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This thesis deals with black carbon, its characteristic features and with its occurrence in chernozemic soils. In particular, this thesis deals with methods, which can study presence of black carbon in soils. The presence of black carbon and the whole composition of soil organic matter of three chernozemic soils in Czechia (Zeměchy, Tursko, Syrovice) is examined by 13 C NMR spectroscopy. Anthracological analysis of charcoal from fossil chernozems of Zemechy loess ravine deals with pedogenesis of chernozems and development of Quaternary vegetation in Central Europe. Coniferous tree species of Pinus sp., Pinus cf. cembra, Larix/Picea, Juniperus a Vaccicium, i.e. cold- and drought-tolerant taxa, were identified by anthracological analysis of soils of Zemechy loess ravine. The identified species suggest that the landscape around Zemechy was probably formed by parkland taiga. According to 13 C NMR spectroscopy, soil organic matter of fossil chernozem of Zemechy loess ravine consists particularly of alkyl and O-alkyl carbon. Aromatic carbon is also significant. O-alkyl carbon is the most important in the recent chernozems of Tursko and Syrovice. Aromatic carbon has the smallest proportion in both chernozems. The presence of aromatic carbon in chernozem of Tursko is the smallest of all analyzed soils. The...

Quantitative and qualitative Soil Organic Matter (SOM) properties were observed in the soil samples of a medium-term field experiment (Cambisol ? Studena, Czech Republic) and an exact field experi?ment (Chernozem ? Gross Enzersdorf, Austria) in the year 2005 considering different soil tillage systems (conventional and minimum tillage). Except the standard parameters, soil organic matter content and quality in particulate water stable aggregates size fractions was additional determinated for Cambisol. Cambisol showed more favourable values of both quantitative and qualitative SOM parameters in minimum tillage system compared to those in conventional tillage system. SOM quality in the water stable aggregates fractions was better in minimum tillage compared to conventional tillage. Cambisol also showed that SOM in aggregates fractions is much more quality compared to SOM in the original soil samples. Chernozem showed higher values of both quantitative and qualitative SOM parameters in conventional tillage compared to those in minimum tillage but the differences are not high. It can be said that Chernozem organic matter reaction to tillage technology changes is slower and of minor rate in comparison with that of Cambisol organic matter. The results of quantitative and qualitative parameters do not conform to the generally recognised values for the Chernozem soil type.

Schwarzerden und deren Kolluvien in der Uckermark als Forschungsobjekt werden als Archive zur Aufklärung der holozänen Landschaftsgeschichte und speziell der Bodengenese genutzt. Mit Hilfe eines speziellen interdisziplinären Methodenansatzes wurden Bodencatenen untersucht und im Hinblick auf ihren paläoökologischen Informationsgehalt interpretiert. Ergebnis sind differenzierte Aussagen zu Zuständen der holozänen Landschaftsentwicklung der Region Uckermark im Hinblick auf anthropogenen Einfluß, hydrologische Verhältnisse, Morphodynamik und Bodengenese sowie deren Ursachen- und Wirkungszusammenhänge. Voraussetzung für die Tschernosemgenese im Boreal und z.T. Atlantikum unter Laubmischwald sind die regionalen natürlichen Besonderheiten - der hohe Kalkgehalt des Substrates und die Klimaverhältnisse mit geringen Jahresniederschlägen. Seit dem Neolithikum bis zum Beginn des Mittelalters ist die Uckermark durch ein Vegetationsmosaik charakterisiert, das durch Offenlandbereiche innerhalb von Misch- und Laubmischwäldern gekennzeichnet ist und durch die ur- und frühgeschichtliche Siedlungsdynamik bestimmt wird. Der Landschaftswasserhaushalt in hydrologisch voneinander relativ unabhängigen Kleinsteinzugsgebieten des Jungmoränengebietes wird mit Beginn des Neolithikums sowohl durch die Siedlungsdynamik als auch den globalen Klimawandel beeinflußt und ist durch einen Wechsel von Trocken- und Feuchtphasen gekennzeichnet. Die Schwarzerdegenese und ihr Erhalt ist Ergebnis des Wandels paläoökologischer Zustände der holozänen Landschaftsgeschichte, die durch unterschiedlichen Verhältnisse der pedogenetischen Prozesse Tschernosemierung und Lessivierung auf der Grundlage des unterschiedlichen Zusammenwirkens der natürlichen und anthropogenen Faktoren bestimmt werden. / Phaeozems and their colluvia in the Uckermark were used as archives for the reconstruction of the holocene landscape history and particularly the pedogenesis. Soil catenas were examined and their palaeoecological information interpreted with the help of a special interdisciplinary combination of methods. Results are differentiated conclusions to stages of the holocene landscape development of the region Uckermark regarding anthropogenic influence, hydrologic conditions, morphodynamics and pedogenesis as well as the relations between them. The genesis of chernozems in the Boreal and partly the Atlantic period under leaves mixed woodland was caused by the special regional environmental conditions - the high content of carbonates in the substrate and the climate conditions with low yearly precipitation. Since the neolithic period up to the beginning of the Middle Ages the Uckermark is characterized by a vegetation mosaic consisting of leaves mixed woodlands and open land areas. The vegetation mosaic is determined by pre- and earlyhistorical settlement dynamics. With the beginning of the neolithic period the landscape water regime in mostly hydrologically independent small catchment areas in the young morain area is influenced by both, the settlement dynamics and the global climatic change. The water regime is characterized by an alternation of dry and humid phases. The genesis of chernozems and its conservation in form of phaeozems is the result of the change of palaeoecological stages of the holocene landscape history. The different conditions of palaeoenvironment, caused by various kinds of interaction between the natural and anthropogenic factors, determined the differences of the relation between the pedogenetic processes, the genesis of chernozems and their lessivation.

Schwarzerden sind die weltweit fruchtbarsten Böden und dementsprechend werden sie überwiegend ackerbaulich genutzt. Die unterschiedlichen, historischen Logiken des Aufbaus der Klassifikationen und der Kriterien für die Zuordnung zu bestimmten Bodentypen führen dazu, dass die in dieser Doktorarbeit Böden wie folgt klassifiziert wurde: a) Pelosol-Tschernoseme nach deutscher Kartieranleitung KA5 (Ad-hoc-Arbeitsgruppe Boden 2005), b) ausgelaugte und gewöhnliche Schwarzerden nach der Klassifikation und Diagnostik der Böden der UdSSR (Egorov et al. 1977), und c) segregierte und tonig-illuviale Agrarschwarzerde nach der Klassifikation und Diagnostik der Böden Russlands (Shishov et al. 2004). Schwarzerden entwickeln sich auf sehr tonreichen Böden und weisen infolge von Quellung und Schrumpfung Slikensides auf, so dass sie unter Beachtung der WRB-Definitionen dann als Vertisole zu bezeichnen sind. In dieser Arbeit wurden 104 Publikationen aus der überwiegend russischsprachigen Fachliteratur der vergangenen Jahrzehnte in Bezug auf den Humuszustand von Schwarzerden ausgewertet und ein Methodenvergleich für den organischen Kohlenstoff (Corg) und die Texturbestimmungen durchgeführt. Die Tyurin-Methode wird in Russland traditionell für die Corg-Bestimmung verwendet. Es ist eine Methode der nassen Veraschung der organischen Substanz, bei der das erhitzte Oxidationsmittel K2Cr2O7 verwendet wird. In dieser Arbeit wird ein Umrechnungskoeffizient von 1,03 empfohlen. Für die Übertragung der Textur wird empfohlen, die Körnungssummenkurven zu erstellen. Die Schwarzerden wurden auf dem Territorium des ehemaligen Bodenbearbeitungs–Dauerfeldversuches am Forschungsinstitut für Landwirtschaft V.V. Dokučaev in der Zentralen Schwarzerde-Region Kamennaya Steppe („Steinsteppe“) im Bezirk Voronezh untersucht. Die Analysen haben gezeigt, dass nach 25 Jahren der ausgleichenden Bewirtschaftung keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den ehemaligen Varianten des Versuches mehr existieren. / Chernozems, are of particular importance. They are the world's most fertile soils and are therefore predominantly used for arable farming. The different, historical logics of the respective structure of the classifications and their criteria for assignment to certain soil types determined the soils analysed in this doctoral thesis. They were classified as follows: a) ‘Pelosol-Tschernoseme’ according to the German mapping guide KA5 (Ad-hoc-Arbeitsgruppe Boden 2005), b) ‘leached and ordinary Chernozems’ following the classification and diagnostics of the soils of the USSR (Egorov et al. 1977), and c) "segregated and clayey-illuvial agricultural Chernozems " according to the Classification and Diagnostics of Russian Soils (Shishov et al. 2004). Chernozems can develop on very clay-rich soils and exhibit slikensides as a result of swelling and shrinkage. They can then be described as Vertisols in accordance with the WRB definitions. In this thesis, 104 publications from the predominantly Russian-language special literature of the past decades were analysed with reference to the humus condition of Chernozems and the method comparison of measurements of organic carbon (Corg) and texture was implemented. The Tyurin method is traditionally used in Russia for Corg determination. It is a method of wet combustion of organic matter, in which the heated oxidising agent K2Cr2O7 is used. In this work, a conversion coefficient of 1.03 is recommended. For the texture is it recommended that the total grain size curves be created for a transfer. The Chernozems were analysed on the fields of the former long-term tillage trial at the Research Institute of Agriculture V.V. Dokučaev in the Central Chernozem Region Kamennaya Steppe (stone steppe) in the Voronezh district. The analyses show that after 25 years of compensatory management, there are no longer any significant differences among the former variants of the trial.

Chernozem became the crucial soil for the beginnings of soil science through the work of Dokuchaev from 1883. Since then the genesis of chernozems in Central Europe has raised many questions among soil scientists, botanists and paleo-environmentalists. While in Eastern Europe chernozems have been described as zonal soils, that are typical for continental steppe and forest-steppe areas, there are areas in Central Europe which are predisposed by their climatic characteristics to the presence of woodlands. The goal of this dissertation is to enrich the discussion about the genesis of chernozems by restoring the environmental conditions that were prevalent during the formation of chernozem soils in Central Europe. Chernozems are usually developed on loess with a very thick and dark organic surface which passes directly to a calcareous horizon. The organic matter underwent a polymerization in dependence on climate contrasts. However, in Central Europe, the climatic characteristics of the areas of chernozems are a bit different. These chernozems are supposed to have been formed under the climatic conditions that dominated Central Europe during the Late Glacial and the Early Holocene. The climatic nuances may contribute to the explanation of the differences in distribution of chernozems ("drier") and...

Le chernozem est un sol emblématique, car il a participé à la naissance de la pédologie par l’intermédiaire des travaux de Dokuchaev (1883). Depuis, la formation des chernozems a suscité de nombreuses questions parmi les pédologues, botanistes et paléo-environnementalistes. Tandis qu’en Europe de l’Est et en Eurasie les chernozems sont décrits comme des sols zonaux, typiques des milieux steppiques continentaux, les zones où on les rencontre en Europe Centrale sont prédisposées par leur climat à la présence de forêts. L’objectif de notre travail vise à enrichir ce débat en reconstituant les conditions environnementales de la pédogénèse de ces sols en Europe Centrale. Le chernozem est un sol le plus souvent développé sur lœss à horizon de surface organique très épais et sombre qui passe directement à un horizon calcaire. La matière organique a subi une lente évolution sous la dépendance de contrastes climatiques. Néanmoins, en Europe Centrale, les facteurs climatiques liés à la présence de chernozems sont à nuancer. Les chernozems sont censés s’être formés sous les conditions climatiques différentes d’aujourd’hui qui ont dominé en Europe Centrale au Tardiglaciaire et au début de l’Holocène. Si des nuances climatiques permettent d’expliquer la différence de répartition des chernozems (« plus sec ») et des luvisols (« plus humide ») à l’échelle régionale, ce n’est plus vrai à l’échelle locale où les limites entre ces sols sont très brutales, alors que les conditions de milieu sont identiques. Une théorie pour expliquer leur persistance considère que ce serait l’ouverture artificielle du milieu, continue depuis le Néolithique, qui aurait bloqué leur évolution vers d’autres types de sols. Cette hypothèse expliquerait leur répartition sous forme d’îlots ou de mosaïque, alternant avec des luvisols et des phaeozems. Nous avons privilégié dans notre questionnement l’étude des archives pédologiques, plus précisément celle des matières organiques, dont certaines ont la capacité de résider dans le sol pendant des milliers d’années. Celles-ci sont d’origine locale et permettent donc de reconstituer l’environnement végétal immédiat lors de la formation du sol. Elles ont été analysées par spectroscopie proche infrarouge qualitative (SPIR-qual). Cet outil représente une approche novatrice dans l’étude des paléo-environnements. Cette approche s’est accompagnée d’une étude pédoanthracologique sur certains paléosols et de l’analyse micromorphologique d’une catena chernozem – luvisol à l’échelle stationnelle. Nous avons montré que certains chernozems ont évolué constamment sous prairie, tandis que d’autres ont une histoire récente forestière, mais ont connu auparavant une évolution sous végétation de prairie. Les études pédoanthracologiques sur des paléochernozems pléistocènes et holocènes ont chaque fois révélé la présence de charbons de bois d’essence forestière. L’analyse micromorphologique de la catena met en évidence un chernozem qui s’est développé à partir d’un luvisol ce qui contraste avec les modèles habituels de dégradation des chernozems en luvisols. Ce travail confirme que la couverture végétale des chernozems peut selon le cas être forestière ou prairiale. Il est certain que des chernozems ont évolué pendant un laps de temps long sous forêt. Ce résultat est en contradiction avec l’hypothèse dominante, qui veut que les chernozems se développent et subsistent exclusivement sous steppe. / Chernozem became the crucial soil for the beginnings of soil science through the work of Dokuchaev from 1883. Since then the genesis of chernozems in Central Europe has raised many questions among soil scientists, botanists and paleo-environmentalists. While in Eastern Europe chernozems have been described as zonal soils, that are typical for continental steppe and forest-steppe areas, there are areas in Central Europe which are predisposed by their climatic characteristics to the presence of woodlands. The goal of this dissertation is to enrich the discussion about the genesis of chernozems by restoring the environmental conditions that were prevalent during the formation of chernozem soils in Central Europe. Chernozems are usually developed on loess with a very thick and dark organic surface which passes directly to a calcareous horizon. The organic matter underwent a polymerization in dependence on climate contrasts. However, in Central Europe, the climatic characteristics of the areas of chernozems are a bit different. These chernozems are supposed to have been formed under the climatic conditions that dominated Central Europe during the Late Glacial and the Early Holocene. The climatic nuances may contribute to the explanation of the differences in distribution of chernozems ("drier") and luvisols ("more humide") at a regional level, but they are no help at a local level with the same environmental conditions where the boundaries between chernozems and luvisols are very sharp. There is a theory about their persistence that considers the agriculture since the Neolithic being the reason for the fact that their progression to other types of soil was blocked. This theory would explain their distribution in the form of mosaic, alternating with luvisols and phaeozems. This study is focused on questioning of the memory of soils and especially of their organic matter. Some soil organic matter has the ability to persist in soils for thousands of years. Such organic matter has a purely local origin. That is why it is possible to reconstruct the vegetation from the period of time of the formation of soils. There is qualitative near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) applied for the analysis of the soil organic matter. This method is an innovative approach to the studying of the paleoenvironments of chernozems. This approach is accompanied by a anthracological study of some paleosols and of a micromorphological analysis of a catena chernozem - luvisol on a very local scale (300 m). The NIRS analysis has proved that some chernozems developed under grassland. Other chernozems have a recent forest history, but they had also existed under grassland vegetation before. There were found some chernozems with a source of heterogeneous organic material. The charcoals studies of paleochernozems of the Pleistocene and of the Holocene have revealed the presence of woods. The micromorphological analysis of a catena between chernozem and luvisol has shown a chernozem which developed from a luvisol. That contrasts with the usual models of the degradation of chernozems into luvisols. This dissertation confirms that the vegetation cover of chernozems can be both: grassland or woodland. Certainly, chernozems also developed under forest during a period of time. This result is inconsistent with the prevailing hypothesis that claims chernozems develop and preserve exclusively under steppe. / Černozemě se staly díky Dokučajevově dizertaci z roku 1883 významné pro počátky vědy o půdě. Geneze černozemí ve Střední Evropě se dodnes těší velkému zájmu pedologů, botaniků a paleoenvironmentalistů. Zatímco ve Východní Evropě byly popsány jako zonální půdy, které jsou typické pro kontinentální stepi, existují ve Střední Evropě oblasti, jež jsou svými klimatickými vlastnostmi predestinovány pro přítomnost lesních porostů. Předkládaná dizertační práce si klade za cíl přispět k diskuzi o vzniku černozemí tím, že pojednává o environmentálních podmínkách, které byly určující při formování černozemních půd ve Střední Evropě. Černozemě se obvykle vyvíjely na spraši, jsou charakteristické svým mocným povrchovým organickým horizontem, který přímo přechází do horizontu vápenatého. Organický materiál prošel díky meziročním klimatickým rozdílům pomalou polymerizací. Ve Střední Evropě jsou ale klimatické vlastnosti černozemních oblastí odlišné. Zdejší černozemě se patrně formovaly v klimatických podmínkách, které převládaly v pozdní době ledové a raném holocénu. Klimatické nuance sice mohou na regionální úrovni přispět k osvětlení rozdílů v distribuci „suchých“ černozemí a „spíše vlhkých“ hnědozemí, ale rozhodně neřeší problematiku na lokální úrovni, kde při stejných klimatických podmínkách existují ostré přechody mezi černozemí a hnědozemí. Teorie o zachování černozemí praví, že zemědělská činnost v neolitu zabránila jejich přeměnám v další půdy. Tato teorie nabízí uspokojivé vysvětlení k rozmístění černozemních půd ve formě mozaiky, kde černozemě alternují s hnědozeměmi či šedozeměmi. Práce se zaměřuje na otázku paměti půd a jejich organického materiálu. Některý organický materiál může v půdě existovat po tisíce let, je výhradně lokálního původu, a proto je možné z něj určit vegetaci z doby formování půd. Pro analýzu půdního organického materiálu je užívána metoda infračervené spektroskopie (NIRS). Tato metoda představuje inovativní přínos ke studiu paleoenvironmentálních prvků u černozemí. Mimoto práce obsahuje i paleoantrakologickou studii vybraných pohřbených půd a mikromorfologickou analýzu katény černozem – hnědozem na malém území (300m). NIRS prokázala, že některé černozemě vznikaly pod travnatým povrchem. Jiné černozemě mají nedávnou lesní historii, ale původně se nacházely pod travnatou vegetací. Nalezeny byly i černozemě s heterogenním organickým materiálem. Výzkum uhlíku z paleočernozemí z období pleistocénu a holocénu prokázal přítomnost dřevin. Mikromorfologická analýza katény mezi černozemí a hnědozemí demonstruje, že jsou i černozemě vzniklé z hnědozemě, což kontrastuje s obvyklými modely degradace černozemí na hnědozemě. Tato dizertační práce dokazuje, že vegetace pokrývající černozemě může být dřevinné nebo travnaté povahy. Zcela jistě se černozemě vyvíjely také pod lesem. Výsledky dizertace jsou v rozporu s převládající hypotézou o tom, že černozemě vznikají a poté trvale existují výhradně pod stepí.

Biomass energy is currently the largest renewable contributor to global energy supply and there is increasing demand for bioenergy feedstock. Consequently, the production of purpose-grown woody bioenergy crops, such as short rotation coppice (SRC) willow, is expected to proliferate. Although the economic and environmental benefits associated with SRC willow production are well documented, systematic assessments of nutrient cycling within these plantations are rare. The objective of this study was to examine biomass production and biogeochemical cycling of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulphur (S), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) during an initial four-year rotation of six willow varieties grown at four plantations along a 500 km north-south pedoclimatic gradient within Saskatchewan, Canada. Nutrient budgets were also calculated after quantifying various nutrient inputs (e.g., atmospheric deposition, soil mineral weathering, and organic matter mineralization), outputs (e.g., above- and below-ground biomass, leaching, and denitrification), and transfers (e.g., canopy exchange, leaf litter decomposition, and fine root turnover) affecting the plant available soil nutrient pool. Total stem, leaf litter, and below-ground (primarily fine roots) biomass production after four years averaged 19.0, 7.1, and 12.5 Mg ha-1, respectively, with corresponding soil nutrient budget deficits of 17, 39, 112, 271, and 74 kg ha-1 of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg, respectively, but a soil S surplus of 60 kg ha-1. Despite willow’s relatively low nutrient-demanding nature, negligible leaching and denitrification losses, and substantial nutrient cycling from leaf litter, the nutrient export in harvested biomass over multiple rotations will require soil nutrient amendments, particularly N and P, to maintain plantation productivity. Given the apparent eventual need for supplemental fertility to support adequate willow growth over the 22-yr plantation life span, the fate of broadcast 15N-labelled fertilizer was also examined. Though the willow accumulated less than ⅓ of the applied fertilizer N after one year, the majority of the residual fertilizer N (51%) remained available for willow uptake in subsequent years. Further research is needed to track the fate of applied fertilizers over multiple rotations to better understand fertilizer dynamics for optimizing SRC willow agronomy; thus helping to promote its viability as a biomass energy feedstock option.