[pt] A presente pesquisa analisa a segunda linha do hino cristológico da perícope 1Tm 3,14-16 na qual encontramos a expressão foi considerado justo no Espírito (v.16b). Essa perícope está dividida em dois gêneros literários: prosa (v.14-16a) e poesia (v.16b-g), assim como por dois temas básicos: eclesiologia e cristologia. Nota-se, porém, que tanto o primeiro tema quanto o segundo encontram-se bem entrelaçados em todo o texto, por meio de palavras isoladas ou mesmo de expressões. Além disso, tal pesquisa constata que o coração da perícope é o hino cristológico presente no v.16, no qual o redator faz referência ao maior de todos os modelos de vida para a Igreja, Àquele cujo exemplo, segundo a perícope, deve ser imitado e a vida proclamada, Jesus Cristo. Utilizando o Método Histórico-Crítico e a Análise Retórica Bíblica Semítica, são apresentadas as seis linhas do hino, que estão em paralelismo antitético e dispostas da seguinte forma: carne (primeira linha) x Espírito (segunda linha) – anjos (terceira linha) x nações (quarta linha) – mundo (quinta linha) x glória (sexta linha). Com base nesses parâmetros, a presente pesquisa sugere uma proposta interpretativa para todo o hino; todavia, com enfoque principal à segunda linha, objeto primeiro desta pesquisa. / [en] This research analyzes the second line of the Christological hymn of the 1Tm 3,14-16 pericope, in which we find the expression was considered righteous in the Spirit (v.16b). This pericope is divided into two literary genres: prose (v.14-16a) and poetry (v.16b-g), as well as two basic themes: ecclesiology and christology. It is noted, however, that both the first theme and the second are well intertwined throughout the text, through isolated words or expressions. In addition, such research finds that the heart of the pericope is the Christological hymn present in v.16, in which the writer makes reference to the greatest of all models of life for the Church, the One whose second, the example, it must be imitated and the life proclaimed, Jesus Christ. Using the Historical-Critical Method and the Biblical Semitic Rhetorical Analysis, the six lines of the hymn are presented, which are in antithetical parallelism and arranged as follows: flesh (first line) x Spirit (second line) - angels (third line) x nations (fourth line) - world (fifth line) x glory (sixth line). Based on these parameters, the present research suggests an interpretive proposal for the entire hymn; however, with a main focus on second line, the first object of this research.

Intertextuality as a method of biblical interpretations is well known and often misused in theological circles. This thesis critically describes how intertextuality is used and what are the main issues with this term and method. The main conclusion is that intertextuality as the modern method is for no much use in biblical hermeneutics though it can be used as an old and well know method of source theory. Intertextuality in the modern view appears to be as a confusing and an unstable term. Philosophical presuppositions of a modern hermeneutics might lead to self-contradictory conclusions. It is not that the attempt to come to original meaning is fulfilled through new interpretational methods, but anyone can introduce any new meaning to old texts. This work shows that the reasons to believe in the death of the original meaning is based on shaky and uncertain grounds. The main concern of this work is introductory citation of the Gospel of Mark. It shows that Mark bases his high Christological understanding on the prophecy of Isaiah and Malachi. Though Mark's Gospel is often considered as the earliest manuscript containing non-high Christological notion, this work shows that Mark from the very beginning introduced us to Jesus who possesses the same qualities as the Yahweh in the books of Isaiah and...

La Déclaration christologique commune signée à Rome en 1994 entre l’Église catholique et l’Église assyrienne témoigne d’une volonté réelle de retour à la foi une et commune entre les deux Églises. Elle met un terme à une séparation datant du Ve siècle, lors des querelles christologiques entre les deux patriarches Nestorius et Cyrille d’Alexandrie. L’Église de l’Orient vit, depuis toujours, un double isolement : l’un géographique, politique et culturel car située jadis en dehors des frontières de l’Empire romain, et l’autre dogmatique et ecclésiologique dû à sa défense de maîtres œcuméniques condamnés tels Nestorius et Théodore de Mopsueste. Elle exploite des termes anthropologiques kyana (nature), qnoma et parsopa (personne), de la langue syriaque, à la base des controverses et des incompréhensions sur la personne une du Christ. Dans ce débat, le rôle de Mar Babaï le Grand, au VIIe siècle, est capital, car il donne, dans son livre Liber de Unione, une définition précise de ces termes et systématise la théologie syro-orientale. Il est à l’origine de la confession christologique : deux natures, deux qnomé en une personne. La Déclaration christologique de 1994, révèle au monde ce qui unit les deux Églises : la personne du Christ. Elle est le fruit d’un travail concerté du Conseil pontifical pour la promotion de l’unité des chrétiens et de l’Église de l’Orient. Le désir de Mar Denkha IV, de signer un accord christologique avec Rome a rencontré celui d’André de Halleux, du côté catholique et de Mar Bawai Soro, du côté assyrien. Le Comité mixte assyro-catholique poursuit cette tâche en vue de l’unité, de 1995 à 2004, épaulé par la Fondation « Pro Oriente ». En 2005, le dialogue est suspendu avec le refus de la signature de l’accord sur les sacrements par les Assyriens. L’année 2007, laisse entrevoir une reprise possible du dialogue entre les deux partis. / The Common Christological Declaration signed in Rome in 1994 between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church testifies to a genuine desire for a return to the common faith between the two Churches. It puts an end to a separation dating from the 5th century, due to the Christological quarrels between the two patriarchs Nestorius and Cyril of Alexandria.The Church of the East has always had a double isolation: one geographical, political and cultural since it was formerly outside the borders of the Roman Empire, and the other dogmatic and ecclesiological due to its defense of ecumenical masters condemned such as Nestorius and Theodore de Mopsueste. It exploits the anthropological terms kyana (nature), qnoma and parsopa (person), of the Syriac language, at the basis of the controversies and misunderstandings on the one person in Christ. In this debate, the role of Mar Baba the Great in the seventh century is crucial, for in his book Liber de Unione he gives a precise definition of these terms and systematizes Syro-Oriental theology. He is at the origin of the Christological confession: two natures, two qnome in one person. The Christological Declaration of 1994 reveals to the world what unites the two Churches: the person of Christ. It is the result of a concerted effort by the Pontifical Council for the Promotion of the Unity of Christians and the Church of the East. The desire of Mar Denkha IV to sign achristological agreement with Rome met that of André de Halleux on the Catholic side and Mar Bawai Soro on the Assyrian side. The Assyro-Catholic Joint Committee continued this task with a view to unity, from 1995 to 2004, supported by the "Pro Oriente" Foundation. In 2005, the dialogue was suspended with the refusal of the Assyrians to sign the agreement on the sacraments. The year 2007, aims at resuming the dialogue between the two parties.

[pt] Filipenses 2,6-11 é texto fundamental na cristologia do cristianismo primitivo e neotestamentária. Inserido na parênese da carta de Paulo aos Filipenses, a passagem desenvolve uma narrativa cristológica que começa na preexistência, passa pela encarnação e culmina na exaltação de Jesus. No contexto da carta funciona como um chamado ético aos que estão em Cristo à obediência ao Senhor exaltado. Literariamente o texto é um hino composto de duas partes: 2,6-8 e 2,9-11, e a leitura proposta é ver nesta segunda seção o clímax do hino, que justamente trata da exaltação de Jesus. O tema da exaltação é apresentado dentro de uma perspectiva escatológica, pois o início do senhorio de Jesus é o cumprimento da esperança israelita no triunfo de Deus, é a virada escatológica que traz o tempo de salvação. Através da exaltação Deus compartilhou com seu Filho a soberania sobre o universo, implicando que todos os seres precisam agora dobrar os joelhos diante de Jesus e reconhecê-lo como Senhor. Aqueles que já fazem isso voluntariamente vivenciam antecipadamente o que será a realidade escatológica final. Esse novo papel de Jesus é descrito pelo título kurios, que combinado com outros elementos do texto atribui a ele contornos divinos e de igualdade com YHWH, além de uma oposição às ideologias romanas. A exaltação de Jesus também está ligada com a revolução cristológica que aconteceu no culto cristão primitivo, quando os cristãos judeus adoraram Jesus ao lado de Deus Pai, sem renunciar ao seu monoteísmo. O final do hino enfatiza exatamente que a exaltação de Jesus foi conduzida por Deus e resulta em sua própria glória. / [en] Philippians 2,6-11 is a fundamental text in the Christology of early Christianity and the New Testament. Inserted in the parenesis of Paul s letter to the Philippians, the passage develops a Christological narrative that begins in the preexistence, passes through the incarnation and culminates in the exaltation of Jesus. In the context of the letter functions as an ethical call to those who are in Christ in obedience to the exalted Lord. Literarily, the text is a hymn composed of two parts: 2,6-8 and 2,9-11; and the proposed reading is to see in this second section the climax of the hymn, which precisely deals with the exaltation of Jesus. The theme of exaltation is displayed within an eschatological perspective, since the beginning of the lordship of Jesus is the fulfillment of the Israelite hope in the triumph of God, it is the eschatological turn that brings the fulfillment of salvation. Through exaltation, God shared with His Son the sovereignty over the universe, implying that all beings must now bend to his knees before Jesus and acknowledge him as Lord. Those who already do so voluntarily experience in advance what will be the reality of the eschatological end. This new role of Jesus is described by the title kurios, which combined with the other elements of the text gives it contours to the divine and equality with YHWH, in addition to opposition to Roman ideologies. The exaltation of Jesus is also connected to the Christological revolution that happened in the worship of the early Christian, when the Jewish Christians worshipped Jesus alongside God the Father, without giving up their monotheism. The end of the hymn emphasizes exactly that the exaltation of Jesus was led by God and results in his own glory.

The principle purpose of the study was to investigate the role of women in the mission and ministry of The Lutheran Church in Southern Africa (LCSA). The researcher raised the question of why women are viewed as inferior within the LCSA, and whether this is Biblically supported. I investigated the distinction between men and women with regard to the church culture, tradition, pastoral office, priesthood, and authority within the LCSA. As a general theoretical framework, I used two theories in church mission: (1) The unity of the Church and apostolic practice as propounded by Schenk in 1983. (2) Paradigm shifts in theology: mission as ministry by the whole people of God as propounded by Bosch in 1991. These theories explain the mission of proclaiming the Gospel of God as belonging to everyone (both male and female) as His servants in the Church. To obtain people’s views and interpretations of Scriptures, culture, church practice, and the social reality of women’s roles in the LCSA, focus-group and individual interviews were used to gather qualitative data from 525 respondents. The data was collected and analyzed using the descriptive qualitative research approach. Based on the research findings in Chapter 2 (pages 37-42), Chapter 6 (page140) presents proposals for the involvement of women in the LCSA. The findings show that participants were concerned about the topic and those women’s rights and voices are not yet acknowledged in many societies in Southern Africa. However, the scope of the study is limited to the LCSA, and its findings cannot be generalized. Valuable insights were gained into the church’s traditional construction of women’s roles in the LCSA, not allowing women to preach the Gospel and to administer the Sacraments in the Church mission work. From a missiological study perspective, the researcher recommended that women should be allowed to participate fully in the Church mission work. Therefore, the Involvement of Women in Mission in LCSA was an important dissertation research topic, affecting women in Southern Africa particularly, and potentially, in the African continent at large. / Dissertation (MA Theol)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Science of Religion and Missiology / unrestricted

The history of European psalm paraphrases begins in late ancient Greek literature. Greek interest in combining poetic content and metre is documented in the paraphrase of Psalm 102 from the 4th century preserved in the Codex visionum and the paraphrase of the whole psalter from the mid-5th century called Metaphrasis psalmorum or "Homeric psalter", both composed in dactylic hexameters. They share some features with early modern paraphrases: use of artistic language, application of christological interpretation, relation to singing, various approaches in terms of the degree of dependence on the biblical text. The Hebrew text of the Psalms shows no signs of the metric arrangement that is characteristic of traditional European poetry. Some Hebrew verses tend to be regularly organized on a tonic basis, but this arrangement is not binding or regular, unlike the standard of traditional European poetry. In the European environment, however, there has been since ancient times a strong conviction that the Hebrew verse is regularly arranged on a quantitative principle, and this belief lasted until the early modern period. Renaissance translations of ancient poetry into vernacular languages use syllabic or accentual-syllabic verse, and the same type of verse is also used in early modern psalm paraphrases when...

The thesis maps the occurrence of christological motifs in the Czech painting and graphics after 1900 and compares approaches of artists of different generations to their depiction. Selected christological art works are analysed from three main aspects: 1. iconography, 2. style and form, 3. philosophical and psychological resources. A particular chapter deals with christological motifs in modern liturgical art. The conclusion of the work evaluates the significance of the christological theme in context of the modern Czech art development.

Die Untersuchung geht von dem im christlich-jüdischen Dialog erreichten hermeneutischen Konsens aus. In einer theologischen Grundlagenreflexion werden ausgehend von der Erkenntnis, dass die Bibel Israel das gemeinschaftlich geteilte Erbe ist, das Judentum und Christentum verbindet und zugleich der Ausgangspunkt zweier religiöser Überlieferungen ist, die das Erbe auf verschiedene Weise rezipiert haben, vertiefende hermeneutische Kriterien entwickelt. Im Mittelpunkt stehen die Konzeptionen von Brevard S. Childs, Rolf Rendtorff und Erich Zenger, die mit der Fokussierung auf den Kanon und die Christologie, auf die gemeinsame christlich-jüdische Lektüre und die lesetheoretisch begründete Hermeneutik der „kanonischen Dialogizität“ exemplarische Positionen abdecken. Die Untersuchung kommt zu folgenden Ergebnissen: In Anknüpfung an rezeptionstheoretische Überlegungen ist die Hermeneutik des Alten Testaments im christlich-jüdischen Dialog erstens als spezifisch christliche Leseweise zu definieren, die zugleich auf das Gespräch mit der gleichrangigen jüdischen Lesart angewiesen bleibt. Sie ist zweitens als theologische Auslegung zu entwerfen, die auf den Kanon aus Altem und Neuem Testament bezogen ist. Dabei trägt sie der Vielfalt der biblischen Stoffe Rechnung, indem sie von Zengers Konzept der kanonischen Dialogizität ausgeht. Als Beitrag zu einer „Theologie nach Auschwitz“ wird sie drittens keinen neutralen Standort einnehmen können. Viertens wird sie an die christologische Interpretation anschließen und sich dabei von Childs’ Verständnis des christologischen Bezugs als pneumatologisch qualifizierter Ausdehnung leiten lassen. Indem sie schließlich fünftens an das Textdenken Jacques Derridas und dessen Verständnis des Ereignisses anknüpft, das von ihm als messianischer Einbruch verstanden wird, kann sie aus theologischer Perspektive das Verstehen nur als pneumatologisch qualifiziertes Ereignis der Offenbarung Gottes begreifen, das methodisch nicht sicherzustellen ist. / The starting point chosen in this work is the hermeneutic consensus achieved in the Jewish-Christian dialogue. Reflecting upon some of the fundamental aspects of theology, the study develops more in-depth hermeneutic criteria based on the insight that the Bible of Israel is the shared common heritage that both establishes a link between Jews and Christians and is the point of origin of two religious traditions that have interpreted the heritage in different ways. It primarily deals with the conceptions held by Brevard S. Childs, Rolf Rendtorff and Erich Zenger who cover paradigmatic positions, ranging from a focus on the canon and on christology to a common Jewish-Christian reading and to a hermeneutic approach of “canonical dialogism”. The study yields the following results: Firstly, building on considerations embraced by the theory of reception, Old Testament hermeneutics within the Jewish-Christian dialogue have to be defined as a specifically Christian reading that, at the same time, continues to depend on the dialogue with the equal-ranking Jewish reading. Secondly, this hermeneutic approach has to be designed as a theological interpretation that relates to the canon of the Old and New Testament. This involves taking into account the diversity of the biblical material by using Zenger’s concept of canonical dialogism as a starting point. Thirdly, as is makes a contribution to “post-Auschwitz theology”, this reading will not be able to adopt a neutral standpoint. Fourthly, it will expand upon the christological interpretation and, in doing so, it will go by Childs’ concept of the christological relation being an extension conceived in pneumatological terms. Fifthly, by adopting Derrida’s deconstruction and his notion of the “event” as a messianic irruption, this hermeneutic approach can only conceive the act of understanding as an event where God is revealed, an event to be described in pneumatological terms that can not be warranted by any methodological effort.

Jesus' story has been retold in various forms and fashions for centuries. Jesus novels, a subset of the historical fiction genre, are one of the latest means of not only re-imagining the man from Galilee but also of rewriting the canonical Gospels. This thesis explores the Christological portraits constructed in four of those novels while also using the novels to examine the intertextual play of these Gospel rewrites with their Gospel progenitors. Chapter 1 offers a prolegomenon to the act of fictionalizing Jesus that discusses the relationship between the person and his portraits and the hermeneutical circle created by these texts as they both rewrite the Gospels and stimulate a rereading of them. It also establishes the "preposterous" methodology that will be used when reexamining the Gospels "post" reading the novels. Chapters 2 to 5 offer four case studies of "complementing" and "competing" novels and the techniques they use to achieve these aims: Anne Rice's Christ the Lord: Out of Egypt; Neil Boyd's The Hidden Years; Nino Ricci's Testament; and José Saramago's The Gospel according to Jesus Christ. Chapter 6 begins an examination of a specific interpretive circle based upon Jesus' temptation in the wilderness. Beginning with the synoptic accounts of that event, the chapter then turns to how Jesus' testing has been reinterpreted and presented in two of the novels. Returning to the Gospel of Matthew's version of the Temptation, chapter 7 offers a "preposterous" examination of that pericope, which asks novel questions of the text and its role with Matthew's narrative context based on issues raised by the Gospel rewrites. The thesis concludes by suggesting that Jesus novels, already important examples of the reception history of the Gospels, can also play a helpful role in re-interpreting the Gospels themselves.