Thèse réalisée en cotutelle entre l'Université de Montréal et l'Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté / Les feux, le climat et leurs interactions sont des facteurs clés de la dynamique des forêts boréales. Dans un contexte où les changements climatiques en cours augmentent les risques d’incendies, une hausse de la fréquence des feux constitue une menace pour les populations locales (qualité de l’air, risques sanitaires, décès, etc.), les ressources forestières (déforestation, baisse de volume bois, etc.) et l’environnement (perte d’habitats naturels, hausse des émissions de CO2, pollution diverse, etc.). Comprendre les dynamiques passées aidera à gérer durablement les forêts boréales et à anticiper les effets des changements climatiques futurs. A l'aide d’analyses paléoécologiques multiproxies (chironomes, charbon de bois, pollen) de trois carottes sédimentaires (lacs Mista et Adèle (est du Québec), Aurélie (Ouest du Québec)), nous avons documenté les interactions à long terme entre le climat, le feu et la végétation le long d’un gradient longitudinal est-ouest du Québec au cours des 8500 dernières années. Nos résultats suggèrent l'existence d'un fort contraste de températures estivales entre l'est et l'ouest du Québec avant 7000 ans AA (avant l’actuel). Dans l'est, durant cette période, l'influence indirecte des vestiges de l'Inlandsis Laurentidien et les conditions de surface de l'océan contrebalancent l'insolation maximale pour induire des conditions estivales plus fraîches. La température estivale maximale n'est atteinte qu'entre 6000 et 5000 ans AA. L'ouest du Québec est peu ou pas affecté par ces influences et l'évolution des températures semble parallèle à la diminution de l'insolation pendant l'été, avec un maximum de températures autour de 7500 ans AA. Les changements de températures estivales ne semblent pas jouer un rôle prépondérant sur la dynamique de la végétation et des feux à l’est du Québec. La dynamique à long terme de la pessière à mousses de l’est est contrôlée, entre autres, par la taille et la fréquence des feux. Au lac Adèle, la pessière à mousses s'est ouverte vers 3000 ans AA. Mais le seuil de résilience de Picea mariana a probablement été dépassé vers 1500 ans AA, conduisant à la transformation de la pessière à mousses en pessière à lichens. Des incendies récurrents à intervalles rapprochés semblent être le principal mécanisme de déclenchement. Au lac Mista, la pessière à mousses s'est ouverte vers 2000 ans AA, mais elle s’est probablement redensifiée au cours des 300 dernières années. Bien que la pessière à mousses semble résiliente, elle reste dans un état d'équilibre précaire car la fréquence des incendies pourrait augmenter dans le contexte du changement climatique et déclencher la transformation de la pessière à mousses en pessière à lichens. A l’opposé des sites à l’est du Québec, à Aurélie (ouest du Québec), les feux semblent moins récurrents avec le refroidissement de la température estivale. Il existe une relation entre les variations de température estivale et la végétation. Il y a donc un contraste entre l’est et l’ouest sur les processus de contrôle de la dynamique de la végétation. / Fire, climate and their interactions are key factors in the dynamics of boreal forests. In a context where the ongoing climate change is increasing fire risk, a rise in fire frequency poses a threat to local populations (air quality, health risks, deaths, etc.), forest resources (deforestation, drop in timber volume, etc.) and the environment (loss of natural habitats, rise in CO2 emissions, various types of pollution, etc.). Understanding past dynamics will help to manage boreal forests sustainably and anticipate the effects of future climate change. Using multiproxy paleoecological analyses (chironomids, charcoal, pollen) of three sediment cores (lakes Mista and Adèle (eastern Quebec), Aurélie (western Quebec)), we have documented the long-term interactions between climate, fire and vegetation along a longitudinal east-west gradient in Quebec over the past 8500 years. Our results suggest the existence of a strong contrast in summer temperature between eastern and western Quebec prior to 7000 years BP (before present). In the east, during this period, the indirect influence of the remnants of the Laurentide Ice Sheet and ocean surface conditions offset maximum insolation to induce cooler summer conditions. Maximum summer temperatures were only reached between 6000 and 5000 cal yr BP. Western Quebec is little or unaffected by these influences, and the evolution of temperatures parallels the decrease in insolation during summer, with a temperature maximum around 7500 cal yr BP. Changes in summer temperatures are probably not the main factor controlling fire and vegetation dynamics in eastern Quebec. The long-term dynamic of the eastern spruce-moss forest is controlled, among other things, by the size and frequency of fires. At Lake Adèle, the spruce-moss forest opened around 3000 cal yr BP. But the resilience threshold of Picea mariana was probably exceeded around 1500 cal yr BP, leading to the transformation of the spruce-moss forest into a lichen woodland. Recurrent fires at short intervals seem to be the main triggering mechanism. At Lake Mista, the moss forest opened around 2000 cal yr BP, but has probably redensified over the last 300 years. Although the spruce-moss forest seems resilient, it remains in a precarious state of equilibrium, as the frequency of fires could increase in the context of climate change, triggering the transformation of the spruce-moss forest into a lichen woodland. In contrast to the sites in eastern Quebec, in Aurélie (western Quebec), fires seem to recur less frequently as summer temperatures cool. There is a relationship between summer temperature variations and vegetation. There is therefore a contrast between east and west in terms of the processes controlling vegetation dynamics.

Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:36:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010 / Avaliar a ecotoxicidade de azocorantes disperso e reativo utlizando Chironomus xanthus e Daphnia similis como organismos teste.

Freshwater resources are increasingly subject to pollution because of escalating human population growth, accompanied by urbanisation, industrialisation, and the increased demand for food. Consequently, freshwater quality, and aquatic ecosystem structure and function have been severely impaired. The Swartkops River, which drains an urbanised and industrialised catchment in the Eastern Cape of South Africa, is no exception. An integrated environmental water quality (EWQ) approach is needed to measure the impacts of deteriorating water quality on its aquatic ecosystem structure and function to sustain these vital ecosystem-attributes. In this study, an integrated EWQ approach, which included i) analysis of water physico-chemical variables; ii) macroinvertebrate-based family-level taxonomic- and traits-based community analysis; iii) Chironomidae species-level taxonomic- and traits-based community analysis; iv) Chironomidae deformity-based sub-lethal analysis; and v) experimental investigation of long-term wastewater effluent effects, using model stream ecosystems, were applied to investigate environmental water quality in the Swartkops River. One upstream reference site and three downstream sites in the Swartkops River were monitored over a period of three years (August 2009 – September 2012). The family-level taxonomic community responses based on the South African Scoring System version 5 (SASS5) and a newly developed Swartkops multimetric index indicated very poor river health conditions for the three downstream sites, compared with the good condition of the upstream site. The Chironomidae species-level responses in the three downstream sites provided evidence of differences in biotic impairments, which were not evident with the family-level taxonomic data at these sites, thus highlighting the importance of species identification in freshwater biomonitoring. The family-level traits-based approach (TBA) showed that macroinvertebrates with gills and lungs were more abundant at the upstream site, decreasing markedly at the downstream sites. The relative abundance of macroinvertebrates relying on aerial and tegument respiration increased at the downstream sites compared with the upstream sites. The results of the family-level TBA highlighted the inextricable link between the traits-based approach (TBA) and taxonomic identification, clearly showing that the TBA is additional to, and not an alternative to, taxonomic recognition because important traits, e.g. reproductive cannot be used at a coarse taxonomic identification. A novel chironomid species traits-based functional strategies approach developed in this study, based on species combining similar sets of traits, proved sensitive in diagnosing the main abiotic water physico-chemical stressors. The functional traits responded predictably to deteriorating water quality and provided an adaptive and mechanistic basis for interpreting chironomid species occurrences at the four sampling sites, providing insight into why certain chironomid species occurred at one site but not at the other. Chironomid deformities provided evidence of sub-lethal in-stream biological response to deteriorating water quality. A newly developed deformity-based extended toxic score index proved sensitive, enabling the discrimination of the sampling sites, indicating that a biomonitoring tool based on sub-lethal effects could be used to assess the effects of deteriorating water quality before it reached lethal levels. Empirical evidence based on the taxonomic, traits and sub-lethal responses suggested that the changes in macroinvertebrate community structure were caused chiefly by the discharge of wastewater effluents into the river. This was supported by the model-stream ecosystem results indicating significant effects of effluents on the macroinvertebrate community structure, similar to the observed in-stream responses. The model stream results indicated that improved physico-chemical effluent quality compliance after 50% effluent dilution did not significantly reduce the effects of the effluent on the macroinvertebrate communities, showing that ecologically-based methods rather than physico-chemical measures alone are necessary to assess effluent quality. Finally, the results of the multi-criteria approach were integrated to propose tools to manage environmental water quality in the Swartkops River, and the benefits of the study were highlighted in the context of biomonitoring in South Africa.

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