In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die kationische Polymerisation der heterocyclischen Monomere 2-Vinylfuran, 5-Methyl-2-vinylfuran und 2-Vinylthiophen in der Gegenwart silikatischer Partikel untersucht. Produkte dieser Reaktion sind Polymer/SiO2-Hybridpartikel und lösliche Polymere. Zu ihrer Untersuchung wurden NMR-spektroskopische Verfahren, IR-, UV/Vis-, MALDI TOF-Spektroskopie, Elementaranalyse und GPC angewandt. Damit gelang es, die Struktur der Polymere weitgehend aufzuklären. Der Einfluß der Reaktionsbedingungen auf die Ergebnisse der kationischen Oberflächenpolymerisation wurde untersucht und diskutiert. Die Ausbildung vernetzter Polymere bei der kationischen Polymerisation von 2-Vinylfuran bewirkte eine besonders starke Anbindung der Poly(2-vinylfuran)-Schicht und hohe Polymergehalte an den SiO2-Partikeln. Im Falle des Poly(2-vinylthiophens) (PVT) waren die Polymergehalte der Hybridpartikel deutlich niedriger. Es wurde eine lineare Polymerstruktur vorgeschlagen. Poly(2-vinylthiophen) und Poly(2-vinylthiophen)/Kieselgel-Hybridpartikel wurden in polymeranalogen Reaktionen mit Hydridakzeptoren und FeCl3 umgesetzt. Ziele dieser Reaktionen waren die Erzeugung von konjugierten Strukturelementen und die kontrollierte Vernetzung des Polymers über Bisthiopheneinheiten. Der Einfluß der Reaktionszeit und der Natur der eingesetzten Reagenzien auf die Reaktion von PVT mit Hydridakzeptoren wurde ausführlich studiert. Der Einfluß der Reaktionsbedingungen auf die Vernetzungsreaktion mit FeCl3 wurde mit Hilfe von GPC, IR- und 13C{1H}-CP/MAS-NMR-Spektroskopie untersucht. / The following work examines the cationic polymerization of the heterocyclic monomers 2-vinylfuran, 5-methyl-2-vinylfuran und 2-vinylthiophen mediated by silica particles. The products of this reaction are polymer/SiO2-hybridpartikels and a soluble polymer part. For characterization of the products NMR-spectroscopical methods, IR-, UV/Vis-, MALDI TOF-spectroscopy, elemental analysis and GPC were used. With the help of this methods it succeeded to clear up the polymer structure. The influence of the reaction conditions on the results of the cationic polymerization was examined and discussed. Extensive crosslinking of the 2-vinylfuran monomer during cationic polymerization causes a very strong linkage of the poly(2-vinylfuran)-layer and a hight polymer content of the poly(2-vinylfuran)/SiO2-hybridpartikels. In case of poly(2-vinylthiophen) (PVT) the polymer content of the hybrid particles was notedly lower. A linear polymer structure was supposed. The reaction of poly(2-vinylthiophen) and poly(2-vinylthiophen)/silica hybrid particles with hydridacceptors and FeCl3 was studied. The objectives of this reactions were to generate conjugated structures and to cross-link the polymer by creating bisthiophene structures in a controlled manner. The influence of the reaction time and the nature of the acceptors on the reaction of PVT with the hydride acceptors was examined in detail. The influence of the reaction conditions on the cross-linking reaction with FeCl3 was studied with the help of GPC, IR- und 13C{1H} CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy.

Zugl.: Oldenburg, Univ., Diss., 2008

The object of this study is to design demembranation method on four freshwater species and its application on study of the influence of HgCl2 on the axoneme and motity sperm motility parameters. Demembranation was designed and examined for all investigated species common carp (Cyprinus carpio), sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus), perch (Perca fluviatilis) and african catfish (Clarias gariepinus). One-step and two-step method was designed and tested for common carp. One-step method was designed for sterlet and perch. Two-step method of demembranation was designed for african catfish. Demembranation was designed and examined for all species under examination. Sperm motility was evidently increased above normal physiological value. Other sperm motility parameters (velocity, percent of motile cells) slightly decreased. HgCl2 in concentration 0,01 mM to the demembranation medium didn't show effect on flagellar microtubule aparat and then to the motility parameters, except sterlet; demembranated sterlet sperm was inhibited at all used concentration of HgCl2. Concentration 0,1 mM had inhibition effect on carp and africant catfish spermatozoa. Concentration 1 mM HgCl2 inhibited sperm of all tested species.

Measurement of urine absorbance which has been irradiate by a dose of ionising radiation with addition of Mn2+ should serve to find the dose of radiation. This method could work quickly and reliably for homogeneous irradiation of person or as a rough estimate of the dose which the person received during a radiation accident. This method should serve for quick classification of the person. The target of this thesis is to find out if the irradiated urine with the addition of a solution of manganese chloride will change absorbance according to radiation dose. And if urine can be used as a biological dosimeter. In the theoretical part I describe the basic areas related to the topic and target of my thesis. This part is divided to seven subchapters: ionising radiation, radiation protection, radiotherapy, particle accelerators, spectrophotometry, excretion and urine, and dosimetry and its methods. Methods of this thesis are not clear. I tried different procedures during experiments with different results. First, I always prepared samples of urine in tubes and irradiated it in a linear accelerator Clinac 2100C/D in České Budějovice, a.s. hospital with doses from 1 to 25 Gy. Before each measurement I had two sets of tubes with these doses: 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15, 20 and 25 Gy. The following procedure was different in each experiment. Sometimes I tried adding a solution of manganese chloride to all tubes at once. Sometimes I tried to adding a solution of manganese chloride to each tube separately. I added the solution to irradiated urine at various concentrations of solution (from 1 do 5 mols) and different amounts (from 1 to 3 ml). Another difference was the use of centrifuges. A centrifuge was use in about half of experiments. Other measurements were made without centrifugation.In discussion I propose recommended methods. I recommend measuring only without centrifuges. Each cell should be measured as soon as possible after irradiation and simultaneously as soon as possible after adding the solution of manganese chloride. Results of the thesis are not clear. Only some experiments which were measuring with centrifuge were clear. I can say that this method does not work when a centrifuge is used at any tested concentration of solution of manganese chloride. The absorbance of single doses of ionising radiation does not change and the values were the same when using 1M, 3M and 5M solutions of MnCl2. The resulting graphs from all experiments have a constant absorbance value of all measured doses. (subchapter 3.1).In the remaining experiments measured without the centrifuge the results were much more interesting. In some experiments the measured absorbance really changed with the dose of ionising radiation so the hypothesis of this study was confirmed. But the differences were too small for this method to be used for measuring radiation doses (subchapter 3.2).The results were compared with the results of the thesis ?Measurement of urine extinction in depending on ionising radiation? from author Š. Radová. She performed a similar experiment, but with a different indicator - FeSO4. 7 H20. It was found that the indicator FeSO4. 7 H20 is preferable to measuring doses of ionising radiation in urine. In conclusion I can say that the hypothesis of this study was confirmed, but the method could not be used in practice and irradiated urine with added MnCl2 indicator does not function as a biological dosimeter.

Plasty, pronikající do životního prostředí ať už neúmyslně či záměrně, mohou být fragmentovány za vzniku částic v řádu mikrometrů (tzv. mikroplastů) a znečišťovat tak půdní systémy. Doposud vyvinuté analýzy pro stanovení mikroplastů v půdách jsou především zaměřeny na kvalitativní stanovení, nicméně i jejich provedení se zatím stále potýká s různými úskalími. Navíc, téměř všechny tyto analýzy vyžadují časově náročnou předúpravu vzorku. V této studii jsme se zaměřili na vývoj nové analytické metody pro kvantitativní stanovení mikroplastů polyvinylchloridu (PVC) a polystyrenu (PS) v půdách bez předchozí úpravy vzorku pomocí termogravimetrické analýzy spojené s hmotnostní spektrometrií (TGA-MS). Pro analýzu byly použity vzorky modelové půdy s nízkým obsahem organického uhlíku, které byly spikovány na výslednou koncentraci 0,23–7 hm% PVC či PS. Vzorky byly pyrolyzovány s teplotním krokem 5 K min–1 až na teplotu 1000 °C. Pyrolýzní plynné produkty byly následně analyzovány s využitím hmotnostního spektrometru. Získaná data byla normalizována pomocí externího standardu (šťavelan vápenatý). Limity detekce se pohybovaly v rozmezí 0,08–5,3 hm% pro PVC a 0,005–0,7 hm% pro PS v závislosti na zvoleném m/z. Limity kvantifikace pak byly 0,3–17,7 hm% pro PVC a 0,002–2,2 hm% pro PS. Výsledky dokazují, že spojení TGA-MS může být konkurující semikvantitativní metodou pro stanovení mikro-PVC a mikro-PS v půdě s nízkým obsahem organického uhlíku.

Modifying eye drops using hyaluronan leads to an increased retention time on the eye surface. Long-lasting observations of the stability of two different eye drops, Opthalmo-Septonex and Visine Classic, after the addition of hyaluronan with varying concentration are presented in this work. The interactions of hyaluronan with the eye drops, or their components benzalkonium chloride and tetryzoline, are investigated by monitoring particle sizes and the charge of the molecules. Additionally, rheological examinations of the samples are done and the mucoadhesion index is determined by using the mucine method.

This thesis deals with optimization of MRI measuring of phantoms containing the chicken embryo. The theoretical part of thesis is dedicated to the MRI fundamentals and description of pulse sequences. In the next part the options of keeping and monitoring the temperature are being discussed. The thesis also deals with design and realization of phantoms which are used for measuring. A browser of images captured by MRI was programmed in Matlab environment. The program allows users to look through the images with different settings of pulses sequences or kind of phantom. The final part of thesis describes the anatomical structures of chicken embryo and discussion of collected results.

This thesis studies the properties and behaviour of phase-separated hydrogels prepared by interaction of hyaluronan with oppositely charged surfactants. Three representatives of surfactants, namely cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, chloride and p-toluensulfonate (CTAB, CTAC, CTAT), were selected for comparison. Using the method of rheology, the fact that the system of Hya-CTAT forms the most rigid hydrogels has been proved. Higher molecular weight of hyaluronan has also direct influence on the volume and stiffness of the newly formed hydrogels. Preparation methods were compared as well. Mixing the stock solutions of entry components appeard to be the most suitable. Small-angle X-ray scattering was used for determination of shape and size of surfactant's micelles, concluding that it has no effect on the volume of formed gels. The results of this study indicate that given gels are to a certain extent competitive and incorporation of hyaluronan into their structure is desirable with respect to its biological activity. This offers a potential usage of these substances in the field of medical applications.

In vorliegender Arbeit wurde die Alkylierung von Benzol mit Styrol in der Gasphase an kommerziellen Alumosilikat-Katalysatoren und an selbst präparierten Katalysatoren untersucht. Letztere wurden durch Imprägnierung von SiO2-Trägern mit Vorläuferlösungen von AlCl3 bzw. Phosphormolybdänsäure hergestellt. Die Katalysatoren wurden durch Bestimmung von BET-Oberfläche, spezifischem Porenvolumen und mittlerem Porendurchmesser (N2-Adsorption) sowie von Acidität (FTIR nach Pyridin-Adsorption und 2-Propanol-Dehydratisierung) charakterisiert. Die Alkylierung wurde unter Variierung der Katalysatoracidität und der Temperatur durchgeführt. Es erfolgte neben der Alkylierung zu 1,1-Diphenylethan auch die Styroldimerisierung zu 1-Methyl-3-Phenylindan und zu 1,3-Diphenyl-1-Buten. Daneben wurde die Bildung von Ethylbenzol beobachtet. Die höchste Selektivität zu 1,1-Diphenylethan mit ca. 13 % wurde am Katalysator S50-F und mit ca. 17 % am Katalysator HPS 2 erreicht, die höchste zu cis- und trans-1-Methyl-3-Phenylindan mit insgesamt 76,6 % am Katalysator ALS1-F. Hinsichtlich des Einflusses von Brönsted- und Lewis-aciden Zentren auf Umsatzgrad und Produktselektivitäten wurde ein Vorschlag unterbreitet und für die Produktbildung ein Reaktionsschema entwickelt.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die kationische Polymerisation der heterocyclischen Monomere 2-Vinylfuran, 5-Methyl-2-vinylfuran und 2-Vinylthiophen in der Gegenwart silikatischer Partikel untersucht. Produkte dieser Reaktion sind Polymer/SiO2-Hybridpartikel und lösliche Polymere. Zu ihrer Untersuchung wurden NMR-spektroskopische Verfahren, IR-, UV/Vis-, MALDI TOF-Spektroskopie, Elementaranalyse und GPC angewandt. Damit gelang es, die Struktur der Polymere weitgehend aufzuklären. Der Einfluß der Reaktionsbedingungen auf die Ergebnisse der kationischen Oberflächenpolymerisation wurde untersucht und diskutiert. Die Ausbildung vernetzter Polymere bei der kationischen Polymerisation von 2-Vinylfuran bewirkte eine besonders starke Anbindung der Poly(2-vinylfuran)-Schicht und hohe Polymergehalte an den SiO2-Partikeln. Im Falle des Poly(2-vinylthiophens) (PVT) waren die Polymergehalte der Hybridpartikel deutlich niedriger. Es wurde eine lineare Polymerstruktur vorgeschlagen. Poly(2-vinylthiophen) und Poly(2-vinylthiophen)/Kieselgel-Hybridpartikel wurden in polymeranalogen Reaktionen mit Hydridakzeptoren und FeCl3 umgesetzt. Ziele dieser Reaktionen waren die Erzeugung von konjugierten Strukturelementen und die kontrollierte Vernetzung des Polymers über Bisthiopheneinheiten. Der Einfluß der Reaktionszeit und der Natur der eingesetzten Reagenzien auf die Reaktion von PVT mit Hydridakzeptoren wurde ausführlich studiert. Der Einfluß der Reaktionsbedingungen auf die Vernetzungsreaktion mit FeCl3 wurde mit Hilfe von GPC, IR- und 13C{1H}-CP/MAS-NMR-Spektroskopie untersucht. / The following work examines the cationic polymerization of the heterocyclic monomers 2-vinylfuran, 5-methyl-2-vinylfuran und 2-vinylthiophen mediated by silica particles. The products of this reaction are polymer/SiO2-hybridpartikels and a soluble polymer part. For characterization of the products NMR-spectroscopical methods, IR-, UV/Vis-, MALDI TOF-spectroscopy, elemental analysis and GPC were used. With the help of this methods it succeeded to clear up the polymer structure. The influence of the reaction conditions on the results of the cationic polymerization was examined and discussed. Extensive crosslinking of the 2-vinylfuran monomer during cationic polymerization causes a very strong linkage of the poly(2-vinylfuran)-layer and a hight polymer content of the poly(2-vinylfuran)/SiO2-hybridpartikels. In case of poly(2-vinylthiophen) (PVT) the polymer content of the hybrid particles was notedly lower. A linear polymer structure was supposed. The reaction of poly(2-vinylthiophen) and poly(2-vinylthiophen)/silica hybrid particles with hydridacceptors and FeCl3 was studied. The objectives of this reactions were to generate conjugated structures and to cross-link the polymer by creating bisthiophene structures in a controlled manner. The influence of the reaction time and the nature of the acceptors on the reaction of PVT with the hydride acceptors was examined in detail. The influence of the reaction conditions on the cross-linking reaction with FeCl3 was studied with the help of GPC, IR- und 13C{1H} CP/MAS NMR spectroscopy.