No description available.

Chemotherapy resistance in human epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is a significant reason for the high rate of death among patients. We hypothesized that chemotherapy- resistant EOC cells will be killed by novel drug treatments in non-adherent culture conditions. The objective of this study was to test the efficacy of novel drugs to affect platinum resistant EOC cell viability. To achieve this, the cell killing efficacy of several drugs were tested on drug-resistant EOCs growing in non-adherent cultures. Both EOC cell lines and primary EOC cells isolated from patient ascites were used for these studies. Two different classes of drugs were tested including multikinase inhibitors (dorsomorphin and LDN-193189), and an understudied class of novel chemotherapeutic agents called glycosylated antitumor ether lipids (GAELs). EOC cells were treated with the drugs at different doses alone or in combination with cisplatin. Because GAELs exhibited promising results in resistant EOC cells, the mechanism of GAEL-induced cell-death was evaluated. / October 2016

Com a utilização dos atuais protocolos de tratamento, 70-80% dos casos de leucemia linfóide aguda (LLA) na infância têm obtido sobrevida livre de eventos em cinco anos. Entretanto, os 20% restantes, que se mostram resistentes ao tratamento, apresentam recidivas e as causas desse insucesso no tratamento ainda permanecem desconhecidas. Dessa forma, com o intuito de melhor compreender os mecanismos moleculares que participam desse processo, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o perfil de expressão de um painel de genes que foram previamente associados à resistência e/ou sensibilidade aos quimioterápicos: prednisona (F8A, CDK2AP1, BLVRB, CD69), vincristina (RPLP2, CD44, TCFL5, KCNN1, TRIM24), daunorrubicina (MAP3K12, SHOC2, PDCH9, EGR1, KCNN4) e asparaginase (GPR56, MAN1A1, CLEC11A, IGFBP7, GATA3). Para a realização do estudo, foram utilizadas inicialmente amostras de medula óssea de pacientes portadores de LLA pertencentes a quatro grandes centros de oncologia pediátrica do Estado de São Paulo e que foram submetidos ao protocolo de tratamento do GBTLI-99. A análise da expressão gênica foi realizada pela técnica de PCR quantitativa em tempo real, utilizando-se o reagente SYBR Green, o gene GUS? como controle endógeno e amostras de medula óssea normais como referência. A análise dos dados de expressão gênica em relação aos diversos parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais avaliados na LLA, demonstrou associações importantes entre os diversos genes estudados e variáveis clínicas importantes como contagem de glóbulos brancos ao diagnóstico, presença do antígeno CD10 (CALLA), translocação TEL/AML1, presença de doença residual mínima entre outras. Dentre os genes avaliados destacaram -se como possíveis marcadores de bom prognóstico os genes SHOC2 e GPR56. Posteriormente, reavaliou-se o perfil de expressão desses genes em pacientes submetidos ao protocolo de tratamento europeu do grupo BFM com o intuito de verificar o padrão de expressão em pacientes com um background genético distinto e submetidos a um protocolo terapêutico distinto. Os resultados confirmaram os dados encontrados anteriormente e demonstraram a hiperexpressão do gene SHOC2 (que foi previamente associado à sensibilidade à daunorrubicina) associada ao grupo de pacientes bons respondedores, sugerindo a correlação desse gene com critérios favoráveis de prognóstico. Para verificar o nível de interação desse gene avaliou-se ainda a expressão protéica do mesmo, que confirmou os padrões de expressão gênica obtidos por RQ-PCR. A função do gene SHOC2, que embora não esteja completamente elucidada, já foi anteriormente descrita pela literatura, que demonstra a participação do gene no processo de ativação da proteína Erk pela via Ras. Finalmente para melhor compreender os possíveis mecanismos que envolvem o gene SHOC2 no processo de melhor resposta à quimioterapia, utilizou-se a técnica de RNAi para silenciá- lo na linhagem celular leucêmica Jurkat. Os resultados demosntraram a associação da expressão do gene SHOC2 com proliferação celular e também com a indução de apoptose. Esses dados sugerem que a hiperexpressão desse gene pode ser importante para o processo de sensibilidade das células leucêmicas ao tratamento. Como conclusão, este trabalho demonstrou a associação de diversos genes com importantes parâmetros clínicos da LLA e destaca principalmente o papel do gene SHOC2 como possível alvo terapêutico para o tratamento da leucemia linfóide aguda. / Major improvements have been made in the ALL treatment, which achieved successful rates of approximately 80% of long-terms survival. Despite the significant percentage of success, the remaining 20 % still presents treatment failure and the molecular mechanisms involved in the resistance process remains unclear. The present study was undertaken to analyze and validate the gene expression pattern of the previously described genes related to prednisolone (F8A, CDK2AP1, BLVRB, CD69), vincristine (RPLP2, CD44, TCFL5, KCNN1, TRIM24), daunorubicin (MAP3K12, SHOC2, PDCH9, EGR1, KCNN4) and Lasparaginase (GPR56, MAN1A1, CLEC11A, IGFBP7, GATA3) in order to better inderstand these mechanisms. Bone marrow samples of ALL patients, obtained at diagnosis, in four oncology centers and treated according to the Brazilian protocol (GBTLI-99). The relative mRNA expression levels were quantified using real-time PCR analysis. Amplification of the specific sequences was performed with SYBR® Green reagent; GUSB was used as the reference gene and normal bone marrow samples used as calibrator. The expression profile analisis showed important associations among the studied genes and clinical features as WBC count at diagnosis, CALLA, TEL/AML1 translocation and minimal residual disease. Among the analyzed genes, possible therapy targets were found at SHOC2 and GPR56. Further we addressed the expression profile of these genes in ALL patients, treated according to the BFM protocol, which chacarterize a group of distinct genetic\'s background. The results confirmed the data previously obtained. The overexpression of the gene SHOC2, that was primaraly associated to sensibility to dauborubicin, was related to patients who presented good prednisone response, suggesting the correlation of SHOC2 with good prognostic factors. In order to acess the interaction level of this gene, the protein expression was analyzed and confirmed the mRNA expression data. Despite its lack of information, the data on SHOC2 shows its role as na important element in the Erk activation by Ras induced pathway. Finally, to better understand the possible mechanisms which involve SHOC2 gene to the chemotherapy response process, Jurkat cells was transfect with siRNA to silence the gene SHOC2. Further, functional assays were done to characterize the mechanisms involved. The results showed the association of SHOC2 gene expression with processes of cell proliferation and apoptosis induction, thus suggesting that the overexpression of SHOC2 could play an important role in leukemic cell\'s sensibility to chemotherapy agents, and consequently in patients\' treatment outcome. In conclusion, this work demonstrated the association of the expression profile of many genes with important clinical and laboratorial features. Furthermore, this data present the gene SHOC2 as a possible therapy target to acute lymphoblastic leukemia \'s treatment.

<p><strong><em>Background</em></strong>: Chemotherapy and radiation resistance are major causes of failure in cancer treatment. The response to treatment in cancer cells depends on several mechanisms and pathways such as Janus kinases-signal transducers and activators of transcription JAK/STAT pathway. STAT1 was the first described transcription factor in the STAT family. STAT1 is activated by stimulation of signaling proteins such as type II interferon (IFN- γ) and the activated STAT1 translocates from cytoplasm to nucleus. The translocation of STAT1 would result in transcription and changes in the cell activity in terms of apoptosis, proliferation and angiogenesis. Overexpression of STAT1 is suggested to be involved in the development of resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. In this study, we were interested in finding an inhibitor of the STAT1 translocation. <strong><em>Material and methods</em></strong>: The cervix carcinoma cell line, HeLa, was exposed to test compounds for 2h and were then stimulated with IFN-γ to induce the translocation of STAT1. To detect STAT1-protein and the nucleus, the cells were stained with fluorescent antibodies and Hoescht 33324, respectively, using a STAT1 activator assay. The difference in fluorescence intensity between cytoplasm and nucleus was measured using a high-content microscope, ArrayScan^®. <strong><em>Results</em></strong>: β-lapachone and CRA-1 were found to be inhibitors of STAT1 translocation.</p>

Insensitivity to chemotherapy is an ongoing issue in cancer treatment, one that appears to be highly dependent on patient-specific variations. It has been shown clinically that while a subset of patients will successfully respond to a particular chemotherapeutic regimen, there exists another subset of patients who when exposed to the same course of therapy will remain resistant to treatment or exhibit signs of relapse after treatment has been administered. This discrepancy raises interesting questions regarding the role that patient-specific variations play in controlling the efficacy of chemotherapy treatment regimens. Doxorubicin (Dox) is a common chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of a variety of solid tumors and leukemias and resistance to Dox treatment is a major issue in cancer chemotherapy, oftentimes leading to patient relapse. To gain a deeper understanding of the processes that influence Dox resistance, we must first understand the mechanisms that underlie and contribute to Dox's toxicity. To this end, the metabolic reactions that activate Dox have been implicated as major determinants of Dox cytoxicity and as possible factors that control Dox resistance in cancer cells. There are several lines of evidence that redox-dependent metabolism plays a large role in Dox toxicity. The Dox bioactivation network is comprised of a system of reduction/oxidation (redox) reactions that lead to the formation of toxic Dox metabolites and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, multi-drug resistant acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells derived from relapsed patients have elevated levels of the antioxidant glutathione and show insensitivity to Dox treatment. The redox dependence of Dox bioactivation, the understanding that Dox treatment generates ROS, and the evidence that Dox resistant cells exhibit increased antioxidant capacity, suggest the possibility that redox pathways modulate the efficacy of Dox treatment in cancer cells. The overall objectives of the proposed dissertation, therefore, were to investigate how the redox properties of the Dox bioactivation network influence Dox toxicity in acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells, and to provide evidence that cell-specific variations in the intracellular levels of these redox components influences the degree to which Dox treatment will induce cancer cell death. The significant findings of this study are that the redox reactions involved in Dox metabolism are dual-natured, containing a toxicity-generating module characterized by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-dependent Dox reductive conversion, as well as an ROS signal-generating module characterized by NADPH- and oxygen-dependent Dox redox cycling. The balance between the coupled redox reactions that comprise the toxicity- and ROS signal-generating modules of Dox bioactivation determines the sensitivity-phenotype of leukemia cells and phenotypic changes in the Dox-sensitivity of leukemia cells can be induced by the successful modulation of the Dox bioactivation network through the pharmacological inhibition of NADPH in a concentration- and cell type-dependent manner. This study highlights the importance of the intracellular redox network in controlling chemotherapy-induced ROS. The unequal distribution in antioxidant burden across the various intracellular antioxidant enzymes suggests a significant role for NADPH supply, as controlled by the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), to the intracellular ROS buffering capacity of cells during instances of oxidative stress. Changes in G6PD activity were shown to promote protein-S-glutathionylation during oxidative stress conditions, thereby implicating G6PD in the modulation of redox-sensitive signal transduction pathways. The intracellular glutathione redox balance, a measure of the intracellular redox environment, can effectively regulate Dox-induced NF-κB signal transduction in leukemia cells. The systematic modulation of intracellular glutathione redox balance in leukemia cells by N-acetylcysteine (NAC) revealed an important role for protein S-glutathionylation mechanisms in the control of NF-κB signal transduction induced by Dox treatment. These findings identify the glutathione redox network as a potential therapeutic target for the systematic modulation of Dox sensitivity in cancer cells and elucidate the complex role that antioxidants such as NAC can play in modulating the effectiveness of Dox chemotherapy treatment regimens. Lastly, this study highlights the need for and the capacity of computational models to accurately describe the complex redox-reactions that contribute to Dox metabolism in leukemia cells. This study is groundbreaking in its use of computational modeling to analyze reversible electron transfer events between proteins using mass-action kinetics. The models developed in this study can accurately explain cytosolic doxorubicin bioactivation, intracellular hydrogen peroxide clearance, and kinase-specific S-glutathionylation, thereby showing that the use of comprehensive and/or relatively simple computational models can provide semi-quantitative predictions about the behavior of redox systems in mammalian cells as they relate to Dox-induced toxicity and Dox-induced cell signaling.

Background: Chemotherapy and radiation resistance are major causes of failure in cancer treatment. The response to treatment in cancer cells depends on several mechanisms and pathways such as Janus kinases-signal transducers and activators of transcription JAK/STAT pathway. STAT1 was the first described transcription factor in the STAT family. STAT1 is activated by stimulation of signaling proteins such as type II interferon (IFN- γ) and the activated STAT1 translocates from cytoplasm to nucleus. The translocation of STAT1 would result in transcription and changes in the cell activity in terms of apoptosis, proliferation and angiogenesis. Overexpression of STAT1 is suggested to be involved in the development of resistance to chemotherapy and radiation. In this study, we were interested in finding an inhibitor of the STAT1 translocation. Material and methods: The cervix carcinoma cell line, HeLa, was exposed to test compounds for 2h and were then stimulated with IFN-γ to induce the translocation of STAT1. To detect STAT1-protein and the nucleus, the cells were stained with fluorescent antibodies and Hoescht 33324, respectively, using a STAT1 activator assay. The difference in fluorescence intensity between cytoplasm and nucleus was measured using a high-content microscope, ArrayScan®. Results: β-lapachone and CRA-1 were found to be inhibitors of STAT1 translocation.

Com a utilização dos atuais protocolos de tratamento, 70-80% dos casos de leucemia linfóide aguda (LLA) na infância têm obtido sobrevida livre de eventos em cinco anos. Entretanto, os 20% restantes, que se mostram resistentes ao tratamento, apresentam recidivas e as causas desse insucesso no tratamento ainda permanecem desconhecidas. Dessa forma, com o intuito de melhor compreender os mecanismos moleculares que participam desse processo, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o perfil de expressão de um painel de genes que foram previamente associados à resistência e/ou sensibilidade aos quimioterápicos: prednisona (F8A, CDK2AP1, BLVRB, CD69), vincristina (RPLP2, CD44, TCFL5, KCNN1, TRIM24), daunorrubicina (MAP3K12, SHOC2, PDCH9, EGR1, KCNN4) e asparaginase (GPR56, MAN1A1, CLEC11A, IGFBP7, GATA3). Para a realização do estudo, foram utilizadas inicialmente amostras de medula óssea de pacientes portadores de LLA pertencentes a quatro grandes centros de oncologia pediátrica do Estado de São Paulo e que foram submetidos ao protocolo de tratamento do GBTLI-99. A análise da expressão gênica foi realizada pela técnica de PCR quantitativa em tempo real, utilizando-se o reagente SYBR Green, o gene GUS? como controle endógeno e amostras de medula óssea normais como referência. A análise dos dados de expressão gênica em relação aos diversos parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais avaliados na LLA, demonstrou associações importantes entre os diversos genes estudados e variáveis clínicas importantes como contagem de glóbulos brancos ao diagnóstico, presença do antígeno CD10 (CALLA), translocação TEL/AML1, presença de doença residual mínima entre outras. Dentre os genes avaliados destacaram -se como possíveis marcadores de bom prognóstico os genes SHOC2 e GPR56. Posteriormente, reavaliou-se o perfil de expressão desses genes em pacientes submetidos ao protocolo de tratamento europeu do grupo BFM com o intuito de verificar o padrão de expressão em pacientes com um background genético distinto e submetidos a um protocolo terapêutico distinto. Os resultados confirmaram os dados encontrados anteriormente e demonstraram a hiperexpressão do gene SHOC2 (que foi previamente associado à sensibilidade à daunorrubicina) associada ao grupo de pacientes bons respondedores, sugerindo a correlação desse gene com critérios favoráveis de prognóstico. Para verificar o nível de interação desse gene avaliou-se ainda a expressão protéica do mesmo, que confirmou os padrões de expressão gênica obtidos por RQ-PCR. A função do gene SHOC2, que embora não esteja completamente elucidada, já foi anteriormente descrita pela literatura, que demonstra a participação do gene no processo de ativação da proteína Erk pela via Ras. Finalmente para melhor compreender os possíveis mecanismos que envolvem o gene SHOC2 no processo de melhor resposta à quimioterapia, utilizou-se a técnica de RNAi para silenciá- lo na linhagem celular leucêmica Jurkat. Os resultados demosntraram a associação da expressão do gene SHOC2 com proliferação celular e também com a indução de apoptose. Esses dados sugerem que a hiperexpressão desse gene pode ser importante para o processo de sensibilidade das células leucêmicas ao tratamento. Como conclusão, este trabalho demonstrou a associação de diversos genes com importantes parâmetros clínicos da LLA e destaca principalmente o papel do gene SHOC2 como possível alvo terapêutico para o tratamento da leucemia linfóide aguda. / Major improvements have been made in the ALL treatment, which achieved successful rates of approximately 80% of long-terms survival. Despite the significant percentage of success, the remaining 20 % still presents treatment failure and the molecular mechanisms involved in the resistance process remains unclear. The present study was undertaken to analyze and validate the gene expression pattern of the previously described genes related to prednisolone (F8A, CDK2AP1, BLVRB, CD69), vincristine (RPLP2, CD44, TCFL5, KCNN1, TRIM24), daunorubicin (MAP3K12, SHOC2, PDCH9, EGR1, KCNN4) and Lasparaginase (GPR56, MAN1A1, CLEC11A, IGFBP7, GATA3) in order to better inderstand these mechanisms. Bone marrow samples of ALL patients, obtained at diagnosis, in four oncology centers and treated according to the Brazilian protocol (GBTLI-99). The relative mRNA expression levels were quantified using real-time PCR analysis. Amplification of the specific sequences was performed with SYBR® Green reagent; GUSB was used as the reference gene and normal bone marrow samples used as calibrator. The expression profile analisis showed important associations among the studied genes and clinical features as WBC count at diagnosis, CALLA, TEL/AML1 translocation and minimal residual disease. Among the analyzed genes, possible therapy targets were found at SHOC2 and GPR56. Further we addressed the expression profile of these genes in ALL patients, treated according to the BFM protocol, which chacarterize a group of distinct genetic\'s background. The results confirmed the data previously obtained. The overexpression of the gene SHOC2, that was primaraly associated to sensibility to dauborubicin, was related to patients who presented good prednisone response, suggesting the correlation of SHOC2 with good prognostic factors. In order to acess the interaction level of this gene, the protein expression was analyzed and confirmed the mRNA expression data. Despite its lack of information, the data on SHOC2 shows its role as na important element in the Erk activation by Ras induced pathway. Finally, to better understand the possible mechanisms which involve SHOC2 gene to the chemotherapy response process, Jurkat cells was transfect with siRNA to silence the gene SHOC2. Further, functional assays were done to characterize the mechanisms involved. The results showed the association of SHOC2 gene expression with processes of cell proliferation and apoptosis induction, thus suggesting that the overexpression of SHOC2 could play an important role in leukemic cell\'s sensibility to chemotherapy agents, and consequently in patients\' treatment outcome. In conclusion, this work demonstrated the association of the expression profile of many genes with important clinical and laboratorial features. Furthermore, this data present the gene SHOC2 as a possible therapy target to acute lymphoblastic leukemia \'s treatment.

No description available.

20 svenska barn diagnostiseras årligen med barntumören neuroblastom (NB). Läkemedelsresistens och intratumoral heterogenitet försvårar behandlingen och 50-60% av hög-risk NB-patienter drabbas av återfall. Subpopulationer av resistenta celler har identifierats i hög-risk NB-cellinjer, vilket belyser behovet av nya behandlingsalternativ. Dessa celler har visats vara känsliga mot antimetaboliter, som är S-fas specifika läkemedel. Syftet med detta projekt är att utvärdera antimetaboliter som singelbehan-dling eller i kombination med kemoterapi som en ny behandlingsmetod i resistenta NB-celler. Cellvia-bilitiet, cellåterväxt efter långtidsbehandling och cellcykelarrest samt cellcykelns förlopp analyserades på en panel bestående av de fem TP53-muterade ultra-högrisk NB-cellinjerna Kelly, SK-N-DZ, SK-N-AS, BE(2)-C och SK-N-FI. Läkemedlena som utvärderades var kemoterapierna doxorubicin (doxo) och cisplatin samt antimetaboliterna cytarabine (Ara-C), gemcitabine, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) och hy-droxyurea (HU). Resultaten indikerar att Kelly och SK-N-FI var de cellinjer som var mest känsliga mot kombinationer av doxo tillsammans med antimetaboliter. Detta styrktes ytterligare av analysen av cellcykelarrest som visade att dessa cellinjer föredrar att arrestera i S-fas. Cellinjerna SK-N-DZ, SK-N-AS och BE(2)-C var mindre känsliga mot kombinationsbehandlingarna och visade preferens för att arrestera i andra faser av cellcykeln. Eftersom cellinjerna visade variationer i cellcykelarrest så föreslår vi en utvärdering av trippelkombinationer med läkemedel som är G2/M-fas specifika för att ytterligare eliminera resistenta subpopulationer. / Every year, 20 Swedish children are diagnosed with the pediatric tumor neuroblastoma (NB). Therapy resistance and intratumor heterogeneities complicate treatment of NB and ultimately, 50-60% of high- risk NB patients relapse. Subpopulations of resistant cells have been identified in high-risk NB cell lines, which elucidates the need for novel treatment options. These cells have been suggested to be sensitive to the S-phase specific drugs antimetabolites. The objective of this project is to evaluate antimetabolites as monotherapy and in combination with chemotherapy as a novel treatment option in high-risk NB. Analyses of cell viability, cell regrowth following long-term treatment, and cell cycle progression and mitotic arrest were performed in a panel of five TP53 mutated ultra-high risk NB cell lines, Kelly, SK- N-DZ, SK-N-AS, BE(2)-C, and SK-N-FI. The evaluated drugs were the chemotherapies doxorubicin (doxo) and cisplatin, and the antimetabolites cytarabine (Ara-C), gemcitabine, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and hydroxyurea (HU). Obtained results indicated that out of the tested cell lines, Kelly and SK-N-FI are the most sensitive to combinations of doxo with antimetabolites. This was further corroborated via analysis of cell cycle progression and mitotic arrest which demonstrated that Kelly and SK-N-FI have a preference for S-phase arrest. Cell lines SK-N-DZ, SK-N-AS, and BE(2)-C were less sensitive to combination treatments and showed preference for arrest in other phases of the cell cycle. Since resistant cell lines show variations in mitotic arrest, we suggest evaluating triple combinations with targeted treatments for G2/M-phase, in order to further eliminate resistant subpopulations.

Background: Human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) fundamentally vary in their susceptibility to different cytotoxic drugs and treatment modalities. There is at present no clinically accepted test system to predict the most effective therapy for an individual patient. Methods: Therefore, we established tumor-derived slice cultures which can be kept in vitro for at least six days. Upon treatment with cisplatin, docetaxel and cetuximab, slices were fixed and paraffin sections were cut for histopathological analysis. Results: Apoptotic fragmentation, activation of caspase 3, and cell loss were observed in treated tumor slices. Counts of nuclei per field in untreated compared to treated slices deriving from the same tumor allowed estimation of the anti-neoplastic activity of individual drugs on an individual tumor. Conclusion: HNSCC-derived slice cultures survive well in vitro and may serve to improve personalized therapies, but also to detect mechanisms of tumor resistance by harvesting surviving tumor cells after treatment.