Many children live in circumstances which make it difficult for them to develop the capacities needed to succeed later in life. Previous research has focused on determining the risk factors for impaired outcomes and on evaluating the impact of specific programs. There has been a lack of research exploring the wisdom of people at the grassroots level and across programs. This research asked service providers and parents to describe the challenges that are faced by families with young children living in circumstances of disadvantage, the barriers preventing participation in programs, and the strategies that would address these challenges and barriers.<p> Three research approaches were incorporated into the design of this project; qualitative policy research, community-based participatory research, and knowledge transfer methodology. These approaches were applied in order to encourage the participation of community organizations, to produce information that would provide guidance to policy-makers, and to promote implementation of the strategies recommended by research participants.<p> In Phase One, 28 service providers from 24 Regina programs were interviewed. In Phase Two, the results from the service provider interviews were presented to focus groups of target parents to obtain their feedback. This process served to acknowledge the expertise of the parents as those with firsthand experience of their own reality.<p> The categories of challenges, barriers and strategies that were identified by participants were psychosocial (related to personal connections and mental well-being) and/or structural (concrete and tangible issues). Four themes emerged from these findings. First, interrelatedness and synergistic interaction among the social conditions faced by these families was evident. Second, instability was present at both familial and program delivery levels. Third, target families faced power imbalances from multiple sources. Finally, a lack of belonging or connectedness was experienced by families as a result of their circumstances of social exclusion.<p> The results point to the need for policies to address the following areas: adequate household income, childcare, funding of non-government organizations, housing, and mental health and addictions. By presenting the views of people at the grassroots level, it is hoped that these research results will provide direction to policy-makers.

Aboriginal Head Start Urban and Northern Communities (AHSUNC) Initiative in Ontario provides an early childhood development program specifically for urban Aboriginal children between 3 and 5 years old. Twenty-nine families from Waabinong Head Start in Sault Ste Marie, Ontario, completed two questionnaires given four months apart covering a range of health and education topics. The completed surveys supported a trend toward healthier lifestyle choices, improved education of the children, upward mobility in employment, increases in self-perceived general and mental health of primary and second caregivers, and decreases in smoking, illegal drug use, and alcohol use. Families reported an increased sense of pride in being Aboriginal shown by their children, plus learning of culture and Ojibwe language, which has lead to improvement in all of the child’s skills and abilities.

Aboriginal Head Start Urban and Northern Communities (AHSUNC) Initiative in Ontario provides an early childhood development program specifically for urban Aboriginal children between 3 and 5 years old. Twenty-nine families from Waabinong Head Start in Sault Ste Marie, Ontario, completed two questionnaires given four months apart covering a range of health and education topics. The completed surveys supported a trend toward healthier lifestyle choices, improved education of the children, upward mobility in employment, increases in self-perceived general and mental health of primary and second caregivers, and decreases in smoking, illegal drug use, and alcohol use. Families reported an increased sense of pride in being Aboriginal shown by their children, plus learning of culture and Ojibwe language, which has lead to improvement in all of the child’s skills and abilities.

Multiple theories suggest that the early parent-child relationship plays an important role in development. Past research has shown linkages between parenting style and aggression as well as between language and aggression. Emerging evidence suggests that attachment security is an important predictor of language development. It was hypothesized that there would be an effect of parent-child relationship quality at 36 months on aggression at school entry via language ability at 54 months. To test this hypothesis, path analysis in M-Plus was used. Data for this study were collected as a part of the NICHD, Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (N = 1,364). Mediation was tested with bootstrapped estimates of indirect effects. The results did not support the hypothesized m

Many children live in circumstances which make it difficult for them to develop the capacities needed to succeed later in life. Previous research has focused on determining the risk factors for impaired outcomes and on evaluating the impact of specific programs. There has been a lack of research exploring the wisdom of people at the grassroots level and across programs. This research asked service providers and parents to describe the challenges that are faced by families with young children living in circumstances of disadvantage, the barriers preventing participation in programs, and the strategies that would address these challenges and barriers.<p> Three research approaches were incorporated into the design of this project; qualitative policy research, community-based participatory research, and knowledge transfer methodology. These approaches were applied in order to encourage the participation of community organizations, to produce information that would provide guidance to policy-makers, and to promote implementation of the strategies recommended by research participants.<p> In Phase One, 28 service providers from 24 Regina programs were interviewed. In Phase Two, the results from the service provider interviews were presented to focus groups of target parents to obtain their feedback. This process served to acknowledge the expertise of the parents as those with firsthand experience of their own reality.<p> The categories of challenges, barriers and strategies that were identified by participants were psychosocial (related to personal connections and mental well-being) and/or structural (concrete and tangible issues). Four themes emerged from these findings. First, interrelatedness and synergistic interaction among the social conditions faced by these families was evident. Second, instability was present at both familial and program delivery levels. Third, target families faced power imbalances from multiple sources. Finally, a lack of belonging or connectedness was experienced by families as a result of their circumstances of social exclusion.<p> The results point to the need for policies to address the following areas: adequate household income, childcare, funding of non-government organizations, housing, and mental health and addictions. By presenting the views of people at the grassroots level, it is hoped that these research results will provide direction to policy-makers.

Preterm birth continues to be an important public health concern globally. Born only 3 to 6 weeks premature, findings increasingly demonstrate that the late preterm population (34-36 weeks gestational age) is not exempt from long-term risk, as the last few weeks of gestation are important for both physical and cognitive development. This study examined whether late preterm birth was associated with poorer health, development and educational outcomes in the early childhood period, after controlling for a range of medical and social factors. / February 2016

Background: The focus of this dissertation is on methods associated with evaluating a program's merit and worth. There are many approaches documented in the literature for evaluating merit and worth. The focus is only on theory driven evaluation (TDE). The premise of TDE is the program theory (PT) must be understood before being able to evaluate the merit and worth of a program. One of the early limitations in the TDE literature was a lack of methods for deriving PT. Renger has recently published methodology describing how existing source documentation could be to develop a program theory. A key component of Renger's methodology is the validation of the PT. Renger suggested using subject matter experts (SME) and program staff to validate the PT. However, it is uncertain whether relying on SMEs to validate a PT is sufficient. Objectives/Methods: Thus the current work focuses on whether there is empirical (i.e., research) and/or statistical (i.e., correlation analyses) support for a PT generated by SMEs. Results: Findings of the correlation analysis provide some evidence of the effectiveness of SMEs validation process. Specifically, weak or very weak statistical support was found for 56.25% (N=9) of relationships between mechanisms of change depicted in the model from Aim 5 (N=16). The results of targeted literature review indicate a strong relationship between the PT generated by SMEs and targeted literature search. Specifically, research evidence was found for 13 (81%) relationships between mechanisms of change identified in the model from Aim 5. Conclusion: PT can be reconstructed from source documentation. Reconstructed PT should be validated. Validation by SME appears to be time a fast, cost-effective way of getting feedback on the initial draft of PT. However, due to the limited scope of targeted literature search and correlational analysis, it is not possible to conclusively determine whether relying on subject matter experts is sufficient to validate reconstructed Program Theory. More research on TDE validation methods is needed.

Children’s entry into school at appropriate ages and their successful progression through the primary grades are strong predictors of later life opportunities and successes. This retrospective study focuses on factors that can influence age appropriate school entry and grade progression with children who were eight at the time of the study and who live in a peri-urban community in Uganda. Children in this resource constrained community face risks of educational exclusion and longer term underachievement that arise from social, health and economic disadvantages, inequalities and inadequate services. The most disadvantaged children, those who live in households with life stress events such as the absence of one or more parents or the impact of diseases such as HIV and AIDS, are at risk of not enrolling in school at an appropriate age or not advancing successfully. Such risks may be mediated through family composition and family demographic variables and may be ameliorated through the presence of community programs designed for young children. This study examined the influence of family variables, home environment life stress events, and exposure to early childhood development (ECD) services on the educational transitions of young children. The study determined that children living with biological parents, and parents with higher educational levels, had more opportunities of exposure to community-based ECD programs, had higher success in enrolling in school at an age-appropriate time, and more successfully progressed through the grade levels. For the purposes of this study, data were collected from 535 children and their 535 caregivers in the peri-urban community of Kyanja in Kampala, the capital city of Uganda. The findings provide a backdrop for a discussion regarding the relationship between home environment life stress events, community ECD services for young children, and the current educational status of children aged eight years. A major focus lies on whether enrolment in ECD can help close the gap created by events in and the structure of the home environment. / Graduate

O diagnóstico de uma doença grave e a hospitalização trazem consigo diversas situações adversas para a criança e o adolescente (e suas famílias). Os retornos constantes ao ambiente hospitalar para controlar os efeitos da progressão da doença podem influenciar no seu desenvolvimento integral. Dentre as doenças que necessitam de acompanhamento hospitalar durante período prolongado, o câncer infanto-juvenil vem sendo preocupação de estudos nas diferentes áreas do conhecimento, devido às diversas implicações associadas aos tratamentos necessários. O objetivo principal da presente dissertação foi investigar as associações e dissociações entre os diferentes fatores que podem contribuir para um perfil cognitivo mais preservado em crianças com leucemia na fase ativa do tratamento (aspectos psicossociais, acadêmicos, neuropsicológicos e clínicos propriamente ditos). Foram avaliadas habilidades neuropsicológicas (atenção, memória de trabalho, velocidade do processamento e funções executivas), estratégias metacognitivas, características comportamentais e competência social em crianças hospitalizadas com Leucemias. Igualmente foram investigados dados referentes ao nível socioeconômico, frequência/intensidade da participação à classe hospitalar, além de variáveis relacionadas ao tempo/tipo de tratamento médico elegido. Foi também examinado o panorama geral a respeito das práticas atuais em Classes Hospitalares, para servirem da base para as análises. Os resultados apontaram para uma tendência das habilidades de atenção, funções executivas (componentes controle inibitório, fluência verbal e flexibilidade cognitiva) e memória de trabalho (componente fonológico) se mostrarem mais preservadas ao longo do tratamento. Os componentes executivo central e memória de trabalho visuoespacial do modelo de memória de trabalho e velocidade do processamento parecem estar mais deficitários nestas crianças com leucemias. Quanto aos aspectos comportamentais e às competências sociais, pode ser observado que crianças com perfis mais preservados nesses quesitos tiveram melhores desempenhos em tarefas neuropsicológicas. A partir dos achados analisados ao longo da pesquisa, pode-se perceber que, apesar da heterogeneidade da amostra e dos resultados obtidos, a necessidade da avaliação neuropsicológica e do planejamento de estratégias que desenvolvam o potencial de aprendizagem em crianças com câncer durante e após o tratamento em Oncologia, sendo de suma importância a pesquisa de propostas educativas e de reabilitação que auxiliem essa população em suas especificidades. / The diagnosis of a severe disease and the hospitalization carry within’ many adverse situations for children and adolescents (and of their families). The constantly returns to the hospital setting to control the effects of disease’s progression may influence in their integral development. Within the diseases that need longer monitoring at the hospital setting, childhood cancer is a major concern in research of different areas of knowledge, due to many implications associated with treatments needed. The aim of the present thesis was to investigate associations and dissociations between the different factors that may contribute to a most preserved cognitive profile within children with leukemia in active phase of treatment (psychosocial, academic, neuropsychological and clinical aspects). It was evaluated neuropsychological skills (attention, working memory, processing speed and executive functions), metacognitive strategies measures and brief assessment of their behavior and social competences (CBCL) of hospitalized children with Leukemia. Socioeconomic aspects and frequency/intensity of Hospital-School attendance were also investigated, as well as the time/type of medical treatment chosen. It was also examined a general scenery of current practices in Hospital Schooling, to serve as a reference for the analyses. The results shows a tendency in attention and executive functions tasks, as well as working memory (phonological component), into a more preserved presentation, while the central executive and visuo-spatial working memory and processing speed were with deficits in children with leukemia. On behavioral and social competences, it could be observed that children with most preserved profiles in this question have better performance in neuropsychological tasks. Through the findings analyzed over the research, it’s possible to understand the importance in attention to protection/risk factors to cognitive development in childhood leukemia, especially in conjuncture of different factor with concomitant impairment. In this way, we reiterate the need of neuropsychological assessment in this context and strategy planning that develop the potential learning in children with cancer during and after Oncology treatment.

O diagnóstico de uma doença grave e a hospitalização trazem consigo diversas situações adversas para a criança e o adolescente (e suas famílias). Os retornos constantes ao ambiente hospitalar para controlar os efeitos da progressão da doença podem influenciar no seu desenvolvimento integral. Dentre as doenças que necessitam de acompanhamento hospitalar durante período prolongado, o câncer infanto-juvenil vem sendo preocupação de estudos nas diferentes áreas do conhecimento, devido às diversas implicações associadas aos tratamentos necessários. O objetivo principal da presente dissertação foi investigar as associações e dissociações entre os diferentes fatores que podem contribuir para um perfil cognitivo mais preservado em crianças com leucemia na fase ativa do tratamento (aspectos psicossociais, acadêmicos, neuropsicológicos e clínicos propriamente ditos). Foram avaliadas habilidades neuropsicológicas (atenção, memória de trabalho, velocidade do processamento e funções executivas), estratégias metacognitivas, características comportamentais e competência social em crianças hospitalizadas com Leucemias. Igualmente foram investigados dados referentes ao nível socioeconômico, frequência/intensidade da participação à classe hospitalar, além de variáveis relacionadas ao tempo/tipo de tratamento médico elegido. Foi também examinado o panorama geral a respeito das práticas atuais em Classes Hospitalares, para servirem da base para as análises. Os resultados apontaram para uma tendência das habilidades de atenção, funções executivas (componentes controle inibitório, fluência verbal e flexibilidade cognitiva) e memória de trabalho (componente fonológico) se mostrarem mais preservadas ao longo do tratamento. Os componentes executivo central e memória de trabalho visuoespacial do modelo de memória de trabalho e velocidade do processamento parecem estar mais deficitários nestas crianças com leucemias. Quanto aos aspectos comportamentais e às competências sociais, pode ser observado que crianças com perfis mais preservados nesses quesitos tiveram melhores desempenhos em tarefas neuropsicológicas. A partir dos achados analisados ao longo da pesquisa, pode-se perceber que, apesar da heterogeneidade da amostra e dos resultados obtidos, a necessidade da avaliação neuropsicológica e do planejamento de estratégias que desenvolvam o potencial de aprendizagem em crianças com câncer durante e após o tratamento em Oncologia, sendo de suma importância a pesquisa de propostas educativas e de reabilitação que auxiliem essa população em suas especificidades. / The diagnosis of a severe disease and the hospitalization carry within’ many adverse situations for children and adolescents (and of their families). The constantly returns to the hospital setting to control the effects of disease’s progression may influence in their integral development. Within the diseases that need longer monitoring at the hospital setting, childhood cancer is a major concern in research of different areas of knowledge, due to many implications associated with treatments needed. The aim of the present thesis was to investigate associations and dissociations between the different factors that may contribute to a most preserved cognitive profile within children with leukemia in active phase of treatment (psychosocial, academic, neuropsychological and clinical aspects). It was evaluated neuropsychological skills (attention, working memory, processing speed and executive functions), metacognitive strategies measures and brief assessment of their behavior and social competences (CBCL) of hospitalized children with Leukemia. Socioeconomic aspects and frequency/intensity of Hospital-School attendance were also investigated, as well as the time/type of medical treatment chosen. It was also examined a general scenery of current practices in Hospital Schooling, to serve as a reference for the analyses. The results shows a tendency in attention and executive functions tasks, as well as working memory (phonological component), into a more preserved presentation, while the central executive and visuo-spatial working memory and processing speed were with deficits in children with leukemia. On behavioral and social competences, it could be observed that children with most preserved profiles in this question have better performance in neuropsychological tasks. Through the findings analyzed over the research, it’s possible to understand the importance in attention to protection/risk factors to cognitive development in childhood leukemia, especially in conjuncture of different factor with concomitant impairment. In this way, we reiterate the need of neuropsychological assessment in this context and strategy planning that develop the potential learning in children with cancer during and after Oncology treatment.