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Sphingomyelin (SM), a sphingolipid that is concentrated in the extracellular leaflet of the plasma membrane, can interact with cholesterol to form more ordered raft domains. The hydrolysis of SM by sphingomyelinase (SMase) generates ceramide and may redistribute cholesterol molecules to other less ordered domains. I employed carbon fibre amperometry to examine whether SM hydrolysis affected the kinetics of release of catecholamines from individual granules of rat chromaffin cells when exocytosis was triggered by elevated extracellular [K+]. Similar to cholesterol overload, SMase treatment selectively increased the proportion of stand-alone foot signals and the duration of the pre-spike foot signals; both effects could be reduced by extraction of cellular cholesterol. In contrast, the application of an exogenous ceramide did not mimic the effects of SMase. My results suggest that SMase treatment liberated cholesterol from lipid rafts to increase the persistence of the semi-stable fusion pore before the onset of rapid dilation.

The present study has established that physiological concentrations of estradiol can modulate stress-induced increases in plasma epinephrine (EPI). In anesthetized female rats, insulin-induced hypoglycemia (0.25 U/kg) increased plasma EPI concentration to a significantly greater extent in 14-day ovariectomized (OVEX) rats compared to sham-operated controls. In 17-estradiol (E2)-replaced OVEX rats, the hypoglycemia-induced rise in plasma EPI was significantly reduced compared to OVEX rats. This suppression was due to both decreased adrenal medullary output and increased clearance of EPI. Adrenal venous EPI concentration was significantly reduced in OVEX+E2 rats, suggesting that EPI secretion from the adrenalmedulla was decreased by E2 replacement. The underlying mechanism(s) of this apparent E2-mediated reduction in secretion could not be established since 1) the expression levels of the biosynthetic enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase were not affected in OVEX+E2 rats, suggesting that EPI biosynthesis is similar in these and OVEX rats; and 2) agonist-induced increases in intracellular CaP2+P were identical in isolated adrenal medullary chromaffin cells exposed to E2 (10 nM) or vehicle for 48 hr, suggesting that stimulus secretion coupling is unaffected by E2 treatment. In contrast, plasma clearance of EPI was significantly increased in OVEX+E2 rats. Although 48 hr exposure to E2 had no effect on intracellular signaling in chromaffin cells, acute (3 min) exposure to micromolar concentrations of E2 dose-dependently and reversibly inhibited agonist-induced CaP 2+Ptransients. Consistent with this observation, acute (30 min) infusions of E2 also significantly reduced the insulin-induced increase in plasma EPI in OVEX rats. These data demonstrate that physiological levels of circulating E2 can modulate hypoglycemia-induced increases in plasma EPI. This effect appears to be mediated by the steroids influence on adrenal medullary EPI output and plasma EPI clearance; however the mechanism(s) underlying these E2-mediated modulations remain undetermined. This study has also established that acute exposure to supra-physiological levels of E2 can suppress hypoglycemia-induced increases in plasma EPI, due at least in part to inhibition of stimulus-secretion coupling.

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Les récepteurs Erythropoietin-producing hepatocyte (EPH) constituent la plus grande famille de récepteurs à activité tyrosine kinase transmembranaires. Leur activité kinase peut être induite par leurs ligands, les éphrines (EFN). Une fois activés, ces récepteurs sont impliqués dans la régulation de la fonction cellulaire par transduction antérograde ou rétrograde du signal EPH-EFN. Au cours de la dernière décennie, nos études ont démontré que les EPH / EFN jouent un rôle important dans la régulation de la pression artérielle par la modulation de la contractilité des cellules musculaires lisses vasculaires (VSMC). EPHB6, EFNB1 et EFNB3 ont un effet négatif sur la contractilité des VSMC et la pression artérielle, tandis que EPHB4 et EFNB2 montrent un effet positif. La famille EPH / EFN est donc un nouveau système yin et yang qui ajuste finement l'homéostasie de la pression artérielle. Nous avons également constaté que les catécholamines urinaires de 24 h sont réduites chez les souris mâles EPHB6 knockout (KO), suggérant que l’EPHB6 régule la pression artérielle non seulement via les VSMC mais aussi par la sécrétion de catécholamine (CAT). La régulation de CAT par l’EPHB6 dépend de la testostérone car (1) les niveaux réduits de CAT ne sont pas observés chez les souris femelles EPHB6 KO ; et (2) la castration chez les souris mâles EPHB6 KO ramène la CAT à des niveaux normaux. Durant ma thèse, nous avons étudié le mécanisme impliqué dans la régulation de la sécrétion et de la synthèse des catécholamines chez les cellules chromaffines des glandes surrénales (AGCC) par la voie de signalisation de l’EPHB6. En ex vivo, la teneur totale en épinéphrine et la sécrétion d'épinéphrine déclenchée par l'acétylcholine (ACh) sont toutes deux réduites dans les glandes surrénales venant des souris KO mâles mais pas dans celles venant des femelles ou de mâles castrés. Ensuite, nous avons observé une diminution de l’afflux de Ca2+ dépendant de l'ACh dans les AGCC venant des souris mâles EPHB6 KO, ce qui découle de l'effet non-génomique de la testostérone. En appliquant le patch clamping de cellules entières sur les AGCC, nous avons démontré que la diminution d’afflux de Ca2+ dans ces cellules est causée par l’augmentation des courants de potassium à grande conductance activé par le calcium (BK). En utilisant l'enregistrement ampérométrique, nous avons constaté que la sécrétion de CAT par les AGCC est compromise en l'absence d'EPHB6. Nous avons également observé une diminution du désassemblage de la F-actine corticale dans les AGCC venant de souris mâles KO associée à une diminution de l'exocytose des vésicules contenant es catécholamines. Ces deux phénomènes n’ont pas été observés chez les femelles KO ni chez les mâles castrés. Des études complémentaires ont montré que le désassemblage défectueux de la F-actine dans les AGCC est régulé par la signalisation inverse de l'EPHB6 à l'EFNB1 via deux voies de signalisations différentes : la voie du membre A de la famille des homologues Ras (RHOA) et la voie de la tyrosine kinase proto-oncogène de la famille Src (FYN) / proto-oncogène c-ABL / la calponine monooxygénase associée aux microtubules et le domaine LIM contenant 1 (MICAL-1). En outre, nous avons observé que la diminution de la teneur totale en épinéphrine dans la glande surrénale venant des souris mâles KO est causée par une expression altérée de la tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), qui est l’enzyme limitant la vitesse dans la biosynthèse des CAT. L'effet non génomique de la testostérone a également participé dans ce processus. Nous avons révélé que la signalisation inverse d'EPHB6 à EFNB1 contribue à la surexpression de TH dans les AGCC par l’augmentation de son niveau de transcription. La voie en aval de cette signalisation inverse implique la petite famille Rac GTPase 1 (RAC1) / MAP kinase kinase 7 (MKK7) / c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) / proto-oncogène c-Jun / activator protein 1 (AP1) / réponse de croissance précoce 1 (EGR1). Ces travaux démontrent pour la première fois un rôle spécifique de la famille EPH / EFN dans la régulation de la biologie médullaire de la glande surrénale. La signalisation rétrograde d’EPHB6 via EFNB1 régule la synthèse et la sécrétion des catécholamines de concert avec la testostérone dans les AGCC. / Erythropoietin-producing hepatocyte (Eph) receptors are the largest family of cell surface transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases. Their kinase activity can be activated by their ligands, ephrins (EFNs), and involved in cell function regulation through either EPH-EFN forward or reverse signaling transduction. In the last decade, we have revealed the previously unknown function of EPHs/EFNs in the regulation of blood pressure by modulating the contractility of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). EPHB6, EFNB1, and EFNB3 have a negative effect on the VSMCs contractility and blood pressure, while EPHB4 and EFNB2 show a positive effect instead. Thus, EPH/EFN family is a novel yin and yang system that finely tunes blood pressure homeostasis. EPHB6 also targets cells responsible for catecholamine (CAT) secretion in addition to the VSMCs, since we found that the 24-h urine catecholamines are reduced in male EPHB6 knockout (KO) mice. This phenotype in EPHB6 KO mice is testosterone-dependent because the reduced CAT levels are not observed in female KO mice; castration in KO male mice reverts the CAT levels to a normal range. In this research, we investigated the mechanism for the regulation of catecholamine secretion and synthesis in adrenal gland chromaffin cells (AGCCs) by EPHB6 signaling. In ex vivo, the total content of epinephrine and the acetylcholine (ACh)-triggered epinephrine secretion were both reduced in the adrenal gland from KO male but not female or castrated mice. Then, we found a reduced ACh-dependent Ca2+ influx in AGCCs from male EPHB6 KO mice, and this effect depended on the non-genomic effect of testosterone. The results of whole-cell patch clamping on AGCCs indicated that the enhanced large-conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) currents were responsible for the reduced Ca2+ influx in these cells. Using amperometry recording, we found that CAT secretion by AGCCs was compromised in the absence of EPHB6. The cortical F-actin disassembly in AGCCs from KO male but not female or castrated mice was reduced, accompanied by decreased catecholamine vesicle exocytosis. Further study showed such defective F-actin disassembly in AGCCs was regulated by the reverse signaling from EPHB6 to EFNB1 via the Ras homolog family member A (RHOA) and proto-oncogene Src family tyrosine kinase (FYN)/proto-oncogene c-ABL/microtubule-associated monooxygenase calponin and LIM domain containing 1 (MICAL-1) pathways. Further, we observed that the reduced total content of epinephrine in the adrenal gland from male KO mice was caused by impaired expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in CAT biosynthesis. The non-genomic effect of testosterone was also involved in this process. We revealed that the reverse signaling from EPHB6 to EFNB1 contributed to the up-regulation of TH expression in AGCCs by enhancing its transcription. The downstream pathway of this reverse signaling involved Rac family small GTPase 1 (RAC1)/MAP kinase kinase 7 (MKK7)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/ proto-oncogene c-Jun/activator protein 1 (AP1)/early growth response 1 (EGR1). The present research, for the first time, revealed the specific role of the EPH/EFN family on the regulation of the adrenal gland medullary biology. The EPHB6 reverse signaling through EFNB1 in concert with testosterone regulates the catecholamine synthesis and secretion in AGCCs.

No description available.