This thesis focuses on the protection of vine against fungal diseases. Application of alternative means in the form of aqueous extracts from ordinary available plant of their effect on health status Piwi varieties. The theoretical part of this thesis describes the most important fungal diseases of grapes. Further they are described interspecific varieties, which were used for the experiment. Literary part is devoted to the preparation of herbal liquors and extracts of herbs and their active substances in a plant extracts. The experimental part is devoted to the influence of herbal preparations on the health of Piwi varieties. Results were statistical and analytical evaluated. Monitored parameters were comparison with all tested variants.

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The work is aimed to study of morphological variability of Phytophthora alni complex in the area of the Czech Republic with use of numerical phenetics. The morphological analysis of 29 Phytophthora alni strains acquired from the area of the pathogen in the Czech Republic was carried out. In total there were studied 50 cultural and morphological characteristics: 14 cultural characteristics, 16 characteristics describing asexual and 20 characteristics describing sexual structures. The all morphological measurements were repeated twenty times at magnification 1600× with use of Olympus BH-2 microscope, Olympus E-510 camera and Quick Photocamera 2.3 measuring software. The data were processed in Statistica 8.0 in modules of non-parametric statistics, descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, analysis of principal components and discriminant analysis. In the area there was confirmed the presence of the two taxa belonging to the P. alni complex: Phytophthora alni subsp. alni (Paa) a Phytophthora alni subsp. uniformis (Pau). The third taxon (P. alni subsp. multiformis) was not found. The nominate subspecies Paa prevailed - more than 4/5 of studied isolates belonged to this taxon. The classification of isolates was in full agreement with molecular study of identical set of isolates which was parallely performed (Štěpánková et al. 2013). The morphological analysis showed, that majority of Czech isolates of P. alni complex can be successfully determined on the basis of standard morphological characters -- oogonial wall ornamentation, antheridial length, rate of aborted oogonia etc. Ca 10 % of isolates were found to be intermediate. All studied isolates were divided with series of cluster and PCA analysis in two relevant clusters and a discriminant function dividing the isolates in the two taxa on basis of morphological characters was generated and validated. The rate of standard oogonia, high of oogonial ornamentation, rate of two-celled antheridia with central septum and antheridial length were used as discriminators. The two different Paa morphotypes were found in the area of the Czech Republic. The discriminant function dividing the Paa isolates in these two morphotypes was also constructed and tested. The discriminators were oogonia diameter, high of oogonial ornamentation and width of antheridium. The most reliable character was the antheridial width: the north-western morphotype has antheridia wider by 3 micrometres than the south-eastern one. The Paa taxon was continuously distributed in the western part of the area, its frequency diminshes eastward. The distribution of the second taxon - Pau - was scattered and insular, but it was found out in the whole area of the Czech Republic. It could be supposed, that the parental taxon Pau had spread before Paa invasion in the area. Later the new and more combative Paa replaced the older weakly pathogenic Pau. The recent area of Pau is apparently insular and probably relict. The two Paa morphotypes importantly differ in their distribution - the first morphotype is more frequent in north-western part of the area (and predominates in western, central and northern Bohemia) while the second one is frequent in the south-eastern part (southern Bohemia and Moravia). Likely, these two subpopulations can represent the remains of colonisation waves of two allopatric Paa lineages. The lineages can originated by repeated independent hybridisation between parental Pau and Pam taxa somewhere in western or central Europe.

The dissertation is focused on the effect of three antivirals (acyclovir, rimanatadine or zidovudine) for their potencial use in the process of chemotherapy in the combination of meristem culture method as a possible method for Onion yellow stripe virus, Leek yellow stripe virus, Garlic common laten virus and Shallot latent virus eradication in in vitro conditions. Antivirals were always applied separately into cultivation media and two amounts of antivirals (25 or 50 mg.l-1) were used. The treatment time was two weeks. Meristem culture only was a control method. Murashige and Skood medium was used for all variants. During the first year, young plants of the variety D Alsace Freres cultivated in vitro were treated with chemotherapy. These plants had been treated with the meristem culture only in the past but the treatment had not been successful. The virus presence was detected with the ELISA method. Rimantadine variant in the amount of 50 mg.l-1 was the most effective variant for the monitored virus elimination. More sensitive method reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was optimized for monitored viruses in the next parts of this work. Garlic common latent virus (GCLV) primers were designed as well. During the second year, the chemotherapy was applied on explants with the size 0.8 mm during meristem culture. Explants of the varieties Blanin, Sukoradský and Japo, however, did not regenerate and the chemotherapy could not be evaluated. In the next two years of the work, the chemotherapy was applied on individual cloves of the Unikát variety. Whilst detecting the presence of viruses in plants prior the treatment, it was established that only one plant was free from all the monitored viruses. After treatment, acyclovir variant in amount of 25 mg.l-1 was evaluated as the most effective variant for the virus complex elimination, and also from the economical point of view. Real-Time PCR method for virus detection has been started in the dissertation. The detection of GCLV was optimized from the start. Isolates which had been negative for the GCLV presence after RT-PCR were tested with Real-Time PCR. A higher percentage of GCLV positive plants were detected with Real-Time PCR. Real-Time PCR optimization for other viruses will be the objective of futur experiments.

The thesis deals with inoculation of walnut tree with pathogenic fungi proven to cause trunk disease, which results in big economic harm to a wide range of trees worldwide. The research was conducted in the locality of Lednice. The area was planted with walnut trees, which were inoculated with the examined pathogenic fungi. The inoculation started on April 10, 2017 and was repeated on May 2, 2017. The collection of trunk samples took place at the end of the 2017 season, on October 23, 2017, where the evolution of lesions was anticipated. The presence of the relevant pathogenic organism was proved in all examined samples and was verified with reversed cultivation. All isolates used were found to be pathogenic to walnut.