Syzygium cordatum Hoscht ex. C Krauss, also known as water berry, is normally used by the people of South Africa for respiratory ailments including tuberculosis, stomach complaints, treatment of wounds and as emetics. An extract of the leaves can be used as a purgative for diarrhoea treatment. The leaves of Syzygium cordatum Myrtaceae were obtained from the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, air dried and sequential solvent extraction was done to obtain various non volatile crude extracts. The volatile extract, that is the essential oil was extracted from the leaves using hydrodistillation and analysis of compounds was done by GC/MS for composition. 32 compounds were obtained from the fresh leaves and 18 compounds were obtained from the dry leaves. The fresh oil contains caryophyllene (11.8 percent) and caryophyllene oxide (11.1 percent) as the main sesquiterpene component. α-Pinene(5.0 percent) was the only monoterpene compound identified in the fresh oil in substantial amount. The dry leaves oil had copanene (17.0 percent), β-Caryophellene (26.0 percent), cubenol (6.5 percent) and caryophellene oxide (14.2 percent) as the dominant constituent of the oil. Summary of the classes of compounds in the oil revealed that the chemical profile of both oils were dominated by sesquiterpenoid compounds. This is the first time that terpenoids compounds are being identified in both the fresh and dry leaf oil of S. cordatum. Hexane leaf extract was selected due to the interest in the terpenoid compounds. Column chromatography of the hexane crude gave five (5) of which two are fully reported. The isolates were fully elucidated using spectroscopic methods to be β-Sitosterol (HC3) and Friedela-3-one (HC1A/HC1D). Cytotoxicity analysis was carried out on the crude using the Brine shrimps assay. Isolates 1C and1D showed significant lethality using the brine shrimps assay with lethality values (LC50) of 4.105mg/ml for HC1C and 4.11mg/ml for 1D/1A respectively.

Orientadores: Everson Alves Miranda, Adriano Rodrigues Azzoni / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T15:34:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bonturi_Nemailla_M.pdf: 2076232 bytes, checksum: e3f4e56f400891ab77fe029e0c1f0899 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: O número de estudos em terapia gênica com vetores plasmídiais (pDNA) têm aumentado nestes últimos anos. Como resultado, a demanda para preparações de pDNA em conformidade com as recomendações das agências reguladoras (EMEA, FDA) também aumentou. O DNA plasmidial é frequentemente obtido através da fermentação de Escherichia coli transformada e purificada por uma série de operações unitárias, incluindo a cromatografia. Este trabalho teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um processo cromatográfico para a recuperação e purificação do pDNA superenovelado (sc pDNA) a partir do lisado neutralizado. Os ligantes fenil (hidrofóbico) e mercaptopirimidina (tiofílico) foram imobilizados em matrizes de agarose e celulose. A seletividade destes ligantes para com o sc pDNA foi determinada através de estudos de adsorção utilizando citrato de sódio 1,5 mol/L e fosfato de potássio 2,0 mol/L como tampões de adsorção. A cromatografia com o adsorvente fenil-agarose e o citrato de sódio 1,5 mol/L permitiu recuperar 58% do pDNA sem contaminação por gDNA, proteínas e endotoxinas, sendo uma alternativa potencial para a recuperação primária do sc pDNA. O resultado mais promissor foi obtido com a cromatografia com o adsorvente mercaptopirimidina-agarose e fosfato de potássio 2,0 mol/L como tampão de adsorção. Este sistema tampão de adsorção/adsorvente permitiu a obtenção de pDNA com 100% de pureza e dentro das recomendações das agências reguladoras no tocante à contaminação por RNA e endotoxinas. Assim, este trabalho lançou as bases para o desenvolvimento de dois métodos cromatográficos para a recuperação primária ou purificação de pDNA diretamente do lisado neutralizado, ambos potencialmente aplicáveis em larga escala / Abstract: The number of studies in gene therapy with plasmid vectors (pDNA) has witnessed an increase in the recent years. As result the demand for preparations of pDNA in compliance with recommendations of the regulatory agencies (EMEA, FDA) has also increased. Plasmid DNA is oftenly obtained through fermentation of transformed Escherichia coli and purified by a series of unit operations, including chromatography. This work aimed the development of a chromatographic process for the recovery and purification of supercolied pDNA (sc pDNA) directly from neutralized cell lysate. Phenyl (hydrophobic) and mercaptopyrimidine (thiophilic) molecules immobilized in agarose and cellulose matrices were the ligands used to capture the pDNA. Their selectivity towards sc pDNA was evaluated through adsorption studies using sodium citrate 1.5 mol/L and potassium phosphate 2.0 mol/L as the adsorption buffers. The chromatography with the adsorbent phenyl-agarose and sodium citrate 1.5 mol/L was able to recover 58% of sc pDNA without gDNA, proteins and endotoxins contamination, being an potential alternative for the primary recovery of sc pDNA. The most promising result was obtained with the chromatography with mercaptopyrimidine-agarose and potassium phosphate 2.0 mol/L adsorpition buffer. With the latter buffer/adsorbent system it was possible to obtain in a single step pDNA with 100% purity and within the recommendations of regulatory agencies with regard to contamination by RNA and endotoxins. Thus, this work laid the basis for the development of two chromatographic process for the recovery or purification of pDNA directly from the neutralized lysate, both potentially applicable in larger scale / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Biotecnologicos / Mestre em Engenharia Química

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The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy and reproducibility of two commercially available chromatography kits with Instant Thin Layer Chromatography-Silica Gel (ITLC-SG) and Whatman Chromatography Paper. The two commercial kits evaluated were the- MAC Klt- produced-General Radioisotopes Products, and the TECH Kit by Ackerman Nuclear.

Genetic discoveries have highlighted the role of gene expression dysregulation in both rare and common diseases. In particular, a large number of chromatin modifiers, transcription factors, and RNA-binding proteins have been implicated in neurodevelopmental diseases, including epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and intellectual disability. Elucidating the disease mechanisms for these genes is challenging, as the encoded proteins often regulate thousands of downstream targets. In Chapter 2 of this thesis, we describe the use of single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) to characterize a mouse model of HNRNPU-mediated epileptic encephalopathy. This gene encodes a ubiquitously expressed RNA-binding protein, yet we demonstrate that reduction in its expression leads to cell type-specific transcriptomic defects. Specifically, excitatory neurons in a region of the hippocampus called the subiculum carried the strongest burden of differential gene expression. In Chapter 3, we use scRNA-seq to identify convergent molecular and transcriptomic features in four different organoid models of a cortical malformation called periventricular nodular heterotopia. In Chapter 4, we build on these successes to propose a high-throughput drug screening program for neurodevelopmental genes that encode regulators of gene expression. This approach—termed transcriptomic reversal—attempts to identify compounds that reverse disease-causing gene expression changes back to a normal state. Finally, in Chapter 5, we focus on the role of synonymous codon usage in human disease. Codon usage can affect mRNA stability, yet its role in human physiology has been historically overlooked. We use population genetics approaches to demonstrate that natural selection shapes codon content in the human genome, and we find that dosage sensitive genes are intolerant to reductions in codon optimality. We propose that synonymous mutations could modify the penetrance of Mendelian diseases through altering the expression of disease-causing mutations. In summary, the work in this thesis broadly focuses on the role of gene expression dysregulation in disease. We provide novel frameworks for interrogating disease gene expression signatures, prioritizing mutations that may alter expression, and identifying targeted therapeutics.

The activity and wettability of raw fused silica capillary tubing was found to be widely variable which places severe limitations on the reproducibility of column deactivation and inertness. Hydrothermal treatment of the raw fused silica with nitric acid was proven to be very effective for cleaning and maximizing the degree of silanol coverage of the surface. The capillary rise method was used to obtain contact angle data for untreated fused silica and fused silica treated with a variety of deactivating reagents. This contact angle data was used in the construction of Zisman plots which allowed quantitative comparison of the wettability and degree of surface coverage obtained with the different deactivants. The thermal stability of the final column was related to the success of the deactivation procedure. The choice of cross-linking initiator was also found to have an affect on column inertness. In the synthesis of intermediate polarity polysiloxane stationary phases, mixtures of commercially available cyclic siloxanes were shown to be a viable alternative to the use of dichlorosilanes as starting material. The main advantages were the simplification of the synthesis procedure, simpler and better molecular weight control of the polymer, and the elimination of HC1 as a by-product of both the polymerization and endcapping steps. A new stationary phase, 7% cyanoethyl, 7% phenyl, 1% vinyl, methyl polysiloxane was synthesized and found to be more polar than OV-1701 with higher temperature stability, easily cross-linked, and suitable for use in supercritical fluid chromatography. / Ph. D.

"Resins" is a class of compounds believed to play an important role in the conversion processes of coal and coal-related materials into oils. Methods currently used to isolate this fraction, generally lack reproducibility and yield impure and strongly overlapping fractions which do not reflect the actual group-type distribution in the liquid fuel. A separation method based on liquid column chromatography was developed, which divides liquid fuels into eight distinct and minimally overlapping chemical classes: five non-polar (saturated, mono-, di-, tri-, and polynuclear aromatics), one intermediate polar (resins) and two polar (asphaltenes and asphaltols) fractions. Chemical characterization of "resins fractions," derived from two alternative fuels (coal-derived liquid and sugarcane bagasse), was achieved by first subjecting them to acid-base-neutral separation, followed by analysis of each subfraction by GC/MS. Identification of the eluted components was carried out utilizing a library search system, by comparing retention times (indices) of 150 model compounds believed to exist in liquid fuels, on two fused silica capillary columns (Carbowax 20 M and SE-54), and by mass spectral interpretation. GC/MS results indicate that "resins" are mainly composed of weakly acidic (phenols, indanols, naphthols), mildly basic (benzoquinolines, chloroanilines, etc.), neutral-nitrogen (indoles and carbazoles), and oxygen (carbonyl) compounds, and are free of hydrocarbons. / Ph. D.

O objetivo deste trabalho de pesquisa foi de fazer a modelagem por meio de sistemas de inferência Fuzzy da análise da concentração dos gases dissolvidos no óleo mineral isolante e desta forma diagnosticar defeitos elétricos internos em transformadores de Potência. Assim sendo o sistema proposto deve fornecer respostas que auxiliem no diagnóstico de falhas e avarias nos interiores dos transformadores e no processo de tomada de decisões no acompanhamento da evolução destas falhas de forma a aumentar a confiabilidade em relação à utilização dos métodos individualmente. O sistema desenvolvido baseou-se na pesquisa acadêmica de normas e técnicas mais utilizadas na literatura que relacionam o gás dissolvido no óleo mineral isolante com a falha. O sistema proposto foi validado por meio de dados reais de dois transformadores pilotos e vários sistemas Fuzzy foram construídos, cada um especialista em um determinado método. Os resultados encontrados mostraram-se compatíveis com aqueles obtidos pelos métodos convencionais comprovando que a ferramenta pode ser utilizada como suporte para uma análise rápida e confiável do estado do óleo isolante dos transformadores. / The objective of this research was to model by analyzing the fuzzy inference systems the concentration of gases dissolved in the insulating oil and diagnosing thereby internal defects in electrical power transformers. Therefore the proposed system should provide answers that help in the diagnosis of faults and malfunctions in the interiors of the transformers and in the decision-making process in monitoring the evolution of these failures in order to increase the reliability regarding the use of the methods individually. The system developed was based on academic research standards and techniques commonly used in the literature relating the gas dissolved in the insulating oil with failure. The proposed system was validated by real data of two pilots transformers and various Fuzzy systems were built, each an expert in a particular method. The results were compatible with those obtained by conventional methods proving that the tool can be used as support for quick and reliable analysis of the insulating oil condition of transformers.

As tetraciclinas são encontradas no mercado sob várias formas farmacêuticas, sendo provenientes de diversos laboratórios farmacêuticos. Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade destes medicamentos, foram realizados os ensaios de dissolução in vitro e determinação quantitativa. Um total de 38 amostras de cápsulas de cloridrato de tetraciclina, fosfato de tetraciclina e cloridrato de oxitetraciclina e drágea de cloridrato de doxiciclina, englobando 12 fabricantes, foram analisadas. A dissolução do princípio ativo foi determinada para todas as amostras, conforme o método recomendado pela USP XXIII. Das amostras, duas foram reprovadas e outras quatro foram aprovadas após o reteste. A variação dos valores individuais obtidos no ensaio de dissolução para cada amostra, foi significativa, apresentando coeficiente de variação de até 14,2 %. A determinação quantitativa através do método microbiológico turbidimétrico empregando Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29737, resultou em duas amostras de um mesmo fabricante com potência muito abaixo do limite especificado de 90 a 125 % do valor rotulado, com 55.5 e 68,7 %. Estudo comparativo desta metodologia com o método de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) foi realizado. Para isto, o método da USP XXIII foi escolhida após o ensaio preliminar, seguido de determinação dos parâmetros de validação e adequação do método. O sistema cromatográfico estabelecido consistiu de coluna de fase reversa SYMMETRYTM C8 e fase móvel composta de oxalato de amônio 0,09 M, dimetilformamida e fosfato dibásico de amônio 0.18 M (64:32:4.7) com pH entre 7,6 e 7.7. Os resultados para determinação de cloridrato de tetraciclina confirmaram os valores obtidos no ensaio microbiológico, sendo reprovadas duas amostras. O teor máximo encontrado de 4-epianidrotetraciclina foi de 0,5 %, abaixo do limite de 3 % especificado na USP XXIII. Na comparação entre os dois métodos, foram observados resultados sempre superiores para o método microbiológico. A análise estatística destes resultados mostrou diferença significativa entre as médias das determinações obtidas a partir de cada método. / Tetracyclines are avaiable under several pharmaceutical forms and manufactured by different laboratories. Aiming at the evalution of the quality of these medicines, assays of in vitro dissolution and quantitative determination have been performed in 38 samples of tetracycline hydrochloride and phosphate and oxytetracycline hydrochloride capsules and docycycline hydrochloride coated tablet taken from 12 manufactures. The range of dissolution of the substance was determined in all the samples, according to the method recommended by USP XXIII. On the whole, only two of samples were rejected and all the others approved without restrictions, except four of them, wich required a retest. The evaluation of the individual values obtained in the assay of dissolution in each sample was significant, with a variation coefficient of up to 14.2%. The quantitative determination through the turbidimetric microbiological method employing Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29737, resulted in two samples of tetracycline hydrochloride from the same manufatures with potency of 55.5 % and 68.7 % below the specified limit from 90 % to 125 % the labeled value. A comparative study of this method and the HPLC one was then performed. The USP XXIII method was chosen after a preliminary assay, followed by the determination of its validation parameters and system suitability. The established chromatographic method employed reversed phase column SYMMETRYTM C8 (octylsilane chemically bounded to totally porous sílica particles) and mobile phase consisting of ammonium oxalate 0.09 M, dimethyformamide and dibasic ammonium phosphate 0.18 M (63.9:32:4.7) adjusted to pH 7.6-7.7. The results confirmed the values obtained in the microbiological assay. When this method (HPLC) was used for the determination of 4-epianidrotetracycline, a maximum of 0.5 % was found, below the limit of 3% specified in the USP XXIII. The comparison between both methods reavealed constant superior results in the microbiological one, and the difference between the averages of the determinations from the methods was meaningful.