Thesis (M.M.) Florida State University, 2005. / Advisor: Jayne M. Standley, Florida State University, College of Music. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed 5-14-2007). Document formatted into pages; contains 48 pages. Includes biographical sketch. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2005. / Advisor: Dr. Bruce Thyer, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Psychology. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed June 8, 2005). Document formatted into pages; contains x, 72 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Outdoor learning has become very visible in recent times ,it is seen in different public medias such as magazines, on television, on various websites on internet, in the press and on public notice boards in different countries, accompanying different advertisements displaying a healthy lifestyle especially in early years of studies ( preschool ).The author seeks to address the perception of  Erasmus project “Dehors ” teachers`  experience outdoor, focusing majorly on the benefits and difficulties that these preschool teachers face while teaching outdoors. Furthermore, teachers are known to be role-models for their students and their opinion about their jobs matters a lot in displaying their duties as educators. Preschool children aged 0-6 years spend more time in school more than home, at least a minimum of five days in a week so ultimately attitudes of teachers largely have a positive or negative effect on  school children.  The aim of the present dissertation project is to explore how the teachers perceive outdoor learning based on their experiences outdoors. This study explored the components that characterize teachers` perception of outdoor learning. This research includes two set of interviews which were used to investigate both teachers` outdoor activities performed in Latvia and Swedish preschools. Outdoor learning has made a distinctive difference between the traditional learning approach of “stand and deliver” model which has systematically been changed to “guide on the side” model which educationalist view as a good method of impacting knowledge to learners, instead of giving knowledge as it was practiced before but in recent times, outdoor leaning processes helps to create an atmosphere for co-learning and not an isolated endeavours which is gradually  been replaced by outdoor learning approach of  “tell me and I will forget with “show me and I will remember”. These results provided a great insight on teachers` experiences of outdoor learning in the nature and on asphalt. It can be concluded that outdoor learning approach can be adaptable in the Latvian and Swedish contexts in promoting the development of preschool teachers therefore, there is a need for further research to promote effectiveness of outdoor teaching in Latvia and  Swedish preschools.

No description available.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Toronto, 2007. / Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2755.

Abstract In the theoretical part of the thesis, there are explained the basic terms: old-age, senior, infancy, children and age, and later are described psychopathological problems, both physical and psychological. The author aims to focus on the terms of loss and decline, which are usually joined with the old-age. Nevertheless, the emphasis is put on the fact that old-age is not an illness but it is important to adapt to it, eventhough it is a period of serious losses. Later in the theoretical part of this work, the author describes the former and current approach of the society to the old-age, disadvantage of the retired people, their discrimination in the mass media and the consequential fear of the old-age. In the chapter called ``the perception of seniors by their family,`` there are explained the terms nuclear and extended family and the difference in the family´s approach to seniors in the past and nowadays. Then, there are described problems related to the current family, e.g. the lack of physical contact with elder people and the relationship between children and seniors. The chapter ``the relationship between children and grandparents`` deals first with the positive contribution, which is evident in the sufficiency of time, the transfer of traditions, the intervention of the historical background and gained experience, and second also with the negative influence such as boycotting of the parental authority, untrue stylization or the total lack of interest in grandchildren. The chapter ``children´s drawing`` was included in the work because it was later used in the practical part. Children´s drawing makes it easier to express the child´s feelings and their relations to their environment. The author also mentioned other available materials and researches about the same or similar topic. In the practical part, the author researched the artistic expression and verbalisation of the children´ s relationship with seniors. In total, there were interviewed twenty-nine pupils who attend the second and the third class of primary school. Children´s drawings and their answers were examined in a non-standardized questionnaire. The people in the drawings are mostly set into some environment, which is mainly nature. The seniors visible in the drawings are usually passive and they are illustrated with some tipical attributes such as a cane. The questionnaire included open, close and also spectrum questions. The answers are worked up in graphic charts in the appendix no. 2.

The diploma thesis is mainly focused on monitoring Rohrer's index (RI) at preschool children in age of 3, 4, 5, and 6. The work is solving the question of mutual relation between Rohrer's index, sickness rate, and spontaneous activity of preschool children. Furthermore, Body Mass Index (BMI) is listed as another anthropometric index. In fact, BMI shouldn't be used for this age group but it's mentioned for its general knowledge. The anthropometric research includes the measurement of preschool's children body height and weight. 240 children were measured in total. Each age group contains 60 kids from which are always 30 boys and 30 girls. In addition, there is evaluated children's half year of preschool attendance, sickness, and spontaneous physical activity. The research is dealing with the question if body weight or height can influence children's sickness rate. Moreover, there is solved the association between kids' anthropometric indexes and physical activity. The data were processed through Student's t- test and the independence test  2 . As it is stated by professionals, the research has proven that Rohrer's index is decreasing in relation to age. The next result shows that children with lower anthropometric indexes are usually more spontaneously active. Kids with higher indexes are more...

This thesis is focused on the child's status in ancient Egyptian society, mainly deals with the context of the family. It examines the child education and development. The aim was to provide a different view of the child's status in ancient Egyptian society. For this reason, the knowledge of psychology and social work, which examine interpersonal relationships on a different level than the historical sciences was employed. The conclusion is that the status of children in ancient Egypt has been good, because the Egyptian company reported strong social conscience, which both protect the child in the family, and beyond.

Submitted by Arthur Sales Pinto (arthur@industriadebase.com) on 2018-11-09T16:12:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JOIA OU GENTE - Dissertação.pdf: 3056334 bytes, checksum: 4757a10dd780f1e29c795d0483596d2a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Aparecida Puerta null (dripuerta@rc.unesp.br) on 2018-11-12T12:52:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pinto_as_me_rcla.pdf: 3056334 bytes, checksum: 4757a10dd780f1e29c795d0483596d2a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-12T12:52:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pinto_as_me_rcla.pdf: 3056334 bytes, checksum: 4757a10dd780f1e29c795d0483596d2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-23 / Na presente pesquisa, buscou-se entender como o treinador das categorias de base do futebol masculino no Brasil, na faixa etária sub-15, define o jovem jogador, levando em consideração as possíveis influências mercadológicas e midiáticas em seu ambiente de trabalho e, consequentemente, em seu olhar. No meio do futebol, é usual que jogadores sejam descritos como mercadorias. Um exemplo disso é a palavra joia, usada como referência a um jovem jogador de grande talento ou potencial. Também são frequentes relatos de que, nos ambientes de formação, jovens jogadores enfrentam situações como distanciamento escolar e familiar, além de diversos tipos de abusos conflitantes com o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA), uma lei federal que versa sobre os direitos básicos de crianças e jovens no Brasil. Por meio de entrevistas com 25 treinadores da categoria sub-15 de clubes de futebol filiados à Confederação Brasileira de Futebol (CBF); da análise da Lei Pelé e do Certificado de Clube Formador (CCF), que regula a relação de trabalho entre clubes e jovens jogadores; da descrição de jogadores como “joias” em sites jornalísticos especializados; do ECA e de documentos balizadores da ética profissional na área da Educação Física, formação frequente dos treinadores de futebol no Brasil; e com o auxílio dos estudos de mídia e esporte de Bourdieu e Mauro Betti, verificou-se que o modo como os treinadores entrevistados definem os jovens jogadores se apresentou distanciado do praticado pela mídia, demonstrando uma baixa influência da segunda sobre as definições dos primeiros. Enquanto a mídia define, frequentemente, o jovem jogador como uma mercadoria, ou joia, o treinador o enxerga de maneira mais humanizada. As influências midiáticas apontadas na rotina do treinador se relacionam mais ao ambiente de trabalho. Em contrapartida, de acordo com as respostas dos entrevistados, os clubes enxergam os mesmos jovens muito mais como mercadorias do que como seres humanos, conceito próximo do que é apresentado na redação do artigo 29 da Lei Pelé, que versa sobre a relação de trabalho entre clube e jogador em formação. Em relação aos direitos básicos dos jovens jogadores, dados disponibilizados pela CBF sobre o CCF e pela Federação Paulista de Futebol (FPF) sobre competições sub-15 reforçam a impressão de que as violações ao ECA são frequentes nos centros de formação e, por conta disso, o treinador se encontra atuando em um ambiente que o coloca em conflito tanto com o próprio estatuto quanto com documentos balizadores da ética de sua profissão. O desempenho profissional dos treinadores é avaliado majoritariamente por questões esportivas, sendo pouco observada a sua conduta ou o processo de formação humana dos jovens jogadores, de modo que, de acordo com as respostas dos entrevistados, os treinadores são pouco exigidos nesses dois aspectos pelos seus empregadores. / This study aims to understand how youth football coaches (U - 15) define young players, considering po s sible influences from media and market on those definitions and on the coaches’ work environment. In side the football environment, including all its agents, it is usual t o describe players as commodities, like the example: jewel is a word used to describe young talented players. Different sources indicate that young players face situations like: being held off school and family and many kinds of abuse, w h ich oppose to “Est atuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA)”, a Brazilian children ’ s rights federal law. By interviewing 25 U - 15 coaches working on “Confederação Brasileira de Futebol” (CBF) ’s filiated clubs, and through the analisis of “lei Pelé” and “Certificado de Clube Fo rmador” (CCF), which regulates the employee relationship between young players and clubs ; the use of the word jewel to describe players in sports websites ; the ECA and ethical profesional guidelines in Ph y s i cal Education ( most of the coach e s have this degr ee ) and support ed by Bourdieu and Betti’s media an d sport studies, it has been shown that the way coaches define the young players is not close to the one performed by the media, indicating its low influence on coaches’ young - player definitions. Media defi nes, usually, young players as c ommodities, or jewels, while coaches have a more humanized understanding about them. Media influences are more related to its impact over coaches’ work e nvironment. Otherwise, according to coaches’ answers, for the clubs, young players are much more like commodities than human beings . A very similar understanding is shown in lei Pele’s 29 th article. About the young players’ rights, data from CCF’s , CBF and Federação Paulista de Futebol ( FPF) from tournments reafirm the assumption that ECA’s violations happen oftenly in youth academies, w h ich indicates that the coaches’ work environment pushes them against ECA and Phisycal Education profes s ional ethical guidelines. According to coaches’ an swers, they are evaluated basically for sports results , players’ human development , and professional beha viour are almost not considered by their employers.

PhD (Microbiology) / Department of Microbiology / Background: Diarrheal diseases have a major effect on human health, Globally; it is second only to pneumonia as a leading cause of death among children under five. They are due to a variety of infectious and non-infectious agents; including Entamoeba spp. Entamoeba histolytica is an invasive enteric protozoan parasite that causes amebiasis. Amebiasis is frequent in communities without clean water and poor sanitation, which include low-income South African populations in Giyani and Pretoria. In these populations, the amount of diarrhea caused by Entamoeba histolytica inclusive of all ages, sexes and HIV status is uncertain. Diagnosis of the parasite is usually by microscopy. However, microscopy lacks sensitivity and specificity, therefore it is not reliable. Fortunately, molecular diagnostic tests have been developed to detect different Entamoeba species in humans. It is known that the parasite E. histolytica causes asymptomatic and symptomatic diseases. However, the transition from colonization to disease is still unclear. While parasite and host factors, as well as environmental conditions influence the infection outcome, there is currently no clear explanation of wide variation in the presentation of the disease. This could suggest that there are other factors affecting the disease outcome. A better understanding of these factors as well as their role in disease remains target objectives of modern scientists and it will definitely help in the fight against the disease. In spite of the emerging evidence that the host microbiome, parasite burden and the inflammatory response contribute to the virulence of E. histolytica, their roles have never been defined in developing regions such as Giyani and Pretoria. In addition, the present study hypothesized that co-infections with E. histolytica and secretion of extracellular vesicles/exosomes have a significant impact on the virulence of E. histolytica. Little has been explored or elucidated about responses triggered by other enteropathogens/ameba interplay that could be important in the induction of tissue invasion and disease and also how E. histolytica/enteropathogens interplay in these infections has not been determined. Therefore, the knowledge of this interplay could help in understanding how this modifies disease manifestations by modulating pathogen virulence and the host response. The use of secretion systems is an essential biological process exploited by pathogenic microorganisms to promote survival and spread of the pathogen, which in turn exacerbate the infection. The study of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by pathogens is a new and exciting field that may realistically contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenic process of E. histolytica and provide alternate control strategies. Aim and objective of the study: The overall aim of the study was to determine the impact of enteric pathogens and secreted extracellular vesicles on amebic virulence and the outcome of infection. This aim was addressed in through a series of six primary objectives, which were: a. To investigate the distribution and prevalence of protozoan parasites in South Africa. b. To investigate novel species of Entamoeba circulating in the South African population. ix c. To elucidate the impact of gut microbiota and immune response during amebic infection. d. To determine the role of Entamoeba histolytica macrophage inhibitory factor (EhMIF) during amebic infection. e. To investigate the impact of co-infections on the outcome of amebiasis. f. To determine the presence of secreted extracellular vesicles/exosomes in Entamoeba histolytica. Brief methodology and results: A modified and validated Taqman qPCR assay (with taqman probes and genus specific primers) was used for amplification and target detection. This assay was used to investigate the distribution and prevalence of protozoan parasites (Cryptosporidium spp and Giardia lamblia) in South Africa, the assay was considered superior for this project because it is more sensitive than conventional PCR and it can be used to detect multiple infection targets. This assay allows fast, accurate, and quantitative detection of a broad spectrum of enteropathogens and is well suited for surveillance or clinical purposes. A total of 484 stool samples collected from diarrheal and non-diarrheal patients from rural and urban communities of South Africa were studied. The overall prevalence of parasites (Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp) in rural and urban patients were found to be 49% (112/227) and 21% (54/257) respectively (p= < 0.0001). The distribution of specific pathogens in rural areas was Cryptosporidium spp (20%) and Giardia lamblia (14%). Our findings showed no significant difference in parasitic infections between gender and the age of the participants (Chapter 3). The discovery of novel species is of great importance to human health. We have recently discovered stools positive for Entamoeba organisms by microscopy but PCR negative for known Entamoeba species. This led to the hypothesis that novel species of Entamoeba are present in the South African population. A comprehensive assay was used which included probes to identify Entamoeba bangladeshi from diarrheal and non-diarrheal participants. A sensitive qPCR assays and amplicon sequencing was used to detect Entamoeba spp, Prevotella copri and Enterobacteriaceae. Interestingly, E. bangladeshi was identified in the South African population. Entamoeba was present in 27% (E. histolytica 8.5% (41/484), E. dispar 8% (38/484), and E. bangladeshi 4.75% (23/484) E. moshkovskii was not detected in the present study. We were also able to observe changes in the host microbiome and the parasite burden associated with E. histolytica infections in S. African diarrhea cases versus asymptomatic controls but not with E. bangladeshi or E. dispar. In E. histolytica positive samples the level of both parasite and P. copri were lower in non-diarrheal samples (p=0.0034) (Chapter 4). There is accumulating evidence that the inflammatory response contributes to injury. Little is known about the key parasite mediators of host mucosal immunopathology. This study hypothesized that migration inhibitory factor (MIF) mediates the destructive host inflammatory response seen in amebic colitis. To determine the role of EhMIF during amebic infection, we used a genetic approach to test the effect of EhMIF on mucosal inflammation. We found that EhMIF induces IL-8 secretion from intestinal epithelial cells. Mice treated with antibodies that specifically block EhMIF had reduced chemokine expression and neutrophil infiltration in the mucosa. In addition to antibody-mediated neutralization, mice infected with parasites overexpressing EhMIF had increased chemokine expression, neutrophil influx and mucosal damage. We also found that the concentration of EhMIF correlated with the level of intestinal inflammation in persons with intestinal amebiasis. Together, our results reveal a novel parasite mediator of mucosal inflammation and support MIF homologs as potential immunomodulatory targets (Chapter 5). To investigate the impact of co-infections on the outcome of amebiasis, we analyzed the co-occurence of E. histolytica with other enteropathogens known to cause diarrheal infections, such as Shigella/EIEC (IpaH), Campylobacter (cadf), Enterotoxigenic E. coli (STh), Norovirus GII and Adenovirus (Hexon). The results were compared with those obtained with E. histolytica that were not interacted with enteropathogens and with E. histolytica interacted with enteropathogens. The impact of multiple infections on the outcome of the infection was compared between nondiarrheal and diarrheal stool samples. It was found that co-infections with two pathogens were associated with diarrhea compared to single infections. Moreover, Norovirus GII, Campylobacter (Cadf) and co-infections were associated with diarrhea in the study population. This study did not show any significant impact of pathogens co-infecting with E. histolytica on the outcome of amebic infection (Chapter 6). The presence of secreted extracellular vesicles/Exosomes in Entamoeba histolytica was determined by using the Pathogenic ameba strains (HM-1:IMSS or HM-1:IMSS (Sub-strain-US) from petri’s lab to purify exosomes using the commercially available kit to isolate exosomes (total exosomes isolation kit). Our study for the first time revealed that E. histolytica does secrete Evs. This finding increases the appreciation that all organisms are likely to secrete these EVs (Chapter 7). However, the impact of these EVs on the pathogenesis of E. histolytica needs further investigations. Conclusion: This study has contributed significantly to our knowledge on infectious diarrhea and the diversity of Entamoeba species by providing new data on the rate and prevalence of Entamoeba diarrheal infections and their distribution in the South African population. Our study describes for the first time the presence of E. bangladeshi in the South African population. Furthermore, our results reveal a novel parasite mediator of mucosal inflammation and support MIF homologs as potential immunomodulatory targets. This study also, for the first time revealed that E. histolytica does secrete EVs. The results from this work will undoubtedly open an exciting research to establish a deeper understanding of the function and role of these vesicles in amebic infection. We encourage public health interventions like health education programs and improvement of sanitation and hygiene in these populations. Molecular diagnostics should be used for specific diagnostic in clinical settings. / NRF