nm and 734 ± 5 nm when the reactions were performed in sodium hexametaphosphate and sodium dihydrogenorthophosphate or orthophosphoric acid environments respectively. The corrected phosphorescence spectrum of manganese(II) sulfate in a solution of sodium hexametaphosphate at 77 K, exhibited two peaks with maxima at 688 nm and 730 nm. The chemical and spectroscopic evidence presented strongly supported the postulation that the emission was an example of solution phase chemically induced phosphorescence of manganese(II). Thereby confirming earlier predictions that the chemiluminescence from acidic potassium permanganate reactions originated from an excited manganese(II) species. Additionally, these findings have had direct analytical application in that manganese(IV) was evaluated as a new reagent for chemiluminescence detection. The oxidations of twenty five organic and inorganic species, with solublised manganese(IV), were found to elicit analytically useful chemiluminescence with detection limits (3 x S/N) for Mn(II), Fe(II), morphine and codeine of 5 x 10-8 M, 2.5 x 10-7 M, 7.5 x 10-8 M and 5 x 10-8M, respectively. The corrected emission spectra from four different analytes gave wavelengths of maximum emission in the range from 733 nm up to 740 nm indicating that these chemiluminescence reactions also shared a common emitting species, excited manganese(II). Whilst several analytical problems were addressed in this thesis and answers to certain questions regarding the fundamentals of acidic potassium permanganate chemiluminescence were proposed, there are several areas that would benefit from further research. These are outlined in the final chapter of this thesis.

The reaction of tris(2,2’-bipyridyl)ruthenium(III) (Ru(bipy) ₃³⁺) with various analytes to generate chemiluminescence has been well documented. This investigation sought to undertake a chemiluminometic study of the reactions of Ru(bipy) ₃³⁺ with selected Papaver Somniferum alkaloids and specifically synthesised phenethylamines. The investigation, based on a kinetic study, primarily addressed the effect of varying reaction conditions (pH) on Ru(bipy) ₃³⁺ chemiluminescence production. To monitor these reactions, a batch chemiluminometer was specifically designed, fabricated and automated to conduct an extensive study on the selected compounds of interest. The instrumentation incorporated a custom built reaction cell and comprised an ‘on-line’ sample preparation system with which calibration standards could be automatically prepared. The instrumentation provided both time-independent (peak area) and time-dependent (kinetic profile) information. A novel approach to the stabilisation of Ru(bipy) ₃³⁺ as a chemiluminescencent reagent was also investigated and a recirculating system was employed with the batch chemiluminometer to provide a stable supply of Ru(bipy) ₃³⁺. Codeine, thebaine and 6-methoxy-codeine were the Papaver Somniferum alkaloids selected for this study and several N-methylated and N,N-dimethylated phenethylamines and methoxy-substituted phenetheylamines were also synthesised to investigate the affect of pH on the chemiluminescence emission efficiency. The versatility of the batch chemiluminometer facilitated the kinetic study of numerous analytes over a broad pH range. The exemplary performance of the chemiluminometer as an analytical instrument, was demonstrated by the calibration functions, based on peak area data, which exhibited excellent linearity and sensitivity. The estimated detection limits (3σ) for the selected alkaloids were in the range 2 x 10&<sup>-9<&/sup;> M to 7 x 10&<sup>-9<&/sup;> at pH 5.0 and above, which compared favourably to detection limits for the same compounds determined using FIA. Relative standard deviations (n=5) for peak areas ranged between 1% to 5% with a mean of 3.1% for all calibration standards above 2.5 x 10&<sup>-8<&/sup;> M. Correlation between concentration and peak area, irrespective of pH and analyte was excellent, with all but two calibration functions having r-squared values greater than 0.990. The analytical figures of merit exemplified the precision and robustness of the reagent delivery and ‘on-line’ sample preparation, as well as the sensitivity of the system. The employment of the chemiluminometer for the measurement of total chemiluminescence emission (peak area) was in itself a feasible analytical technique, which generated highly reproducible and consistent data. Excellent analytical figures of merit, based on peak area, were similarly achieved for the phenethylamines. The effects of analyte structure on chemiluminescence activity was also investigated for the alkaloids and the phenethylamines. Subtle structural variations between the three alkaloids resulted in either a moderately reduced or enhanced total emission that was two or three fold difference only. A significant difference in reaction kinetics was observed between thebaine and codeine/6-methoxy-codeine, which was dependent upon pH. The time-dependent data, namely the observed rate constants for the initial rise in intensity and for the subsequent decay rate, were obtained by fitting a mathematical function (based on the postulated reaction mechanism) to the raw data. The determination of these rate constants for chemiluminescence reactions highlighted the feasibility for utilising such measurements for quantitative analytical applications. The kinetic data were used to discriminate between analyte responses in order to determine the concentrations of individual analytes in a binary mixture. A preliminary, multi-component investigation performed on a binary mixture of codeine and 6-methoxy-codeine (1:1) successfully determined the concentrations of these individual components using such rate constant measurements. Consequently, variations in kinetics resulted in a significant difference between the relative chemiluminescence response based on peak area measurements and the relative response base on peak height measurements obtained using FIA. With regards to the observed reactivity of secondary amines and tertiary amines, chemiluminescence peak area determinations confirmed the vital role of pH on reaction efficiency, which was governed by structural features and kinetics. The tertiary amines investigated generally produced a greater emission under acidic conditions than the corresponding secondary amines. However, the measured chemiluminescence responses were highly dependent upon pH, with similar peak areas obtained for both amine groups under slightly alkaline conditions.

The development of a new technology for the detection of doublestranded (ds) DNA enables multiple biomedical applications including identifying multiple pathogens simultaneously. We previously employed colorimetric SEquence-Enabled Reassembly with TEM-1 β-lacatamase (SEER-LAC) to detect specific bacterial DNA sequence. SEER-Lac consists of the two inactive β-lactamase fragments which of each attached to a zinc finger protein (ZFP) would reassemble into an active full-length enzyme upon ZFPs binding to its target DNA. Here, we engineered two pairs of ZFPs which of each recognizes shiga toxin in E. coli O157 and staphylococcal enterotoxin B in Staphylococus Aureus, respectively. Biotin was simply conjugated to the detection probe ZFP, which allows for generating chemiluminescent signal in streptavidin-HRP (Horseradish peroxidase) assay upon ZFPs binding to their target DNA. Our assay generates DNA-dependent signal and allows for a detection limit of 0.5 nM without DNA amplification or DNA labeling. Our system can be developed into a simple multiplexed detection diagnostic for multiplexed detection of dsDNA.

Although DNA microarray can detect multiple DNA samples simultaneously, current detection techniques involve PCR and other traditional procedures. In this study, a sensitive, specific and rapid detection method, which eliminates PCR and other lengthy processes, for pathogenic DNA is presented. This technology is based on the hybridization of target DNA to the immobilized probe, extension of probe DNAs using the target-DNA as a template and signal generation by streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase and substrate. This method is highly specific and sensitive, allowing single-nucleotide-base mismatches discrimination and the detection at femtomole level. The experiments are designed to achieve short hybridization time. Therefore, satisfactory signal can be detected within minutes, allowing the rapid detection of multiple pathogenic DNA. Most importantly, the E. coli genomic DNA can be detected using this technology. In conclusion, this detection method is useful for applications including on-site pathogenic disease detection, crime scene investigation, and pathogen inspection in the environment.

Abstract Human mitochondria contain a circular genome called mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). It encodes subunits of the respiratory chain enzymes involved in energy conservation in oxidative phosphorylation and the necessary RNA needed for their expression. Errors in these genes have been shown to cause diseases, called mitochondrial diseases, which mainly affect tissues with high energy-demand, such as brain, heart, and skeletal muscle, or to lead to the production of harmful by-products in the form of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during cellular respiration. ROS damage lipids, proteins, and DNA, especially mtDNA. Accumulation of mtDNA mutations has also been associated with aging. Mitochondrial complex I is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and catalyzes NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreduction coupled to the translocation of four protons from the inside of the mitochondrion to the intermembranous space. Bacteria contain a homologous but simpler enzyme, NDH-1, with the same catalytic mechanism and which is therefore considered the catalytical core of mitochondrial complex I. Seven of the conserved membranous subunits in complex I are encoded in the mtDNA and are targets for mutations causing mitochondrial diseases, like MELAS syndrome or Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). We used Paracoccus denitrificans and Escherichia coli NDH-1 enzymes to reveal the role of selected conserved charged residues and MELAS or LHON amino acid substitutions in enzyme catalysis. The growth phenotypes and NDH-1-dependent activities in mutant bacterial membranes were characterized, in addition to the sensitivity to selected complex I inhibitors. In order to enable ROS production measurements in the bacterial model of human mitochondrial diseases, we evaluated the reliability of two superoxide detecting probes, lucigenin and coelenterazine. Elimination of the acidic residue in ND1 (position E228) previously found to cause MELAS, was found detrimental for NDH-1 assembly and activity. Also, elimination of the acidic residue at position E36 in ND4L resulted in an inactive enzyme. ND1-E216A, ND4L-E72Q and -E36Q/I39D/A69D/E72Q substitutions decreased NDH-1 activity somewhat (normal activity in the last mutant), but displayed a negative growth phenotype under NDH-1 dependent conditions, suggestive of impaired energy conservation in these mutants. ND1-Y229, whose substitution causes MELAS, charged residues in loop five of ND1, and ND1-E157, whose substitution causes LHON, were also found important for the enzyme activity. Coelenterazine was found a reliable probe for quantitative superoxide production measurement in mitochondrial or bacterial membranes, and its sensitivity is not affected by the reduction level of the respiratory chain. Therefore, coelenterazine is suitable for quantitative superoxide production measurements.

Tillväxthormon och insulinliknande tillväxtfaktor-1 är blodprover som tas vid misstanke om akromegali. Immulite 2000 XPi är ett instrument som använder chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay metodik för att kvantitativt mäta koncentrationen av GH och IGF-1. Analys av biokemiska markörer påverkas av flera olika faktorer. En viktig sådan faktor är hemolys. Hemolys innebär att de röda blodkropparna går sönder, vilket leder till frisättning av dess innehåll såsom hemoglobin i serum/plasma. Syftet med detta projekt var att undersöka hur hemolys påverkar resultatet av GH- och IGF-1-prover på immulite 2000 XPi. Utifrån erhållna resultat kommer klinisk kemi vid Universitetssjukhuset Örebros laboratorie rutiner vid hemolytiska prover på GH eller IGF-1 att uppdateras . Hemolys tillverkades och tillsattes till olika serumprover med låg och hög nivå av GH respektive IGF-1 för att erhålla prover med varierande grad av hemolys. Resultatet visade att ökande hemolysindex korrelerar med GH- respektive IGF-1-koncentrationer, med undantag för den låga GH koncentrationen som inte uppvisade någon korrelation till hemolysindex. En 10%:ig skillnad av GH och IGF-1- koncentrationer uppnåddes vid en ökning av hemolysindex med 555,40 mg/dL för GH respektive 333,3 mg/dL för IGF-1.Utifrån resultaten var hemolysgränsen likvärdig med tillverkarens gränser. Därför kan klinisk kemi på Universitetssjukhuset Örebro fortsätta med nuvarande hemolysgränser. / Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 are blood samples taken upon suspicion of acromegaly and for follow-up of acromegaly treatment. Immulite 2000 XPi is an instrument that uses chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay method to quantitatively measure the concentration of GH and IGF-1. Analysis of biochemical markers is affected by several different factors. An important such factor is hemolysis. Hemolysis means that the red blood cells break, whose contents leak into the serum/plasma. The study aimed to investigate how hemolysis affects the results of GH and IGF-1 samples on the Immulite 2000 XPi. The results will determine the routines for hemolytic samples for GH or IGF-1 at Örebro University Hospital. Hemolysis was produced and added to various serum samples with low and high levels of GH and IGF-1 to obtain samples with varying degrees of hemolysis. The results showed that increasing hemolysis index correlates with GH and IGF-1 concentrations, with the exception of low GH concentration, which did not show any correlation to hemolysis index. A 10% difference in GH and IGF-1 concentrations was achieved with an increase in hemolysis index of 555.40 mg/dL for GH and 333.3 mg/dL for IGF-1. Based on the results, the hemolysis limit was equivalent to the manufacturer's limits. Therefore, clinical chemistry at Örebro University Hospital can continue with current hemolysis limits.

Syftet med projektet var att utvärdera hållbarheten av analyterna follikelstimulerande hormon (FSH), luteiniserande hormon (LH), progesteron (PRGE) och sexualhormonbindande globulin (SHBG) i primärrör förvarade i kyl, i serum såväl som plasma, på ADVIA Centaur XPT (Siemens Healthineers). Samtliga analyter analyserades i serum respektive plasma vid tidpunkterna 0, 24, 48, 72, 96 samt 168 h efter insamling. Analyspåverkan av förvaringstid i kyl och korrelationen mellan analyser i serum och plasma utvärderades. FSH, LH och SHBG uppvisade acceptabla medelbias vid samtliga tidpunkter i båda matriserna. PRGE uppvisade låg medelbias, &lt;15 %, vid samtliga tidpunkter i serum men uppvisade medelbias &gt;15 % i plasma. Analys i plasma skiljde sig minimalt från serum för FSH, LH och SHBG. För PRGE var skillnaderna lite större. Utifrån resultatet bedömdes FSH, LH och SHBG vara hållbara i en vecka i kyl (168 h) i både serum och plasma. PRGE bedömdes vara hållbart i kyl i en vecka i serum men inte godtagbar i plasma. Laboratoriets riktlinjer kan utvidgas för FSH, LH och SHBG att också genomföras i plasma. PRGE fortsatt bör genomföras i serum. / The purpose of the project was to evaluate the stability of the analytes follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone (PRGE) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in primary collection tubes stored refrigerated, in serum and plasma, on ADVIA Centaur XPT (Siemens Healthineers). All analytes were analyzed in serum and plasma at 0, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 168 h after collection. The impact of storage time on the analysis results and the correlation between analyzes in serum and plasma were evaluated. FSH, LH and SHBG obtained a mean bias &lt;15 %, the threshold, at every moment in both matrices. PRGE showed a mean bias &lt;15 % at every moment in serum but showed a mean bias &gt;15 % in plasma. Analysis in plasma differed minimally from serum for FSH, LH and SHBG. For PRGE, the differences were slightly larger. This study considered FSH, LH and SHBG to be stable for one week (168 h) in both serum and plasma stored refrigerated. PRGE was considered to be stable for one week in serum stored refrigerated, and not acceptable in plasma. Analyzes of FSH, LH and SHBG can be carried out in plasma, while analyzes of PRGE should continue to be performed in serum.

O fenômeno de quimiluminescência é uma das mais fascinantes demonstrações de conversão de energia química em energia de excitação. O representante de maior eficiência dentro desta classe é a reação peroxioxalato, pois possui rendimento de emissão de aproximadamente 30%, comparado apenas a sistemas bioluminescentes, cujo rendimento é da ordem de 100%. O sistema peroxioxalato consiste na reação de derivados fenólicos com substituintes atraentes de elétrons do éster oxálico com peróxido de hidrogênio catalisada por base na presença de um hidrocarboneto aromático policondensado com baixo potencial de oxidação (Eox) e altos rendimentos de fluorescência, denominado ativador. O mecanismo desta reação é bastante complexo com várias etapas consecutivas e paralelas que antecedem a emissão de luz. O ponto chave do mecanismo é a etapa de quimiexcitação, onde um intermediário de alta energia (IAE), formado em etapas anteriores, interage com o ativador (ACT), resultando na formação de estados eletronicamente excitados e subseqüentemente em emissão de luz. Para explicar esta interação, é utilizado o mecanismo de Luminescência Induzida Quimicamente pela Transferência de Elétron (UChemically Initiated Electron Exchange Luminescence\" - CIEEL), o qual envolve transferência e retro-transferência de elétron. O ponto de controvérsia entre vários pesquisadores que estudam a reação peroxioxalato está relacionado com a estrutura do intermediário de alta energia (IAE), pois, de acordo, com os resultados destes trabalhos, diferentes intermediários foram postulados (A-H). (Ver arquivo). O enfoque geral deste trabalho foi estudar a natureza do IAE e a etapa de quimiexcitação com o intuito de obter evidências sobre o mecanismo de geração de estados excitados no sistema peroxioxalato. Para que isto fosse possível, o trabalho foi abordado da seguinte maneira: 1- Síntese e caracterização de intermediários perácidos do tipo D contendo OCH3, CH3, H e NO2 substituídos no anel aromático. Do estudo cinético da reação destes compostos, catalisada por imidazol, na presença de 9,10-difenilantraceno, foi possível propor um mecanismo completo e obter informações a respeito da estrutura do IAE; através da correlação de Hammett foram obtidas evidências para a ocorrência da 1,2-dioxetanodiona (A), como IAE na reação peroxioxalato. 2- Estudo da eficiência de transferência de elétron na etapa de quimiexcitação (mecanismo CIEEL) utilizando a reação do bis(2,4,6-triclorofenil) oxalato (TCPO) com H2O2 catalisado por imidazol na presença de 3-(2-aril-5,5-dimetiloxazol-4-ilideno)androsta-1 ,4-dien-17-onas como ativadores. As constantes de velocidade relativas da interação do ACT com o IAE mostram correlação linear com o Eox do ACT e os rendimentos quânticos singlete em concentrações infinitas do ACT (&#934;s&#8734;) correlacionam com as energias livres para a formação do ativador no estado excitado (&#916;G*BET) através do processo de retro-transferência de elétron. Desde modo, os resultados obtidos apresentam evidências para a validade do mecanismo CIEEL utilizado para explicar a formação de estados excitados na etapa de quimiexcitação da reação peroxioxalato. 3- Com o objetivo de obter informações sobre a influência da viscosidade no rendimento quântico singlete (&#934;s) foram feitos estudos da reação do TCPO catalisada por imidazol com H2O2 na presença de 9,1 O-difenilantraceno (DPA) como ativador, utilizando-se misturas variadas de tolueno e difenilmetano. Foi observado aumento de até 10 vezes no rendimento quântico singlete com o aumento da viscosidade de 0,5 para 2,5 cP. Este comportamento é compatível com o mecanismo CIEEL, indicando que a etapa de quimiexcitação ocorre em uma seqüência de eventos, envolvendo intermediários íons radicais. 4- Síntese de derivados de oxazolonas esteroidais substituídos, com o objetivo de obter compostos com novas propriedades foto-físicas e físicoquímicas para aplicar no estudo da reação peroxioxalato, especificamente para obter informações adicionais sobre a etapa de quimiexcitação. O outro interesse nestes compostos era o de transformá-los em reagentes de derivatização para futuramente empregá-los em trabalhos de química analítica que utilizam a reação peroxioxalato. Foram preparados dois novos compostos fluorescentes, além de vários intermediários sintéticos e estes derivados possuem potencial para o uso como ACT em futuras aplicações analíticas. / The phenomenon of chemiluminescence (CL) is one of the most fascinating demonstrations of chemical energy conversion into excitation energy. The most prominent example of this c1ass of reaction is the peroxyoxalate system showing emission quantum yields of around 30 %, comparable only to the 100 % efficiency bioluminescence systems. The peroxyoxalate system consists in the base catalyzed reaction of activated oxalate esters with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of polycondensed aromatic hydrocarbons with low oxidation potentials (Eox) and high fluorescence quantum yields, denominated activatars (ACT). The mechanism of this reaction is quite complex with various subsequent and parallel reaction steps prior to light emission. The crucial mechanistic step is the chemiexcitation step, where a highenergy intermediate (HEI), formed in former reaction steps, interacts with the ACT resulting in excited state formation and subsequent light emission. This interaction can be understood on the basis of the Chemically Initiated Electron Exchange (CIEEL) mechanism, which involves electron and back-electron transfer steps. A controversial point between various authors who study mechanistic aspects of the peroxyoxalate reaction is related to the nature of the high-energy intermediate (HEI) and different proposal for its structure (A - I) have been made. (See file). The main object of this work was to study the nature of the HEI and the chemiexcitation step in arder to obtain evidence with respect to the chemiexcitation mechanism in peroxyoxalate CL. For this purpose, the following approach was used: 1 - Synthesis and characterization of peracid intermediates of type <b.E, containing different substituents (OCH3, CH3, H, NO2). A kinetic study on the imidazole catalyzed reaction of these compounds in the presence of 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) allowed to propose a reaction mechanism and obtain information with respect to the structure of the HEI; Hammett correlations clearly indicate the occurrence of 1,2-dioxetanedione (A) as the HEI in the peroxyoxalate reaction. 2 - The efficiency of electron transfer in the chemiexcitation step (CIEEL mechanism) of the imidazole catalyzed reaction of bis(trichlorophenyl) oxalate (TCPO) with H2O2 in the presence of 3-(2-aryl-5,5-dimethyloxazol-4ylidene) androsta-1,4-dien-17-ones as activators was studied by measuring the singlet quantum yieldso The relative rate constants for the interaction of the ACT with the HEI show linear correlation with the activators oxidation potentials (Eox) and the singlet quantum yields at infinite activator concentrations (&#934;s&#8734;) can be correlated with the free energy change for the formation of the activators excited singlet state (&#916;G*BET) in the back-electron transfer process. Therefore, the obtained results add additional evidence for the validity of the CIEEL scheme to rationalize excited state formation in the peroxyoxalate CL. 3 - The imidazole catalyzed reaction of TCPO with H2O2 in the presence of DPA as ACT was studied in mixtures of toluene and diphenymethane in order to get information about the solvent viscosity influence on the singlet quantum yields (&#934;s). A change of the solvent viscosity from 0,5 to 2,5 cP results in an up to ten fold increase in &#934;s, and this behavior is in agreement with the CIEEL mechanism, indicating that the chemiexcitation step occurs in a sequence of events involving discreet radical ion intermediates. 4 - Synthesis of steroid-substituted oxazolone derivatives with the aim to obtain compounds with new photo physical and physical chemical properties for applications in studies on the peroxyoxalate CL, specifically to obtain insights to the chemiexcitation step. An additional interest in these compounds is their use as derivatization reagents for future utilization in analytical applications of the peroxyoxalate system. In this context, two new fluorescent derivatives have been prepared, apart from several synthetic intermediates and these compounds may have future utility as activators on peroxyoxalate system and analytical applications.

O fenômeno de quimiluminescência é uma das mais fascinantes demonstrações de conversão de energia química em energia de excitação. O representante de maior eficiência dentro desta classe é a reação peroxioxalato, pois possui rendimento de emissão de aproximadamente 30%, comparado apenas a sistemas bioluminescentes, cujo rendimento é da ordem de 100%. O sistema peroxioxalato consiste na reação de derivados fenólicos com substituintes atraentes de elétrons do éster oxálico com peróxido de hidrogênio catalisada por base na presença de um hidrocarboneto aromático policondensado com baixo potencial de oxidação (Eox) e altos rendimentos de fluorescência, denominado ativador. O mecanismo desta reação é bastante complexo com várias etapas consecutivas e paralelas que antecedem a emissão de luz. O ponto chave do mecanismo é a etapa de quimiexcitação, onde um intermediário de alta energia (IAE), formado em etapas anteriores, interage com o ativador (ACT), resultando na formação de estados eletronicamente excitados e subseqüentemente em emissão de luz. Para explicar esta interação, é utilizado o mecanismo de Luminescência Induzida Quimicamente pela Transferência de Elétron (UChemically Initiated Electron Exchange Luminescence\" - CIEEL), o qual envolve transferência e retro-transferência de elétron. O ponto de controvérsia entre vários pesquisadores que estudam a reação peroxioxalato está relacionado com a estrutura do intermediário de alta energia (IAE), pois, de acordo, com os resultados destes trabalhos, diferentes intermediários foram postulados (A-H). (Ver arquivo). O enfoque geral deste trabalho foi estudar a natureza do IAE e a etapa de quimiexcitação com o intuito de obter evidências sobre o mecanismo de geração de estados excitados no sistema peroxioxalato. Para que isto fosse possível, o trabalho foi abordado da seguinte maneira: 1- Síntese e caracterização de intermediários perácidos do tipo D contendo OCH3, CH3, H e NO2 substituídos no anel aromático. Do estudo cinético da reação destes compostos, catalisada por imidazol, na presença de 9,10-difenilantraceno, foi possível propor um mecanismo completo e obter informações a respeito da estrutura do IAE; através da correlação de Hammett foram obtidas evidências para a ocorrência da 1,2-dioxetanodiona (A), como IAE na reação peroxioxalato. 2- Estudo da eficiência de transferência de elétron na etapa de quimiexcitação (mecanismo CIEEL) utilizando a reação do bis(2,4,6-triclorofenil) oxalato (TCPO) com H2O2 catalisado por imidazol na presença de 3-(2-aril-5,5-dimetiloxazol-4-ilideno)androsta-1 ,4-dien-17-onas como ativadores. As constantes de velocidade relativas da interação do ACT com o IAE mostram correlação linear com o Eox do ACT e os rendimentos quânticos singlete em concentrações infinitas do ACT (&#934;s&#8734;) correlacionam com as energias livres para a formação do ativador no estado excitado (&#916;G*BET) através do processo de retro-transferência de elétron. Desde modo, os resultados obtidos apresentam evidências para a validade do mecanismo CIEEL utilizado para explicar a formação de estados excitados na etapa de quimiexcitação da reação peroxioxalato. 3- Com o objetivo de obter informações sobre a influência da viscosidade no rendimento quântico singlete (&#934;s) foram feitos estudos da reação do TCPO catalisada por imidazol com H2O2 na presença de 9,1 O-difenilantraceno (DPA) como ativador, utilizando-se misturas variadas de tolueno e difenilmetano. Foi observado aumento de até 10 vezes no rendimento quântico singlete com o aumento da viscosidade de 0,5 para 2,5 cP. Este comportamento é compatível com o mecanismo CIEEL, indicando que a etapa de quimiexcitação ocorre em uma seqüência de eventos, envolvendo intermediários íons radicais. 4- Síntese de derivados de oxazolonas esteroidais substituídos, com o objetivo de obter compostos com novas propriedades foto-físicas e físicoquímicas para aplicar no estudo da reação peroxioxalato, especificamente para obter informações adicionais sobre a etapa de quimiexcitação. O outro interesse nestes compostos era o de transformá-los em reagentes de derivatização para futuramente empregá-los em trabalhos de química analítica que utilizam a reação peroxioxalato. Foram preparados dois novos compostos fluorescentes, além de vários intermediários sintéticos e estes derivados possuem potencial para o uso como ACT em futuras aplicações analíticas. / The phenomenon of chemiluminescence (CL) is one of the most fascinating demonstrations of chemical energy conversion into excitation energy. The most prominent example of this c1ass of reaction is the peroxyoxalate system showing emission quantum yields of around 30 %, comparable only to the 100 % efficiency bioluminescence systems. The peroxyoxalate system consists in the base catalyzed reaction of activated oxalate esters with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of polycondensed aromatic hydrocarbons with low oxidation potentials (Eox) and high fluorescence quantum yields, denominated activatars (ACT). The mechanism of this reaction is quite complex with various subsequent and parallel reaction steps prior to light emission. The crucial mechanistic step is the chemiexcitation step, where a highenergy intermediate (HEI), formed in former reaction steps, interacts with the ACT resulting in excited state formation and subsequent light emission. This interaction can be understood on the basis of the Chemically Initiated Electron Exchange (CIEEL) mechanism, which involves electron and back-electron transfer steps. A controversial point between various authors who study mechanistic aspects of the peroxyoxalate reaction is related to the nature of the high-energy intermediate (HEI) and different proposal for its structure (A - I) have been made. (See file). The main object of this work was to study the nature of the HEI and the chemiexcitation step in arder to obtain evidence with respect to the chemiexcitation mechanism in peroxyoxalate CL. For this purpose, the following approach was used: 1 - Synthesis and characterization of peracid intermediates of type <b.E, containing different substituents (OCH3, CH3, H, NO2). A kinetic study on the imidazole catalyzed reaction of these compounds in the presence of 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) allowed to propose a reaction mechanism and obtain information with respect to the structure of the HEI; Hammett correlations clearly indicate the occurrence of 1,2-dioxetanedione (A) as the HEI in the peroxyoxalate reaction. 2 - The efficiency of electron transfer in the chemiexcitation step (CIEEL mechanism) of the imidazole catalyzed reaction of bis(trichlorophenyl) oxalate (TCPO) with H2O2 in the presence of 3-(2-aryl-5,5-dimethyloxazol-4ylidene) androsta-1,4-dien-17-ones as activators was studied by measuring the singlet quantum yieldso The relative rate constants for the interaction of the ACT with the HEI show linear correlation with the activators oxidation potentials (Eox) and the singlet quantum yields at infinite activator concentrations (&#934;s&#8734;) can be correlated with the free energy change for the formation of the activators excited singlet state (&#916;G*BET) in the back-electron transfer process. Therefore, the obtained results add additional evidence for the validity of the CIEEL scheme to rationalize excited state formation in the peroxyoxalate CL. 3 - The imidazole catalyzed reaction of TCPO with H2O2 in the presence of DPA as ACT was studied in mixtures of toluene and diphenymethane in order to get information about the solvent viscosity influence on the singlet quantum yields (&#934;s). A change of the solvent viscosity from 0,5 to 2,5 cP results in an up to ten fold increase in &#934;s, and this behavior is in agreement with the CIEEL mechanism, indicating that the chemiexcitation step occurs in a sequence of events involving discreet radical ion intermediates. 4 - Synthesis of steroid-substituted oxazolone derivatives with the aim to obtain compounds with new photo physical and physical chemical properties for applications in studies on the peroxyoxalate CL, specifically to obtain insights to the chemiexcitation step. An additional interest in these compounds is their use as derivatization reagents for future utilization in analytical applications of the peroxyoxalate system. In this context, two new fluorescent derivatives have been prepared, apart from several synthetic intermediates and these compounds may have future utility as activators on peroxyoxalate system and analytical applications.

Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department: Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control Candidate: Zbyněk Mrůzek Supervisor: prof. RNDr. Jiří Klimeš. CSc Consultant thesis: Ing. Pavel Blatný. Ph.D. Title of thesis: Determination of related substances in the dosage forms based on cyclosporine by HPLC with nitrogen specific chemiluminescence detection. Development of an HPLC method with chemiluminescent detection specific for nitrogen for related substances determination in cyclosporine final dosage forms is described in this work. The method is capable to determine cyclosporine impurities originated from cyclosporine substance and relevant degradation products except isocyclosporines. The method utilizes the stationary phase Zorbax SB-C18, particle size 1.8 µm, 150x2.1 mm and gradient elution at flow rate 0.15 ml.min-1 at column temperature 100řC. Mobile phases are Acetone: TBME: water: TFA (30: 5.5: 64.5: 0.01) and Acetone: TBME: water: TFA (49: 5.5: 45.5: 0.01). The work includes the verification of method validability in terms of specificity, linearity, limit of quantittion, accuracy, precision and robustness. The method can be used for determination of cyclosporine impurities in final dosage forms in pharmacetical QC laboratories. Keywords: cyclosporine....