<b><u>Introduction:</b></u> Some cancer survivors are known to have an elevated risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular disease. An important cause of this elevated risk is recognised to be irradiation of normal tissues during radiotherapy received as part of cancer therapy. There are substantial difficulties in studying radiation-related cardiovascular disease (RRCD). The reasons for this include the complexities of measuring radiation normal tissue doses retrospectively and the prolonged latencies of many of the cardiovascular endpoints. A variety of complimentary research methodologies can help provide additional knowledge to guide the appropriate management of patients treated in the past and of new patients in the future. <b><u>Methods:</b></u> 1) A cohort study of mortality from circulatory disease in the nationwide British Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (BCCSS). 2) A case-control study of valvular heart disease (VHD) in Dutch Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) survivors, including retrospective radiation dosimetry to estimate the radiation dose to heart valves. 3) A dosimetric study of cardiovascular radiation doses in patients entered into the UK NCRI Lymphoma Study Group RAPID trial, including predictions of 15-year cardiac mortality using innovative methods. 4) A modelling study to predict mean whole heart dose (MWHD) from involved field radiotherapy (IFRT) for HL using anatomical measures. 5) A prospective study using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging to characterise the heart in women receiving radiotherapy for breast cancer. <b><u>Results:</b></u> 1) The risks of all types of circulatory mortality are elevated in survivors of childhood cancer. The absolute excess risks continue to increase 40+ years following diagnosis. The risk of death from cardiomyopathy and heart failure increased substantially with the introduction of anthracycline chemotherapy. There is no evidence of a reduction in risk of circulatory mortality in more recent eras of diagnosis. 2) There is a strong relationship between estimated radiation dose to the affected heart valve and the risk of subsequent VHD (p<0.001). This effect was modelled to allow prediction of the risk of VHD. 3) A proportion of patients treated with IFRT received a substantial cardiac radiation dose (MWHD = 8.8 Gy, SD = 5.6) but, on average, the predicted 15-year cardiac mortality following treatment is low (absolute risk 0.2%, range 0.0 to 2.7%). 4) It is possible to estimate the mean whole heart dose from IFRT prior to detailed radiotherapy planning based on pre-treatment diagnostic imaging to an accuracy of 5-6% of the prescribed dose. 5) Although women received low cardiac doses (MWHD = 1.5 Gy, SD = 0.8) and have a low predicted risk of cardiac radiation-related morbidity and mortality, there is some evidence of subclinical effects on strain and strain rate imaging of the anterior portions of the left ventricle that receive the highest radiation dose. <b><u>Conclusions:</b></u> Using a variety of methods these studies have all succeeded in adding to knowledge about the nature, magnitude and timing of RRCD. This knowledge can be used to help the future management of cancer patients. In addition, each of the studies has natural and planned extensions and will continue to contribute further knowledge into the future.

Este trabalho aborda a problemática do câncer infantil sob a perspectiva do professor de ensino fundamental que experiencia o adoecimento de um de seus alunos. O câncer infantil não é mais considerado uma doença fatal, a cura é uma possibilidade bem frequente e a ênfase, atualmente, tem se voltado sobretudo para a qualidade de vida dos sobreviventes do tratamento. A escola ocupa um lugar privilegiado, na medida em que é determinante para a aprendizagem mas, principalmente, para a manutenção dos laços sociais da criança. A despeito do que recomendam as sociedades de Oncologia Pediátrica, a criança com câncer continua a ser afastada da escola no período do tratamento e o professor é apontado na literatura especializada como um dos principais agentes da reinserção escolar dessas crianças O modelo de investigação utilizado é o da pesquisa em psicanálise e o trabalho está dividido em três momentos: revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema, fundamentação teórica e a pesquisa de campo através de entrevistas. A condução das entrevistas e a análise dos resultados foram orientadas pela psicanálise através do referencial teórico de Freud e de Lacan. Foram entrevistados sete professores da rede pública e particular de ensino de escolas da grande São Paulo. O conceito de imaginário trazido por Lacan nos permitiu investigar tanto o impacto que pode produzir no professor o anúncio de adoecimento de um de seus alunos, como o efeito que pode produzir na criança o modo como o professor é afetado. Para contribuir com um espaço de reflexão, discutimos a perspectiva inclusiva de educação como um instrumento auxiliar na reinserção da criança, entendendo que a escola constitui, desde a época moderna, um dos pilares da infância / This thesis addresses the issue of childhood cancer as perceived by the elementary school teacher who discovers and experiences the progression of the disease in one of his students. Childhood cancer is not considered a fatal disease any longer and a cure is now a more frequent outcome. Thus, the emphasis nowadays has turned towards improving the quality of life post-treatment. In this context, the school is in a privileged position, as it is not only determinant to the childs learning process, but also to the maintenance of a network of social interactions and skills. Irrespective of the recommendations of pediatric oncology organizations, the child patient with cancer is often kept away from school during treatment. According to the specialized literature in this topic, the teacher is one of the main agents responsible for the reinsertion of the child back to school. The investigatory model used here is based on psychoanalysis research. The work is divided in three parts: a literature review on the topic, the establishment of a theoretical foundation and field work conducted through interviews. The interview procedure and the analysis of the results were performed according to established practices in psychoanalysis and guided through the theory of Freud and Lacan. Eight teachers from the Great São Paulo public and private school systems were interviewed. The concept of the imaginary, introduced by Lacan, has allowed us to investigate both the outcome on the teacher upon receiving news of his pupils illness as well as the effect that his reactions have on the child himself. To contribute with a reflection, we further discuss the perspective of an inclusive education as an auxiliary tool in the reinsertion process, understanding that the school constitutes, since the beginning of modern times, one of the pillars of childhood

I Sverige insjuknar 250-300 barn varje år av cancer. De cancertyper som drabbar barn är vanligtvis inte de samma som vuxna utvecklar. Olika cancerformer kräver olika typer av behandling, dessa är cytostatika, operation samt strålbehandling. Sjuksköterskan skall kunna möta föräldrar och barn samt uppfatta deras lidande för att kunna tillfredställa behovet av en god omvårdnad. För föräldrarna upplevs barnets cancerdiagnos ofta som ett svårt lidande, som kan kännas helt outhärdligt. När ett barn är svårt sjukt i cancer innebär detta en långvarig kontakt med sjukvården för hela familjen. Det är en svår och stressfull situation för familjen och deras välbefinnande påverkas av vårdarens agerande.Syftet med studien är att beskriva föräldrarnas uppfattning av vad som är god vård i samband med behandling av det cancersjuka barnet på sjukhus. Metoden är en litteraturstudie där åtta kvalitativa artiklar analyseras enligt Evans (2003) metod.Resultatet presenteras utifrån fem teman som är: Anpassad information, Kontinuerlig vårdrelation, Emotionellt stöd, Familjens delaktighet i vården samt Lugn vårdmiljö.Det mest framträdande i resultatet är att information är grunden till att föräldrarna skall uppleva att deras barn får en god vård. En adekvat given information med lyhördhet inför den enskilde förälderns behov och önskemål resulterar i en mer tillfredställd förälder. / Program: Fristående kurs

Introdução: DAX1 (NR0B1), SF1 (NR5A1) e a via Wnt controlam o desenvolvimento de células progenitoras/tronco adrenais. NANOG, OCT4, SOX2 e STAT3 estão envolvidos na manutenção de células-tronco e têm papel em vários cânceres de diferentes tecidos. Ainda não está claro se esses fatores de transcrição interagem para promover a tumorigênese adrenocortical. Objetivo: Nos tumores adrenocorticais (TAC): avaliar o ganho de material genômico e a expressão de RNAm e proteica de DAX1 e SF1; avaliar a expressão de RNAm e proteica de marcadores de células-tronco (NANOG, OCT4, SOX2 e STAT3). No desenvolvimento do córtex adrenal: avaliar a expressão proteica desses genes. In vitro: avaliar a interação entre a via Wnt/Beta-catenina e a expressão de NANOG. Pacientes e Métodos: Painel de 30 córtices adrenais fetais humanos (20-38 semanas de gestação) e 14 pós-natais. Pacientes com TAC: 96 crianças/adolescentes (81% do sexo feminino, idade mediana de 1,6 anos [0,4 a 15,6 anos]) e 18 adultos (10 adenomas e 8 carcinomas, 89% do sexo feminino e idade mediana de 42,5 anos [21-66 anos]). Tecidos adrenais normais (controles para qPCR e MLPA): 13 crianças (idade mediana de 3 anos) e 13 adultos (mediana de idade de 48 anos). A expressão proteica de SF1, DAX1, STAT3, NANOG e OCT4 foi avaliada por imunohistoquímica nos TAC e nos córtices adrenais fetais e pós-natais. A expressão de RNAm de NR0B1, NR5A1, STAT3, NANOG e POU5F1 (OCT4) foi avaliada por qPCR nos TAC. Ganho ou perda de material genômico de NR0B1 e NR5A1 foi avaliada por MLPA nos TAC. In vitro, a expressão de NANOG (qPCR) foi avaliada em células adrenais H295 antes e após inibição da via Wnt/Beta-catenina com a substância PNU-74654. Resultados: Em adrenais fetais com 20 e 25 semanas de gestação detectou-se marcação intensa de SF1, DAX1, SOX2 e OCT4 na região subcapsular e marcação leve a moderada e difusa de STAT3 e NANOG. Após as 31 semanas e no período pós-natal, a marcação intensa de SF1 persistiu, porém a marcação de DAX1, STAT3, NANOG e OCT4 diminuiu ou desapareceu. Nos TAC, a marcação nuclear de SF1 foi positiva em 67% das amostras pediátricas e em 19% das amostras de adultos. Ganho de material genômico do NR5A1 foi observado em 71% dos TAC pediátricos e 33% de TAC adultos. Porém observou-se hipoexpressão do RNAm do NR5A1 em 84% dos TAC pediátricos. Nenhum ganho de material genômico ou aumento da expressão do RNAm do NR0B1 foi observado nos TAC pediátricos. Porém em 45% desses tumores detectou-se marcação nuclear. Nos TAC de pacientes adultos, houve aumento da expressão de RNAm de NR0B1 em 89% das amostras. Não se observou marcação de STAT3 nos TAC pediátricos e adultos. Porém nos pacientes adultos, a expressão do RNAm de STAT3 foi significativamente maior nos adenomas do que nos carcinomas. Por sua vez, a marcação nuclear do OCT4 associou-se significativamente com a ocorrência de metástases nos pacientes pediátricos. Nos TAC com a mutação p.S45P no gene da Beta-catenina detectou-se expressão significativamente aumentada do RNAm do NANOG. Além disso, após a inibição in vitro da via Wnt/Beta-catenina nas células tumorais adrenais houve redução significativa na expressão do RNAm de NANOG. Conclusão: Existe um padrão temporal na expressão de SF1, DAX1, STAT3, NANOG e OCT4 durante o desenvolvimento do córtex adrenal fetal, porém apenas a expressão de SF1 permanece no final da gestação e após o nascimento. TAC pediátricos exibem ganho de material gênico, aumento da expressão proteica e aparentemente redução paradoxal do RNAm do SF1 (NR5A1). Marcação nuclear de OCT4 se associa a fenótipo tumoral mais agressivo nos pacientes pediátricos. Parece exisitir interação entre a via Wnt/Beta-catenina e células-tronco, por meio do fator de transcrição NANOG, na tumorigênese adrenocortical. / Background: DAX1 (NR0B1), SF1 (NR5A1) and the Wnt pathway control adrenal stem/progenitor cells development. NANOG, OCT4, SOX2 and STAT3 are involved in the maintenance of stem cells and have role in various types of cancers in different tissues. It is still unclear whether these transcription factors interact to promote adrenocortical tumorigenesis. Objective: In adrenocortical tumors (ACT): to evaluate the gain of genomic material and the expression of mRNA and protein of DAX1 and SF1; to evaluate the mRNA and protein expression of stem cell markers (NANOG, OCT4, SOX2 and STAT3). In the development of the adrenal cortex: to evaluate the protein expression of these genes. In vitro: to evaluate the interaction between the Wnt/Beta-catenin pathway and NANOG expression. Patients & Methods: Panel of 30 fetal human adrenal cortices (20-38 gestational weeks) and 14 postnatal human adrenal cortices. ACT Patients: 96 children/ teenagers (81% female; median age of 1.6 years; 0.4-15.6 years) and 18 adults (10 adenomas and 8 carcinomas; 89% female; median age of 42.5 years; 21-66 years). Normal adrenal tissues (qPCR and MLPA controls): 13 children (median age of 3 years) and 13 adults (median age of 48 years). Protein expression of SF1, DAX1, STAT3, NANOG and OCT4 was assessed by immunohistochemistry in ACT, fetal and postnatal adrenal cortices. The mRNA expression of NR0B1, NR5A1, STAT3, NANOG and POU5F1 (OCT4) was assessed by qPCR in ACT. Gain or loss of NR0B1 and NR5A1 genomic material was assessed by MLPA in ACT. In vitro, NANOG expression (qPCR) was evaluated in H295 adrenal cells before and after inhibition of the Wnt/Beta-catenin pathway with PNU-74654. Results: In the adrenal glands at 20 and 25 gestational weeks, intense staining of SF1, DAX1, SOX2 and OCT4 was detected in the subcapsular region and a diffuse pattern mild to moderate staining of STAT3 and NANOG. After 31 weeks and in the postnatal period, intense SF1 staining persisted, but the staining of DAX1, STAT3, NANOG and OCT4 decreased or disappeared. In the ACT, the nuclear staining of SF1 was positive in 67% of pediatric samples and in 19% of adult samples. Gain of NR5A1 genomic material was observed in 71% of pediatric ACT and 33% of adult ACT. However, hypoexpression of NR5A1 mRNA was observed in 84% of pediatric ACT. No gain of genomic material or increase in mRNA expression of NR0B1 was observed in pediatric ACT. However, in 45% of these tumors nuclear staining was detected. In adult ACT, there was an increase in NR0B1 mRNA expression in 89% of the samples. No STAT3 staining was found in pediatric and adult ACT. However, in adult ACT, the STAT3 mRNA expression was significantly higher in adenomas than in carcinomas. In turn, the nuclear marking of OCT4 was significantly associated with the occurrence of metastases in pediatric patients. In the TACs with the p.S45P mutation in the Beta-catenin gene significantly increased NANOG mRNA expression was detected. In addition, after in vitro inhibition of the Wnt / Beta-catenin pathway in adrenal tumor cells there was a significant reduction in NANOG mRNA expression. Conclusion: There is a temporal pattern in the expression of SF1, DAX1, STAT3, NANOG and OCT4 during the development of the fetal adrenal cortex, but only SF1 expression remains at the end of gestation and after birth. Pediatric ACT show gain in NR5A1 gene material, increase in its protein expression but an apparent paradoxical reduction of mRNA. Nuclear staining of OCT4 is associated with more aggressive tumor phenotype in pediatric patients. There appears to be an interaction between the Wnt/Beta-catenin pathway and stem cells via NANOG, in adrenocortical tumorigenesis.

As primeiras publicações sobre o paciente pediátrico com câncer na UTI datam do final da década de 1980, e a função da UTIP (Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Pediátrica) está bem estabelecida como medida de suporte nas fases da doença de maior gravidade clínica, tanto no diagnóstico inicial como durante o tratamento e suas complicações. Em virtude das peculiaridades do paciente oncológico, que reforçam a importância de verificarmos a probabilidade de óbito, foi introduzida a utilização de escores prognósticos como ferramenta de controle da qualidade assistencial e para cálculo de risco de mortalidade. Objetivo: Avaliar o desempenho (discriminação e calibração) do escore PIM2 nos pacientes com câncer na UTI Pediátrica. Determinar os fatores associados a uma chance maior de óbito. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, de base histórica das admissões de crianças e adolescentes com câncer na UTIP do HCPA no período de janeiro 2002 a dezembro de 2005. Resultados e conclusões: Foram estudadas 201 admissões de pacientes, com uma taxa de mortalidade geral de 19%. A discriminação do escore PIM2 (auc-ROC = 0,88; IC 0,82- 0,94; p < 0,0001), foi considerada adequada. O valor do ponto de corte para o escore PIM 2 na curva auc-ROC foi de 6,3%. Não houve uma boa calibração para os intervalos de risco do PIM2 (X²= 22,8, gl = 4, p < 0,001). As variáveis relacionadas com pior prognóstico foram: choque (Odds- Ratio, OR=6,79; IC= 2,81- 21,2), FMO (OR=4,94; IC= 1,33-18,34), leucopenia (OR= 4,65; IC= 1,58-13,6) e terapêutica com ventilação mecânica (OR= 4,1; IC = 1,11-15,04). / Introduction: The first studies on pediatric cancer patients treated in intensive care unit were published in late eighties. After that the role of pediatric intensive care unit became well established and the prognostic scores for oncologic patient were more broadly used. quality control of assistance and prognostication. Objective: Assess the performance (discrimination and calibration) in cancer patients in a tertiary Paediatric Intensive Care Unit. Describe the associated factors with the risk of mortality in these patients. Methods: Retrospective analysis of 201 admissions in Hospital Clínicas Porto Alegre Pediatric Intensive Care Unit from January, 2002, to December, 2005. Results and conclusions: 201 admissions of patients with a mortality rate of 19%. The discrimination of PIM2 score (auc-ROC = 0,88; IC 0,82- 0,94; p < 0,0001) was considered good or adequated. The threshold value (cut off point) for the PIM2 score was 6,3%, The chi- square test has no good calibration. (X²= 22,8, p < 0,001, dof = 4). The variables more related to bad outcome were: shock (OR= Odds- Ratio, OR= 6,79, CI= 2,81- 21,2)., DMO (OR= 4,94, IC= 1,33- 18,34), leucopenia (OR= 4,65, CI= 1,58-13,6) and therapeutic support with mechanical ventilation (OR= 4,1, CI= 1,11- 15,04).

Introdução: DAX1 (NR0B1), SF1 (NR5A1) e a via Wnt controlam o desenvolvimento de células progenitoras/tronco adrenais. NANOG, OCT4, SOX2 e STAT3 estão envolvidos na manutenção de células-tronco e têm papel em vários cânceres de diferentes tecidos. Ainda não está claro se esses fatores de transcrição interagem para promover a tumorigênese adrenocortical. Objetivo: Nos tumores adrenocorticais (TAC): avaliar o ganho de material genômico e a expressão de RNAm e proteica de DAX1 e SF1; avaliar a expressão de RNAm e proteica de marcadores de células-tronco (NANOG, OCT4, SOX2 e STAT3). No desenvolvimento do córtex adrenal: avaliar a expressão proteica desses genes. In vitro: avaliar a interação entre a via Wnt/Beta-catenina e a expressão de NANOG. Pacientes e Métodos: Painel de 30 córtices adrenais fetais humanos (20-38 semanas de gestação) e 14 pós-natais. Pacientes com TAC: 96 crianças/adolescentes (81% do sexo feminino, idade mediana de 1,6 anos [0,4 a 15,6 anos]) e 18 adultos (10 adenomas e 8 carcinomas, 89% do sexo feminino e idade mediana de 42,5 anos [21-66 anos]). Tecidos adrenais normais (controles para qPCR e MLPA): 13 crianças (idade mediana de 3 anos) e 13 adultos (mediana de idade de 48 anos). A expressão proteica de SF1, DAX1, STAT3, NANOG e OCT4 foi avaliada por imunohistoquímica nos TAC e nos córtices adrenais fetais e pós-natais. A expressão de RNAm de NR0B1, NR5A1, STAT3, NANOG e POU5F1 (OCT4) foi avaliada por qPCR nos TAC. Ganho ou perda de material genômico de NR0B1 e NR5A1 foi avaliada por MLPA nos TAC. In vitro, a expressão de NANOG (qPCR) foi avaliada em células adrenais H295 antes e após inibição da via Wnt/Beta-catenina com a substância PNU-74654. Resultados: Em adrenais fetais com 20 e 25 semanas de gestação detectou-se marcação intensa de SF1, DAX1, SOX2 e OCT4 na região subcapsular e marcação leve a moderada e difusa de STAT3 e NANOG. Após as 31 semanas e no período pós-natal, a marcação intensa de SF1 persistiu, porém a marcação de DAX1, STAT3, NANOG e OCT4 diminuiu ou desapareceu. Nos TAC, a marcação nuclear de SF1 foi positiva em 67% das amostras pediátricas e em 19% das amostras de adultos. Ganho de material genômico do NR5A1 foi observado em 71% dos TAC pediátricos e 33% de TAC adultos. Porém observou-se hipoexpressão do RNAm do NR5A1 em 84% dos TAC pediátricos. Nenhum ganho de material genômico ou aumento da expressão do RNAm do NR0B1 foi observado nos TAC pediátricos. Porém em 45% desses tumores detectou-se marcação nuclear. Nos TAC de pacientes adultos, houve aumento da expressão de RNAm de NR0B1 em 89% das amostras. Não se observou marcação de STAT3 nos TAC pediátricos e adultos. Porém nos pacientes adultos, a expressão do RNAm de STAT3 foi significativamente maior nos adenomas do que nos carcinomas. Por sua vez, a marcação nuclear do OCT4 associou-se significativamente com a ocorrência de metástases nos pacientes pediátricos. Nos TAC com a mutação p.S45P no gene da Beta-catenina detectou-se expressão significativamente aumentada do RNAm do NANOG. Além disso, após a inibição in vitro da via Wnt/Beta-catenina nas células tumorais adrenais houve redução significativa na expressão do RNAm de NANOG. Conclusão: Existe um padrão temporal na expressão de SF1, DAX1, STAT3, NANOG e OCT4 durante o desenvolvimento do córtex adrenal fetal, porém apenas a expressão de SF1 permanece no final da gestação e após o nascimento. TAC pediátricos exibem ganho de material gênico, aumento da expressão proteica e aparentemente redução paradoxal do RNAm do SF1 (NR5A1). Marcação nuclear de OCT4 se associa a fenótipo tumoral mais agressivo nos pacientes pediátricos. Parece exisitir interação entre a via Wnt/Beta-catenina e células-tronco, por meio do fator de transcrição NANOG, na tumorigênese adrenocortical. / Background: DAX1 (NR0B1), SF1 (NR5A1) and the Wnt pathway control adrenal stem/progenitor cells development. NANOG, OCT4, SOX2 and STAT3 are involved in the maintenance of stem cells and have role in various types of cancers in different tissues. It is still unclear whether these transcription factors interact to promote adrenocortical tumorigenesis. Objective: In adrenocortical tumors (ACT): to evaluate the gain of genomic material and the expression of mRNA and protein of DAX1 and SF1; to evaluate the mRNA and protein expression of stem cell markers (NANOG, OCT4, SOX2 and STAT3). In the development of the adrenal cortex: to evaluate the protein expression of these genes. In vitro: to evaluate the interaction between the Wnt/Beta-catenin pathway and NANOG expression. Patients & Methods: Panel of 30 fetal human adrenal cortices (20-38 gestational weeks) and 14 postnatal human adrenal cortices. ACT Patients: 96 children/ teenagers (81% female; median age of 1.6 years; 0.4-15.6 years) and 18 adults (10 adenomas and 8 carcinomas; 89% female; median age of 42.5 years; 21-66 years). Normal adrenal tissues (qPCR and MLPA controls): 13 children (median age of 3 years) and 13 adults (median age of 48 years). Protein expression of SF1, DAX1, STAT3, NANOG and OCT4 was assessed by immunohistochemistry in ACT, fetal and postnatal adrenal cortices. The mRNA expression of NR0B1, NR5A1, STAT3, NANOG and POU5F1 (OCT4) was assessed by qPCR in ACT. Gain or loss of NR0B1 and NR5A1 genomic material was assessed by MLPA in ACT. In vitro, NANOG expression (qPCR) was evaluated in H295 adrenal cells before and after inhibition of the Wnt/Beta-catenin pathway with PNU-74654. Results: In the adrenal glands at 20 and 25 gestational weeks, intense staining of SF1, DAX1, SOX2 and OCT4 was detected in the subcapsular region and a diffuse pattern mild to moderate staining of STAT3 and NANOG. After 31 weeks and in the postnatal period, intense SF1 staining persisted, but the staining of DAX1, STAT3, NANOG and OCT4 decreased or disappeared. In the ACT, the nuclear staining of SF1 was positive in 67% of pediatric samples and in 19% of adult samples. Gain of NR5A1 genomic material was observed in 71% of pediatric ACT and 33% of adult ACT. However, hypoexpression of NR5A1 mRNA was observed in 84% of pediatric ACT. No gain of genomic material or increase in mRNA expression of NR0B1 was observed in pediatric ACT. However, in 45% of these tumors nuclear staining was detected. In adult ACT, there was an increase in NR0B1 mRNA expression in 89% of the samples. No STAT3 staining was found in pediatric and adult ACT. However, in adult ACT, the STAT3 mRNA expression was significantly higher in adenomas than in carcinomas. In turn, the nuclear marking of OCT4 was significantly associated with the occurrence of metastases in pediatric patients. In the TACs with the p.S45P mutation in the Beta-catenin gene significantly increased NANOG mRNA expression was detected. In addition, after in vitro inhibition of the Wnt / Beta-catenin pathway in adrenal tumor cells there was a significant reduction in NANOG mRNA expression. Conclusion: There is a temporal pattern in the expression of SF1, DAX1, STAT3, NANOG and OCT4 during the development of the fetal adrenal cortex, but only SF1 expression remains at the end of gestation and after birth. Pediatric ACT show gain in NR5A1 gene material, increase in its protein expression but an apparent paradoxical reduction of mRNA. Nuclear staining of OCT4 is associated with more aggressive tumor phenotype in pediatric patients. There appears to be an interaction between the Wnt/Beta-catenin pathway and stem cells via NANOG, in adrenocortical tumorigenesis.

Childhood cancer is the second leading cause of death in children aged 0-19 years. Research efforts to identify factors associated with or influencing this growing health problem are limited. The purpose of this research study was to examine, in reference to Louisiana during the period 2004-2010, the annual number of children diagnosed with cancer; the types of cancers; the possible effects of the environmental aftermath resulting from Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Gustav; and any correlation between environmental contaminants following these hurricanes with the number of children diagnosed with cancer. This study employed correlational quantitative methodology using archival data from the Louisiana Tumor Registry that identified childhood cancer types and incidence for the years 2004-2010. Data were analyzed using logistic regression. Data analysis demonstrated statistically significant differences in the number of children diagnosed with cancer in Louisiana following Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Gustav, more specifically between the northern (p = .011) and southern (p =.013) regions. However, this may have no or limited practical significance. The sample size was large in this study, and given a large enough sample, regardless of insignificant population differences, almost any difference or any correlation will be statistically significant. The positive social change implication of this study is that it may lead to the development of preventive tools/measures for healthcare professionals and parents to help reduce childhood cancers associated with exposure to adverse environmental factors.

PURPOSE: (1) Investigate supportive care needs and preferences of parents of children with cancer (2) Assess the feasibility and preliminary outcomes of a Parent Support Group Intervention (PSGI). METHODS: One-hundred and eight parents completed the Parent Support Survey (PSS). Data were utilized in the creation of a PSGI. The PSGI consisted of eight 1.5-hour sessions encompassing guided group discussion. As part of feasibility, acceptability, recruitment/retention and preliminary outcomes were assessed. Parents completed outcome measures assessing knowledge of disease/treatment management, community/hospital/family resources, perception of social support and feelings of distress/anxiety. RESULTS: From the PSS, 86/108 (80%) of parents expressed interest in a PSGI. Fourteen parents attended the PSGI only once and 14 parents attended the PSGI more than once. Outcome measure results depict favourable changes after group attendance. Recruitment and retention data highlight challenges. CONCLUSIONS: Information gained from this study will be used to improve planning and delievery of future PSGI’s.

PURPOSE: (1) Investigate supportive care needs and preferences of parents of children with cancer (2) Assess the feasibility and preliminary outcomes of a Parent Support Group Intervention (PSGI). METHODS: One-hundred and eight parents completed the Parent Support Survey (PSS). Data were utilized in the creation of a PSGI. The PSGI consisted of eight 1.5-hour sessions encompassing guided group discussion. As part of feasibility, acceptability, recruitment/retention and preliminary outcomes were assessed. Parents completed outcome measures assessing knowledge of disease/treatment management, community/hospital/family resources, perception of social support and feelings of distress/anxiety. RESULTS: From the PSS, 86/108 (80%) of parents expressed interest in a PSGI. Fourteen parents attended the PSGI only once and 14 parents attended the PSGI more than once. Outcome measure results depict favourable changes after group attendance. Recruitment and retention data highlight challenges. CONCLUSIONS: Information gained from this study will be used to improve planning and delievery of future PSGI’s.

PURPOSE: (1) Investigate supportive care needs and preferences of parents of children with cancer (2) Assess the feasibility and preliminary outcomes of a Parent Support Group Intervention (PSGI). METHODS: One-hundred and eight parents completed the Parent Support Survey (PSS). Data were utilized in the creation of a PSGI. The PSGI consisted of eight 1.5-hour sessions encompassing guided group discussion. As part of feasibility, acceptability, recruitment/retention and preliminary outcomes were assessed. Parents completed outcome measures assessing knowledge of disease/treatment management, community/hospital/family resources, perception of social support and feelings of distress/anxiety. RESULTS: From the PSS, 86/108 (80%) of parents expressed interest in a PSGI. Fourteen parents attended the PSGI only once and 14 parents attended the PSGI more than once. Outcome measure results depict favourable changes after group attendance. Recruitment and retention data highlight challenges. CONCLUSIONS: Information gained from this study will be used to improve planning and delievery of future PSGI’s.