At the start of the second industrial revolution, Chicago was home to many workers from the Union Stock Yard meat packing industry located in what is now known as the Back of the Yards neighborhood. As business grew, so did the need for housing, leading to the development of a new neighborhood, Englewood. For years, the neighborhood was prosperous and was home to the second largest business corridor in the city. During the Great Migration, much of that changed. Racially Restrictive Covenants forced African Americans to live in the Black Belt, and the eastern side of Englewood slowly transformed, paving the way for the prominently African American community that exists in Englewood today. Inevitably, due to disinvestment stemming from harsh FHA sanctioned policy during the Great Migration, the town began to deteriorate, and has remained in a state of decay for decades. Businesses and residences were abandoned and much of the neighborhood is desolate. The economy is stagnant, and many of the residents remain unemployed. The crime rate is amongst the worst in the city, and gang violence plagues the streets at night. Englewood has fallen victim to many urban ills. The goal of this project is to reverse some of those issues through designing new public spaces and Mixed-Income Housing. In providing the residents of Englewood with safe outdoor recreational spaces, a local source of healthy food, community gardens and markets, equal opportunity housing, job opportunity and social services, the community will be given the tools to repair itself. The question remains: What will attract local residents and small business owners from across the entire neighborhood of Englewood, what will keep them safe? What will keep them connected?

“To forgive is wisdom, to forget is genius. And easier. Because it's true. It's a new world every heart beat.” ― Joyce Cary, The Horse's Mouth

<p> This thesis seeks to describe and explain the spatial pattern of urban residential blight. The empirical analysis is limited to one study area; that of the Chicago metropolitan area. The data are U.S. Census data for census tracts in 1940, 1950, and 1960. Following a review of pertinent literature, an attempt is made to conceptualise the process that generates residential blight. From this conceptual framework, a number of hypotheses are developed concerning the relationship between residential blight and selected socio-economic variables. Other relationships are derived from an interpretation of maps of residential blight in the Chicago area for the different time periods. The hypotheses are tested using such multivariate procedures as principal components analysis, and regression and correlation analysis. The thesis also contains an application of the Blalock-Simon procedure for causal modelling to the Chicago data. The findings of the empirical analysis are related to present knowledge concerning urban residential blight. </p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

<p> The Burgess concentric zone model was assessed using census data for Chicago community areas in 1940. Burgess' model implies that the lower-income residents live in the center of the city while upper-income residents live on the periphery of the city. Using occupation as a determinant of socio-economic status, location quotients were calculated to determine patterns of residential differientiation. It was found that upper-income residents did indeed reside in the peripheral areas of the city, but they also lived near the central business district. The lakefront amenities were the primary reason for this residential pattern. Many low income residents lived near the center of the city, but many were also found to live in the suburbs due to industrial decentralization. Thus, the lakefront amenities and the suburban industries are the primary causes of the distortion of the Burgess model. However, this distortion does not suggest the Burgess zonal hypothesis is inaccurate. The discrepancies may be attributable to the uneven growth of cities through the "filtering" process. </p> / Thesis / Bachelor of Arts (BA)

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The novel Someplace Else scrutinizes spaces begging for examination—places of asphyxiation, of undiscussed power structures and violence—that do nothing to prepare those living within them to be their examiners. Through the lens of Lumi—a small-town Wisconsin adolescent on the verge of womanhood—the novel examines how childhood innocence is exemplified and threatened by the homes in which females are raised and raising themselves. Someplace Else serves as Lumi's avenue for figuring out how to put to words what exactly it is she is coming to understand, including her relationship with her hometown, how this space has affected her mother and sister, and how this space has affected these women's relationships with one another; through story, Lumi is deciphering ways to speak, to talk about her world and perhaps find a way out. / Master of Fine Arts

In this paper, I argue for a paradigm shift against general social groupings of organized criminal groups operating throughout the United States. Using Social Constructionism to drive a literature review conducted by way of Discourse Analysis, I spotlight ways in which broad characterizations of "organized crime" led to a mis-handling of gang issues today. Through relying on federally-originating definitions and characterizations, law enforcement and welfare agencies are unequipped for understanding the origins of and motives behind modern gangs and their agendas. The second half of this paper is a case study highlighting the different ways in which gangs may develop and operate despite, in the case of Chicago's Black Gangster Disciples Nation and its splinters, a shared history. If we are to reduce the hold these groups have over urban societies, we must first seek to understand each group individually, pulling out the root issues that drive their actions and how they identify as a form of modern organized crime, that is, "crime that is organized." / Master of Arts / In this paper, I argue for a reduced reliance on broad, all-encompassing definitions and groupings of organized crime / gangs. By creating these broad categories, government and law enforcement entities lack detailed understanding of the specific groups they deal with on a daily basis. Instead, I argue that all such criminal groups from mafia-style organizations to common street gangs be defined as organized crime, being “crime that is organized.” From this point, each group should be studied in depth as an individual group, with individual motives and roots, such that entities may determine specific causes and/or motivations driving how the group operations and what agenda they work to carry out. The second half of this work provides a case study of a Chicagobased gang and splinter groups that resulted from the gang’s demise. Had generalizations been drawn when studying the Black Gangster Disciples Nation and its splinters, the incredible differences in each splinter would have been missed and entities would further lack that which is necessary to isolate and combat the groups for what they are: unique organizations that pursue their own agendas as three very different groups despite identical histories.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal a reconstrução conceitual e teórica dos estudos de imigração de Louis Wirth, sociólogo de origem alemã, naturalizado norte-americano, associado à tradição da Escola Sociológica de Chicago. A análise centrou-se em seus escritos de formação: Culture Conflict in the Immigrante Family (1925), sua dissertação de mestrado, e The Ghetto (1928), a publicação de sua tese de doutorado, complementados por alguns artigos. Os principais elementos reconstruídos foram, não necessariamente nessa ordem: a condição do imigrante de desorganização e reorganização pessoal e de grupo; a teoria da assimilação; os conflitos culturais e a delinquência entre a segunda geração de imigrantes; a psicologia social do imigrante e seus tipos sociais e de personalidade; a possibilidade de aplicação do conhecimento sociológico para intervenção na realidade social; e, o conceito de gueto, na interpretação do isolamento espacial, cultural e social. Esses elementos foram analisados não apenas nas formulações do autor, mas também pelas influências que sofreu de William I. Thomas, Robert E. Park e Ernest W. Burgess. Quanto ao conceito de gueto, especificamente, foi realizado também o exame de sua incorporação na sociologia e nos estudos raciais norte-americanos, posteriores ao autor, na reavaliação e crítica elaborada por Loïc Wacquant. / This thesis has as main purpose the conceptual and theoretical reconstruction of the studies of immigration from Louis Wirth, sociologist of German origin, naturalized American, associated with the tradition of the Chicago School of Sociology. The analysis focused on the author\'s formation writings: Culture Conflict in the Immigrant Familiy (1925), his master thesis, and The Ghetto (1928), the publication of his doctoral thesis, supplemented by some articles. The main reconstructed elements were, not necessarily in this order: the immigrant condition of individual and group disorganization and reorganization; the assimilation theory; cultural conflicts and delinquency in the second generation of immigrants; the social psychology of the immigrant and its social and personality types; the possibility of applying sociological knowledge to change social reality; and the concept of ghetto for the interpretation of spatial, cultural and social isolation. These elements were analyzed not only in the author\'s formulations but also in the influences that he had suffered from William I. Thomas, Robert E. Park and Ernest W. Burgess. Regarding the concept of ghetto, specifically, it was also examined its development in American sociology and racial studies, later to the author, in the review and critique elaborated by Loïc Wacquant.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal a reconstrução conceitual e teórica dos estudos de imigração de Louis Wirth, sociólogo de origem alemã, naturalizado norte-americano, associado à tradição da Escola Sociológica de Chicago. A análise centrou-se em seus escritos de formação: Culture Conflict in the Immigrante Family (1925), sua dissertação de mestrado, e The Ghetto (1928), a publicação de sua tese de doutorado, complementados por alguns artigos. Os principais elementos reconstruídos foram, não necessariamente nessa ordem: a condição do imigrante de desorganização e reorganização pessoal e de grupo; a teoria da assimilação; os conflitos culturais e a delinquência entre a segunda geração de imigrantes; a psicologia social do imigrante e seus tipos sociais e de personalidade; a possibilidade de aplicação do conhecimento sociológico para intervenção na realidade social; e, o conceito de gueto, na interpretação do isolamento espacial, cultural e social. Esses elementos foram analisados não apenas nas formulações do autor, mas também pelas influências que sofreu de William I. Thomas, Robert E. Park e Ernest W. Burgess. Quanto ao conceito de gueto, especificamente, foi realizado também o exame de sua incorporação na sociologia e nos estudos raciais norte-americanos, posteriores ao autor, na reavaliação e crítica elaborada por Loïc Wacquant. / This thesis has as main purpose the conceptual and theoretical reconstruction of the studies of immigration from Louis Wirth, sociologist of German origin, naturalized American, associated with the tradition of the Chicago School of Sociology. The analysis focused on the author\'s formation writings: Culture Conflict in the Immigrant Familiy (1925), his master thesis, and The Ghetto (1928), the publication of his doctoral thesis, supplemented by some articles. The main reconstructed elements were, not necessarily in this order: the immigrant condition of individual and group disorganization and reorganization; the assimilation theory; cultural conflicts and delinquency in the second generation of immigrants; the social psychology of the immigrant and its social and personality types; the possibility of applying sociological knowledge to change social reality; and the concept of ghetto for the interpretation of spatial, cultural and social isolation. These elements were analyzed not only in the author\'s formulations but also in the influences that he had suffered from William I. Thomas, Robert E. Park and Ernest W. Burgess. Regarding the concept of ghetto, specifically, it was also examined its development in American sociology and racial studies, later to the author, in the review and critique elaborated by Loïc Wacquant.