At SAPPI-Tugela a continuous Kraft wood chip digester operates in EMCC mode (extended modified continuous cooking). Chips are initially exposed to a NaOH / Na2S liquor at high temperature in the top section. The chips move downward in plug flow passing circumferential screens used to draw liquor for various circulations. About midway down the spent black liquor is removed and the chips enter the cooler bottom section where some further reaction and washing occurs. Liquor level and chip level are maintained close to each other near the top. Chips require 8-12 hours to pass through the digester, depending on the chip feed rate. The key parameter of interest at the digester exit is the Kappa number, which is a measure of the extent of delignification which has occurred. Different board and paper products require different Kappa number pulp feed. (Final properties such as tensile, tear and bursting strengths will also depend on the way fibres have been modified in the digestion). The objective of this investigation is to predict the Kappa number of the product pulp in real-time, thus facilitating quicker reaction than the present dependence on laboratory analysis permits, possibly even allowing closed-loop control. The extent of delignification depends on liquor strength, temperature and exposure time, with final Kappa number also depending on the properties of the chip feed (wood type and moisture content). Compensation to maintain a steady Kappa number is made difficult by the long and varying residence time, and the fact that any changes apply to the whole profile held up in the digester. A number of static models for Kappa number prediction have been developed by previous workers, but these do not compare well with plant measurements. The collection of data from the Sappi-Tugela reactor, and the pulp quality reports, have been used to determine an efficient model. This step required a considerable data collection exercise, and similar results to the quality reports have been obtained using a simple linear model based on this data. The problem of model error is being reduced by arrangement as a Smith Predictor, in which the model is intermittently corrected by available laboratory analyses. At the same time, an interface was created, in order to synchronise measurement data for the chips presently leaving the reactor. In order to deal with the dead time, each parcel of chips entering the reactor is effectively tracked, and the changes in Kappa number integrated for reaction time under the varying conditions in transit. Knowing the present inventory of the reactor, this model can also be run forward in time as a predictive controller, to determine optimal control actions for maintenance of the target Kappa number. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2005.

A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg for the degree of Master of Science / The object of this dissertation is to develop a cost effective plasticiser/water-reducer from tannin extracts which does not retard initial strength development. Model compounds of tannins indicated the suitability of substiuued phenols for this purpose, Catechol with adjacent hydroxide groups gave a good combination of improved workability with compressive strengths equivalent to the control. Combinations with ammonia and torrnaldehyde resulted in some greatly improved performances, but also reduced stability of the additives. Urea and metabisulphite did provide some improvements ai!1ddid not adversely affect shelf life. Some of the tannin extracts tested on their own gave considerate improvements in workability and some strengths. To improve the stability of extract solutions, tannins were modified with urea, metabisulphite, small amounts of potassium hydroxide and a alcohol mixture used for pretreatment. Only the first two listed were consistently effective without producing any disadvantages. They even further improved the concrete performance of condensed tannins in particular. Small additions of TEA or its acetate salt resulted to better one day strengths of the modified tannins. Analytical techniques such as infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance were used to monitor some; modifications of the tannins and their result. A test representing early hydration conditions and X-ray diffraction provided clues to the additives mechanism in its interaction with cement. The additives performance was evaluated by comparison with a leading plasticiser/water-reducer, an independent concrete testing laboratory and conduction calorimetry by a research and testing council. A tannin based plasticiser made largely from local raw materials was quickly accepted during a recession by brick and precast manufactures . / Andrew Chakane 2018

Este trabalho apresenta a síntese de nanopartículas (NPs) de NaYF4 dopadas com íons terras raras a partir de sistemas microfluídicos projetados e desenvolvidos em parceria entre o Laboratório de Crescimento de Cristais e a Central de Processamento de Materiais a Laser no Centro de Laser e Aplicações IPEN. O objetivo foi o estudo de diferentes circuitos microfluídicos usinados a laser para síntese de NPs de fluoretos em geral. Como material teste foi escolhido o NaYF4:Yb3+:Er3+, visando sua obtenção na fase hexagonal com dimensões definidas. Experiências de síntese deste material por co-precipitação, sem uso de surfactantes, foram realizadas para comparação com as sínteses obtidas via microfluídica. Por co-precipitação foram obtidas partículas esféricas, na fase cubica do NaYF4. Foram projetados e fabricados, via usinagem a laser de pulsos ultracurtos em substrato de vidro ótico BK7, três circuitos microfluídicos. Nas experiências de sínteses realizadas nestes chips foram obtidas NPs de NaYF4:Yb3+:Er3+ tanto na fase cubica quanto na fase hexagonal, em diferentes proporções, dependendo dos fluxos de injeção dos precursores no micro reator, da temperatura e da taxa de residência. As NPs obtidas neste trabalho foram caracterizadas através de DRX e analise pelo método de Rietveld, para a identificação das fases do material, MET para definição de forma e tamanho da nanopartículas e MEV para estudo dos microcanais dos chips usinados a lasers. Os melhores resultados foram observados em chips com microcanais da ordem de 400-600μm, pois minimizam o problema de obstrução. Contudo, o controle da temperatura precisa ser otimizado para evitar trincas nos microcircuitos. As NPs obtidas via microfluídica apresentaram distribuição de tamanho na faixa de 5 a 200nm e fases com estrutura hexagonal e cubica. Foi possível obter NPs de fase única cubica, mas o mesmo não ocorreu para fase hexagonal do NaYF4. O presente estudo permitiu definir vários fatores para a obtenção das NPs de NaYF4 via microfluídica e também referente a fabricação, montagem e uso dos chips, porém para obter NPs desse material com controle da dimensão e fases serão necessários estudos complementares. / This work presents the synthesis of NaYF4 nanoparticles (NPs), doped with rare earth ions, using microfluidic systems designed and fabricated at IPEN through Crystal Growth Lab and Materials Laser Processing Lab partnership. The aim of this work was the study of different microfluidic chips laser machined for use in fluoride NPs synthesis. The compound NaYF4:Yb3+:Er3+ (Yb 10 mole%; Er 0.5 mole %) was chosen to test the fabricated microfluidic chips aiming the production of NPs with hexagonal structure with defined dimensions. Synthesis experiments by co-precipitation method of this material without any surfactant were performed to compare with microfluidics synthesis. By this method spherical particles, were obtained with the cubic NaYF4 crystalline structure. Three different chips were designed and fabricated, using a femtosecond laser to machine BK7 optical glass substrate. The synthesis experiments with these chips resulted in NaYF4:Yb3+:Er3+ NPs with both cubic and hexagonal crystalline structure, in different proportions, depending of precursors flux rates, temperature and resident time. The obtained materials of all experiments were characterized by X-ray diffraction and Rietveld analysis, to define crystalline structures parameters; transmission microscopy to define shape and size of NPs and scanning electron microscopy to characterize the chips micro channels machined by laser. The best results were observed for chips with channels of 400-600μm, in view of the obstruction decrease in the chips. The NPs obtained with microfluidics presented sizes from 5nm up to 200nm and hexagonal and cubic crystallographic structures. Cubic single phase NPs were obtained, but the same did not happened with the NaYF4 hexagonal phase. The present study allowed establishing many different parameters for NaYF4 NPs synthesis through microfluidics and concerning fabrication, assembly and experimental use of microfluidic chips, however, additional experiments will be necessary to obtain the fluoride NPs with controlled size and shape.

Este trabalho apresenta a síntese de nanopartículas (NPs) de NaYF4 dopadas com íons terras raras a partir de sistemas microfluídicos projetados e desenvolvidos em parceria entre o Laboratório de Crescimento de Cristais e a Central de Processamento de Materiais a Laser no Centro de Laser e Aplicações IPEN. O objetivo foi o estudo de diferentes circuitos microfluídicos usinados a laser para síntese de NPs de fluoretos em geral. Como material teste foi escolhido o NaYF4:Yb3+:Er3+, visando sua obtenção na fase hexagonal com dimensões definidas. Experiências de síntese deste material por co-precipitação, sem uso de surfactantes, foram realizadas para comparação com as sínteses obtidas via microfluídica. Por co-precipitação foram obtidas partículas esféricas, na fase cubica do NaYF4. Foram projetados e fabricados, via usinagem a laser de pulsos ultracurtos em substrato de vidro ótico BK7, três circuitos microfluídicos. Nas experiências de sínteses realizadas nestes chips foram obtidas NPs de NaYF4:Yb3+:Er3+ tanto na fase cubica quanto na fase hexagonal, em diferentes proporções, dependendo dos fluxos de injeção dos precursores no micro reator, da temperatura e da taxa de residência. As NPs obtidas neste trabalho foram caracterizadas através de DRX e analise pelo método de Rietveld, para a identificação das fases do material, MET para definição de forma e tamanho da nanopartículas e MEV para estudo dos microcanais dos chips usinados a lasers. Os melhores resultados foram observados em chips com microcanais da ordem de 400-600μm, pois minimizam o problema de obstrução. Contudo, o controle da temperatura precisa ser otimizado para evitar trincas nos microcircuitos. As NPs obtidas via microfluídica apresentaram distribuição de tamanho na faixa de 5 a 200nm e fases com estrutura hexagonal e cubica. Foi possível obter NPs de fase única cubica, mas o mesmo não ocorreu para fase hexagonal do NaYF4. O presente estudo permitiu definir vários fatores para a obtenção das NPs de NaYF4 via microfluídica e também referente a fabricação, montagem e uso dos chips, porém para obter NPs desse material com controle da dimensão e fases serão necessários estudos complementares. / This work presents the synthesis of NaYF4 nanoparticles (NPs), doped with rare earth ions, using microfluidic systems designed and fabricated at IPEN through Crystal Growth Lab and Materials Laser Processing Lab partnership. The aim of this work was the study of different microfluidic chips laser machined for use in fluoride NPs synthesis. The compound NaYF4:Yb3+:Er3+ (Yb 10 mole%; Er 0.5 mole %) was chosen to test the fabricated microfluidic chips aiming the production of NPs with hexagonal structure with defined dimensions. Synthesis experiments by co-precipitation method of this material without any surfactant were performed to compare with microfluidics synthesis. By this method spherical particles, were obtained with the cubic NaYF4 crystalline structure. Three different chips were designed and fabricated, using a femtosecond laser to machine BK7 optical glass substrate. The synthesis experiments with these chips resulted in NaYF4:Yb3+:Er3+ NPs with both cubic and hexagonal crystalline structure, in different proportions, depending of precursors flux rates, temperature and resident time. The obtained materials of all experiments were characterized by X-ray diffraction and Rietveld analysis, to define crystalline structures parameters; transmission microscopy to define shape and size of NPs and scanning electron microscopy to characterize the chips micro channels machined by laser. The best results were observed for chips with channels of 400-600μm, in view of the obstruction decrease in the chips. The NPs obtained with microfluidics presented sizes from 5nm up to 200nm and hexagonal and cubic crystallographic structures. Cubic single phase NPs were obtained, but the same did not happened with the NaYF4 hexagonal phase. The present study allowed establishing many different parameters for NaYF4 NPs synthesis through microfluidics and concerning fabrication, assembly and experimental use of microfluidic chips, however, additional experiments will be necessary to obtain the fluoride NPs with controlled size and shape.

O desenvolvimento de dispositivos microfluídicos biomiméticos, \"órgãos-em-chip\", tem permitido melhores respostas em ensaios que carecem de uma correlação fisiológica mais próxima da in vivo. Explorando as tecnologias da microfluídica e microfabricação, esses dispositivos recapitulam aspectos específicos de estruturas e funções dos órgãos. Ainda, os avanços obtidos em culturas tridimensionais de células, modelos de matrizes extracelulares e tecnologias direcionadas às células tronco, têm consolidado os órgãos-em-chip como uma ferramenta fundamental para a compreensão de diversas respostas biológicas do corpo humano frente às aplicações biomédicas, farmacêuticas, químicas e ambientais. Com os avanços da nanotecnologia e ciência dos materiais, inúmeros progressos têm sido alcançados na farmácia e na medicina. Devido à redução da escala, propriedades que se diferenciam substancialmente daquelas encontradas na escala macro são obtidas. As nanopartículas de dióxido de titânio (NPs TiO2) têm apresentado múltiplas aplicações na medicina e na indústria. Em vista disso, faz-se necessário a investigação dos efeitos tóxicos dessas nanopartículas, seja na saúde ou no meio ambiente. É bem documentado que as NPs TiO2 podem chegar à corrente sanguínea e alcançar vários órgãos, causando reações inflamatórias e interações celulares que podem ser patogenicamente relevantes. Assim, o presente trabalho propõe o estudo dos efeitos das NPs TiO2 em células endoteliais (HUVEC) cultivadas em um dispositivo microfluídico fabricado em poliéster-toner (PT), uma tecnologia simples que alia rapidez e baixo custo de produção. A viabilidade do uso dos microchips de PT foi avaliada por meio do teste MTT e produção de NO e verificou-se serem adequados para a cultura de células endoteliais. As células no sistema microfluídico foram expostas às NPs TiO2, e os resultados comparados a um sistema estático (placas de cultura de células) submetido às condições semelhantes. Os sobrenadantes de ambos os sistemas foram utilizados para determinação da produção de VEGF-A. Ademais, foram avaliadas a produção de aníon superóxido e a indução de apoptose. Os resultados esclarecem os mecanismos de toxicidade das NPs TiO2 e são correlacionados com as patologias que eventualmente estão associadas a esses efeitos. Por meio deste estudo, demonstrou-se o grande potencial dos microchips de PT para estudos em biologia celular, os quais podem fornecer a base para ensaios pré-clinicos com maior poder preditivo, alternativos ao uso de animais e cobaias na pesquisa científica. / The development of biomimetic microfluidic devices, \"organ-on-chips\", has allowed better responses in assays that need a closer in vivo physiological correlation. Exploring the technologies of microfluidics and microfabrication, these devices recapitulate specific aspects of structures and functions of the organs. In addition, the progress made in 3D cell cultures, extracellular matrix models, and stem cells technologies, have consolidated the organ-on-chips as a key tool for understanding various biological responses of the human body in face of biomedical, pharmaceutical, chemical, and environmental applications. With the advances in nanotechnology and materials science, much progress has been made in pharmacy and medicine. Due to the scale reduction, properties that differ substantially from those found on the macro scale are obtained. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) have found many applications in medicine and industry. In view of this fact, it is necessary to investigate the toxic effects of nanoparticles, either on health or in the environment. It has been well documented that TiO2 NPs can reach the bloodstream and affect various organs, causing inflammatory reactions and cellular interactions that can be pathogenetically relevant. Thus, this work proposes the study of the effects of TiO2 NPs in endothelial cells (HUVEC) cultured in a microfluidic device made of polyester toner (PT), a simple technology that combines speed and low cost of production. The viability of the use of PT microchips was evaluated by MTT assay and production of NO and we found that it is suitable for culturing of endothelial cells. The HUVEC in the microfluidic system were exposed to TiO2 NPs and the results compared to a static system (cell culture plates) subjected to similar conditions. Supernatants from both systems were used for determining the production of the VEGF-A. Furthermore, we have evaluated superoxide anion production and induction of apoptosis. The results clarify the mechanisms of toxicity of NPs TiO2 and are correlated with the pathologies that eventually are associated with these effects. Through this study, we demonstrated the great potential of PT microchips for studies in cell biology, which may provide the basis for pre-clinical trials with greater predictive power, alternative to the use of animals in scientific research.

Emerging computing architectures such as, neuromorphic computing and third party intellectual property (3PIP) cores, have attracted significant attention in the recent past. Neuromorphic Computing introduces an unorthodox non-von neumann architecture that mimics the abstract behavior of neuron activity of the human brain. They can execute more complex applications, such as image processing, object recognition, more efficiently in terms of performance and energy than the traditional microprocessors. However, focus on the hardware security aspects of the neuromorphic computing at its nascent stage. 3PIP core, on the other hand, have covertly inserted malicious functional behavior that can inflict range of harms at the system/application levels. This dissertation examines the impact of various threat models that emerges from neuromorphic architectures and 3PIP cores. Near-Threshold Computing (NTC) serves as an energy-efficient paradigm by aggressively operating all computing resources with a supply voltage closer to its threshold voltage at the cost of performance. Therefore, STC system is scaled to many-core NTC system to reclaim the lost performance. However, the interconnect performance in many-core NTC system pose significant bottleneck that hinders the performance of many-core NTC system. This dissertation analyzes the interconnect performance, and further, propose a novel technique to boost the interconnect performance of many-core NTC system.

The scaling of MOS transistors into the nanometer regime opens the possibility for creating large Network-on-Chip (NoC) architectures containing hundreds of integrated processing elements with on-chip communication. NoC architectures, with structured on-chip networks are emerging as a scalable and modular solution to global communications within large systems-on-chip. NoCs mitigate the emerging wire-delay problem and addresses the need for substantial interconnect bandwidth by replacing today’s shared buses with packet-switched router networks. With on-chip communication consuming a significant portion of the chip power and area budgets, there is a compelling need for compact, low power routers. While applications dictate the choice of the compute core, the advent of multimedia applications, such as three-dimensional (3D) graphics and signal processing, places stronger demands for self-contained, low-latency floating-point processors with increased throughput. This work demonstrates that a computational fabric built using optimized building blocks can provide high levels of performance in an energy efficient manner. The thesis details an integrated 80- Tile NoC architecture implemented in a 65-nm process technology. The prototype is designed to deliver over 1.0TFLOPS of performance while dissipating less than 100W. This thesis first presents a six-port four-lane 57 GB/s non-blocking router core based on wormhole switching. The router features double-pumped crossbar channels and destinationaware channel drivers that dynamically configure based on the current packet destination. This enables 45% reduction in crossbar channel area, 23% overall router area, up to 3.8X reduction in peak channel power, and 7.2% improvement in average channel power. In a 150-nm sixmetal CMOS process, the 12.2 mm2 router contains 1.9-million transistors and operates at 1 GHz at 1.2 V supply. We next describe a new pipelined single-precision floating-point multiply accumulator core (FPMAC) featuring a single-cycle accumulation loop using base 32 and internal carry-save arithmetic, with delayed addition techniques. A combination of algorithmic, logic and circuit techniques enable multiply-accumulate operations at speeds exceeding 3GHz, with singlecycle throughput. This approach reduces the latency of dependent FPMAC instructions and enables a sustained multiply-add result (2FLOPS) every cycle. The optimizations allow removal of the costly normalization step from the critical accumulation loop and conditionally powered down using dynamic sleep transistors on long accumulate operations, saving active and leakage power. In a 90-nm seven-metal dual-VT CMOS process, the 2 mm2 custom design contains 230-K transistors. Silicon achieves 6.2-GFLOPS of performance while dissipating 1.2 W at 3.1 GHz, 1.3 V supply. We finally present the industry's first single-chip programmable teraFLOPS processor. The NoC architecture contains 80 tiles arranged as an 8×10 2D array of floating-point cores and packet-switched routers, both designed to operate at 4 GHz. Each tile has two pipelined singleprecision FPMAC units which feature a single-cycle accumulation loop for high throughput. The five-port router combines 100 GB/s of raw bandwidth with low fall-through latency under 1ns. The on-chip 2D mesh network provides a bisection bandwidth of 2 Tera-bits/s. The 15-FO4 design employs mesochronous clocking, fine-grained clock gating, dynamic sleep transistors, and body-bias techniques. In a 65-nm eight-metal CMOS process, the 275 mm2 custom design contains 100-M transistors. The fully functional first silicon achieves over 1.0TFLOPS of performance on a range of benchmarks while dissipating 97 W at 4.27 GHz and 1.07-V supply. It is clear that realization of successful NoC designs require well balanced decisions at all levels: architecture, logic, circuit and physical design. Our results demonstrate that the NoC architecture successfully delivers on its promise of greater integration, high performance, good scalability and high energy efficiency.

The Swedish pulp and paper industry meets higher demand for energy efficiencyi mprovements with increasing energy prices and changes in the Swedish renewable energy certificate system. One action of energy efficiency improvement is by using secondary heat, that otherwise would have been treated as waste heat, for use in a system with lower temperature demands. The aim of this Master´s thesis is to identify possible secondary heat sources in a typical Swedish pulp and paper mill and to investigate what economic benefits the secondary heat will provide when being used for pre heating of wood chips to a kraft digester. The Master´s thesis focuses on three secondary heat sources; dry warm air, warm water and moisture saturated warm air located inside the pulp or paper mill. Two types of kraft digesters are simulated within this study, a typical Scandinavian digester and a modern twin vessel steam phase digester. Due to quality aspects and low temperature level drying is the drying technology with dry warm air rejected. Using warm water in direct contact with wood chips increases the quantity of water to the evaporation plant and thus reduced pulp or paper production and is therefore also rejected. The thesis nevertheless indicates a goodopportunity for further investigation of using moisture saturated warm air for preheating of wood chips. The humid air, from a drying machine or produced from secondary heat warm water, is used in a theoretical modified belt drier. Conservative assumptions regarding heat transfer and investment cost calculations yield a yearly net saving for a typical Swedish pulp mill at over 5 MSEK with a return on investment at 7years.

Organic solvent production plants emit waste gases containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are usually harmful to the environments and public healths. Plant managers are obligated to control the VOC emission to meet regulations at reasonable costs. A solvent plant located in southern Taiwan emits VOC-containing gas streams from some distillation columns and storage vessels with a total ventilation gas flow rate of 2.6-3.6 m3/min which contains VOCs with concentrations of less than 1,000 mg C/m3. Due to a concern of plant¡¦s safety, the plant managers constructed a full-scale biofilter for eliminating a part of the VOCs and the associated odors in the waste gas. This study aimed to investigate the effects of operation parameters such as EBRT (empty bed retention time) of the gas through the biofiltration media and organic loading to the media on the VOC removal efficiency. The biofilter is constructed of RC (reinforced concrete) with outer dimensions of 8.45 mL ¡Ñ 3.30 mW ¡Ñ 3.00 mH. The filter was also instrumented with inverters for control of speed of induced fans, and with thermometers, hygrometers, and wind speed meters. Fern chips with a total packing volume of 36 m3 was used as the biofiltration media. After inoculation with suitable microorganisms, the waste gas was introduced to the filter for VOC elimination. Nutrients (urea, milk, and a phosphate salt) and water were supplemented to the media on a daily basis. The investigation period is July, 2008 to May, 2010. In the period, THC (total hydrocarbon) concentrations for the influent and effluent gases to and from the reactor were daily measured. In addition, on a weekly basis, compositions of the VOCs in gas samples were detected by a gas chromatography equipped with a flame ionization dector (FID). On the same time basis, pH, COD (chemical oxygen demand), SS (suspended solids) in a sample of the trickled liquid from the media was analyzed. Media pH and moisture content were also analyzed for understanding the environmental conditions around the microorganisms for the VOC degradation. Results indicated that the media was in conditions of pH = 4.5-7.0, moisture = 11-61 % in the experimental phase. Trickled liquid had low COD and SS contents which can be easily treated by the existing wastewater unit in the plant, or be recycled to the media. Avarage THC, NMHC (nonmethane hydrocarbon), and VOCs were 71, 73, and 79%, respectively, with gas EBRTs of 4.2-6.3 min. With media pH of 4-5 and moisture contents 51-57%, over 90% of the influent VOCs coulb be eliminated. However, nearly dried media (moisture around 10%) had VOC removal efficiencies of lower than 30%. Nutrition tests indicate that the VOC removal efficiency was nearly proportional to milk supplementation rate. Removal of ethnaol and acetic could easily be removed with an efficiency of over 97% while 2-pentane was only 74%. Odor intensities of the treated gas could be controlled to <1,000 (dilutions to threshold) according to 3 test data.

This study aimed to develop a biofilter packed only with fern chips for the removal of air-borne low concentration VOCs (volatile organic compounds) emitted from various industries such as semiconductor manufacturing and electronic ones. The fern chip biofilters could avoid the shortcomings of traditional media, such as compaction, drying, and breakdown, which lead to the performance failure of the biofilters. The study contains two topics. The first is a performance test on the elimination of mixed VOCs used in semiconductor manufacturing industries in an air stream. The second is the one on the elimination of a single VOC (methyl ethyl ketone) in a waste gas drawn from a CCL (copper clad laminate) plant. Two pilot-scale biofilters consisted of two columns (0.40 mW¡Ñ0.40 mL¡Ñ0.70 mH acrylic column) arranged in series were used for the performance tests. Each of the two columns was packed with fern chips to a packing volume of around 56 L (0.40 mW¡Ñ0.40 mL¡Ñ0.35 mH). A sprinkler was set over the packed fern chips for providing them with water and nutrition solutions. Liquid leached from both layers of chips were collected in the bottom container of the column. In the first topic, tests were performed for biofiltration removal of VOCs in simulated semiconductor manufacturing emitted gases which consisted of IPA (isopropyl alcohol), acetone, HMDS (hexamethylene disilazane), PGME (propylene glycol monomethyl ether), and PGMEA (propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate). From the results, it could be proposed that for achieving over 94% of the VOC removal, appropriate operation conditions are media moisture content = 52-68%, media pH = 7-8, influent VOC concentration = 150-450 mg/Am3, empty bed residence time (EBRT) = 0.75 min, and volumetric organic loading L to the whole media = 11.4-34.1 g/m3.h. In the second topic, performances of biofiltration for the removal of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) in a gas stream from a copper clad laminate (CCL) manufacturing process were tested. Experimental results indicate that with L of <115 g /m3.h., EBRT = 0.5-1.28 min , media pH = 5.3-6.8, influent MEK concentration = 215-1,670 mg/Am3, MEK removal efficiencies of over 91% were obtained. Instant milk powder was essential to the good and stable performance of the biofilter for MEK removal.