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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

The experiences of patients receiving haemodialysis treatment in an open setting environment at an academic hospital in Johannesburg

Khomba, Mayamiko Munthali 26 August 2014 (has links)
BACKGROUND: Patients receiving haemodialysis (HD) treatment experience a significant symptom burden and their needs are multifaceted. In HD unit, patients receive treatment in a diverse cultural and open ward setting. However, patients‟ experiences of receiving HD treatment in an open ward setting are not known. OBJECTIVES: The central aim of this study was to explore and describe the experiences of patients receiving HD treatment in an open setting environment at an academic hospital in Johannesburg. DESIGN: A qualitative, exploratory and descriptive study was conducted at a public, tertiary level academic hospital in Johannesburg after obtaining ethical approval from Wits University and relevant authorities. SETTING: The research setting for this study was an adult Chronic Renal Dialysis Unit. POPULATION: Sixteen adult (age 18 and above) patients receiving chronic HD treatment were recruited purposively in this study. INTERVENTIONS: An in-depth semi-structured interview was conducted either before or after receiving HD treatment, which was audio-recorded, transcribed then analysed by using Giorgi Phenomenological method. FINDINGS: A mood enhancer appeared a major theme as participants positively valued the open setting environment for their overall and psychological well-being. Participants expressed by being with others and sharing experiences, a sense of community likened to a family developed. Common to all participants‟ language was the use of the “we” in relation to being in the open setting environment. This expression of the “we” by participants was interpreted as a community concept. The use of “we” associated with the concept of community described as a space to which every patient receiving HD belonged. They described their experiences in a collective manner. This was evident in repetitive reference to their common space, being together, sharing experiences, and finding identity from one another, being understood and a sense of being protected with personal relations that extend beyond 10 years for some. This open space contributed to shaping their perception of body image and illness. The nurse‟s role in timeously providing HD care was appreciated by many. However, being exposed to multiple situations of chronic illness and treatment a sense of fear developed. Any negative event experienced, watched, observed, or heard in the HD unit triggered fear in the patients. Two common fears were of HD complications and the constant threat of death. Complications such as clotting, muscle cramps and collapsing because of hypotension as well as watching somebody dying on the machine were all reported in this study and so psychological counselling was felt to be very important. CONCLUSION The recommendations proposed in this study hopefully will assist HD staff to intervene and make adjustments to support patients‟ holistic needs. Further studies into patients receiving HD in open settings and mixed-gender space are required for diversity of experiences and knowledge from different settings. Keywords: Haemodialysis, hospital environment, open setting, patient experiences
2

Efeitos do tratamento crônico com fluoxetina na reatividade da artéria mesentérica de resistência e no leito arterial mesentérico isolado de ratos / Effects of chronic treatment with fluoxetine on the reactivity of mesenteric resistance arteries and mesenteric arterial bed isolated from rats

Pereira, Camila André 03 June 2014 (has links)
A fluoxetina, fármaco inibidor seletivo da recaptação de serotonina (ISRS), tem sido amplamente utilizada no tratamento da depressão. Este antidepressivo possui diversos efeitos sobre o sistema cardiovascular podendo alterar a função cardíaca e a inibição da função de diversos receptores e canais iônicos diretamente envolvidos na regulação do tônus vasomotor. Crestani et al. (2011) demonstraram que ratos tratados cronicamente com fluoxetina exibem aumento da pressão arterial e redução do componente simpático do baroreflexo. Estes resultados sugerem aumento do tônus vasomotor e desequilíbrio de fatores responsáveis por sua regulação. A hipótese do trabalho é que o tratamento crônico com fluoxetina aumentará a reatividade vascular a estímulos contráteis e diminuirá para estímulos relaxantes. Portanto o objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar se o tratamento crônico com fluoxetina promove alterações de reatividade no leito mesentérico arterial isolado de ratos e em artérias mesentéricas isoladas. Foram utilizados ratos Wistar (230-270 gr) divididos em 2 grupos: (I) veículo (água por 21 dias) e (II) fluoxetina crônico (fluoxetina 10 mg/kg/dia por 21 dias na água de beber). Protocolos de reatividade vascular da artéria mesentérica de resistência e do leito arterial mesentérico (LAM), de expressão gênica e proteica de componentes das vias de sinalização envolvidos nestas respostas foram realizados. O tratamento crônico com fluoxetina promoveu redução da resposta contrátil a fenilefrina. Este resultado foi associado a uma menor expressão de tirosina hidroxilase e recaptação de noradrenalina nas terminações simpáticas do LAM. A sinalização da ERK1/2 também foi diminuída. Em contraste, houve aumento da resposta contrátil ao cloreto de potássio, sem alteração da contração a estimulação elétrica periarterial. O tratamento com fluoxetina promoveu ainda aumento de óxido nítrico (NO), maior fosforilação do resíduo serina1177 da eNOS e sensibilidade dos canais para K+ ativados por ATP (KATP). Em conclusão, a fluoxetina promove redução da resposta contrátil no LAM devido ao aumento de NO e participação de canais para K+. Além disso, a regulação negativa da liberação de noradrenalina e da sinalização da ERK1/2 pode contribuir para a menor resposta contrátil no músculo liso vascular. O aumento da resposta relaxante na artéria mesentérica de resistência pode ser mediado pelo aumento de NO, maior fosforilação da eNOS e ativação de canais para KATP . / Fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) drug, has been widely used in the treatment of depression. This antidepressant has several effects on the cardiovascular system and may alter cardiac function and also inhibits the function of several receptors and ion channels directly involved in the regulation of vasomotor tone. Crestani et al. (2011) reported that rats chronically treated with fluoxetine exhibit increased blood pressure and reduced sympathetic component of the baroreflex. These results suggest increased vasomotor tone and imbalance of factors responsible for its regulation. We hypothesize that the chronic treatment with fluoxetine will increase vascular reactivity to contractile stimulus and will reduce to relaxant stimulus. Therefore the objective of this study was to investigate whether chronic treatment with fluoxetine promotes changes on the reactivity of isolated mesenteric arterial bed and resistance mesenteric arteries from rats. Wistar rats (230-270 g) were used and divided in two groups: (I) vehicle (water for 21 days) and (II) chronic fluoxetine (fluoxetine 10 mg/ kg/ day for 21 days in drinking water). Protocols of vascular reactivity were performed on resistance mesenteric arteries and mesenteric arterial bed (MAB). In addition, gene and protein expression of the signaling pathways involved in these responses was evaluated. Chronic treatment with fluoxetine decreased contractile response to phenylephrine. This result was associated with reduced tyrosine hydroxylase expression as well as noradrenaline (NA) reuptake in MAB sympathetic nerve endings. Similarly, ERK 1/2 signaling was decreased. In contrast, fluoxetine treatment increased contractile response to potassium chloride (KCl) without changing the electric field stimulation-(EFS)-induced contraction. Fluoxetine treatment also increased nitric oxide (NO), the phosphorylation levels of eNOS at serine1177 residue and KATP channels sensitivity. In conclusion, fluoxetine promotes reduction of the contractile response in MAB due to increase in NO and K+ channels contribution. In addition, negative regulation of NA release and ERK 1/2 signaling may contribute to decrease smooth muscle contractile response. Increased resistance mesenteric artery relaxant response may be mediated by increased NO, eNOS phosphorylation and KATP channels activation.
3

Efeitos do tratamento crônico com fluoxetina na reatividade da artéria mesentérica de resistência e no leito arterial mesentérico isolado de ratos / Effects of chronic treatment with fluoxetine on the reactivity of mesenteric resistance arteries and mesenteric arterial bed isolated from rats

Camila André Pereira 03 June 2014 (has links)
A fluoxetina, fármaco inibidor seletivo da recaptação de serotonina (ISRS), tem sido amplamente utilizada no tratamento da depressão. Este antidepressivo possui diversos efeitos sobre o sistema cardiovascular podendo alterar a função cardíaca e a inibição da função de diversos receptores e canais iônicos diretamente envolvidos na regulação do tônus vasomotor. Crestani et al. (2011) demonstraram que ratos tratados cronicamente com fluoxetina exibem aumento da pressão arterial e redução do componente simpático do baroreflexo. Estes resultados sugerem aumento do tônus vasomotor e desequilíbrio de fatores responsáveis por sua regulação. A hipótese do trabalho é que o tratamento crônico com fluoxetina aumentará a reatividade vascular a estímulos contráteis e diminuirá para estímulos relaxantes. Portanto o objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar se o tratamento crônico com fluoxetina promove alterações de reatividade no leito mesentérico arterial isolado de ratos e em artérias mesentéricas isoladas. Foram utilizados ratos Wistar (230-270 gr) divididos em 2 grupos: (I) veículo (água por 21 dias) e (II) fluoxetina crônico (fluoxetina 10 mg/kg/dia por 21 dias na água de beber). Protocolos de reatividade vascular da artéria mesentérica de resistência e do leito arterial mesentérico (LAM), de expressão gênica e proteica de componentes das vias de sinalização envolvidos nestas respostas foram realizados. O tratamento crônico com fluoxetina promoveu redução da resposta contrátil a fenilefrina. Este resultado foi associado a uma menor expressão de tirosina hidroxilase e recaptação de noradrenalina nas terminações simpáticas do LAM. A sinalização da ERK1/2 também foi diminuída. Em contraste, houve aumento da resposta contrátil ao cloreto de potássio, sem alteração da contração a estimulação elétrica periarterial. O tratamento com fluoxetina promoveu ainda aumento de óxido nítrico (NO), maior fosforilação do resíduo serina1177 da eNOS e sensibilidade dos canais para K+ ativados por ATP (KATP). Em conclusão, a fluoxetina promove redução da resposta contrátil no LAM devido ao aumento de NO e participação de canais para K+. Além disso, a regulação negativa da liberação de noradrenalina e da sinalização da ERK1/2 pode contribuir para a menor resposta contrátil no músculo liso vascular. O aumento da resposta relaxante na artéria mesentérica de resistência pode ser mediado pelo aumento de NO, maior fosforilação da eNOS e ativação de canais para KATP . / Fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) drug, has been widely used in the treatment of depression. This antidepressant has several effects on the cardiovascular system and may alter cardiac function and also inhibits the function of several receptors and ion channels directly involved in the regulation of vasomotor tone. Crestani et al. (2011) reported that rats chronically treated with fluoxetine exhibit increased blood pressure and reduced sympathetic component of the baroreflex. These results suggest increased vasomotor tone and imbalance of factors responsible for its regulation. We hypothesize that the chronic treatment with fluoxetine will increase vascular reactivity to contractile stimulus and will reduce to relaxant stimulus. Therefore the objective of this study was to investigate whether chronic treatment with fluoxetine promotes changes on the reactivity of isolated mesenteric arterial bed and resistance mesenteric arteries from rats. Wistar rats (230-270 g) were used and divided in two groups: (I) vehicle (water for 21 days) and (II) chronic fluoxetine (fluoxetine 10 mg/ kg/ day for 21 days in drinking water). Protocols of vascular reactivity were performed on resistance mesenteric arteries and mesenteric arterial bed (MAB). In addition, gene and protein expression of the signaling pathways involved in these responses was evaluated. Chronic treatment with fluoxetine decreased contractile response to phenylephrine. This result was associated with reduced tyrosine hydroxylase expression as well as noradrenaline (NA) reuptake in MAB sympathetic nerve endings. Similarly, ERK 1/2 signaling was decreased. In contrast, fluoxetine treatment increased contractile response to potassium chloride (KCl) without changing the electric field stimulation-(EFS)-induced contraction. Fluoxetine treatment also increased nitric oxide (NO), the phosphorylation levels of eNOS at serine1177 residue and KATP channels sensitivity. In conclusion, fluoxetine promotes reduction of the contractile response in MAB due to increase in NO and K+ channels contribution. In addition, negative regulation of NA release and ERK 1/2 signaling may contribute to decrease smooth muscle contractile response. Increased resistance mesenteric artery relaxant response may be mediated by increased NO, eNOS phosphorylation and KATP channels activation.
4

Neuroproteção dopaminérgica pela associação de exercício físico espontâneo e tratamento crônico com nicotina no modelo da doença de Parkinson em ratos - indicativos dos mecanismos envolvidos / Dopaminergic neuroprotection through the association of spontaneous physical exercise and chronic treatment with nicotine in a rat model of Parkinsons disease indicative of involved mechanisms.

Betz, Andreas 18 March 2011 (has links)
A doença de Parkinson é uma patologia neurodegenerativa progressiva, que acomete mais de 1% da população acima de 60 anos, caracterizada pela morte de neurônios dopaminérgicos do sistema nigroestriatal. O tratamento atualmente disponível não fornece a cura para a doença de Parkinson. Contudo, a abordagem interdisciplinar tem sido capaz de melhorar a qualidade de vida dos indivíduos acometidos. Dados descrevem a relação entre o hábito de fumar e menor predisposição a esta doença, sugerindo que a nicotina proteja neurônios dopaminérgicos. Na área experimental, a prática de exercícios físicos também exerce efeitos benéficos nos modelos de parkinsonismo. Juntas, estas observações poderiam propor que a nicotina e o exercício físico atuariam sinergisticamente, de maneira a preservar os neurônios dopaminérgicos. Cinco grupos de ratos Wistar foram submetidos ao implante de pastilhas de nicotina ou placebo e dois destes grupos foram colocados em gaiolas-moradia com acesso às rodas de correr, durante duas semanas. Os outros grupos permaneceram em gaiolas-moradia simples. Foi realizada lesão estriatal unilateral com 6-OHDA em quatro grupos, após a qual os ratos permaneceram em suas respectivas gaiolas, por outras 5 semanas. Os animais foram submetidos por três vezes a testes comportamentais, ao longo das 7 semanas. Por fim, as áreas de interesse foram removidas e processadas para as técnicas de Western Blotting e PCR em tempo real. Os ratos submetidos à atividade física espontânea, com ou sem nicotina, não mostraram déficit na pata contralateral à lesão, contrastando com os ratos sedentários. A interação nicotina - atividade física mostrou-se importante para que a síntese de TH e de NF-200 não diminuísse, além de aumentar os níveis de RNAm do BDNF no corpo estriado e mesencéfalo ventral ipsilaterais à lesão. Estes resultados sugerem que a nicotina sistêmica, associada à atividade física, podem induzir alterações nos núcleos da base, que facilitariam a neuroproteção dos terminais dopaminérgicos estriatais. / Parkinsons disease is a progressive neurodegenerative pathology that affects 1% of the elderly population characterized by death of dopaminergic neurons at the nigrostriatal system. Nowadays the cure is not possible with the treatments available, but an interdisciplinary approach improves the quality of life. It has been already described a relationship between smoking habit and less predisposition for this pathology, suggesting that nicotine could be able to protect dopamine neurons. Besides, it is known that physical activity offers benefic effects in Parkinsons disease models. Together, these observations suggest that nicotine and exercise can act synergistically for dopaminergic neurons protection. Five groups of Wistar rats underwent an operation to implant a nicotine or placebo pellet; two rats were placed in cages with running wheels for 2 weeks after surgery. Remaining groups were maintained in simple cages. Four groups received striatal injection with 6-OHDA, and were returned to their respective cages for additional 5 weeks. Rats were submitted 3 times to behavioral tests along these 7 weeks. At the end of this period, brain areas of interest were removed and submitted to immunoblotting and real-time RT-PCR. Rats exposed to running wheels (placebo and nicotine groups) did not show deficit in the contralateral paw, contrasting to the findings of parkinsonism without physical activity. Nicotine and exercise counteracted the striatal down-regulation of TH synthesis and NF-200 levels. Combined strategies also increased BDNF mRNA levels in the ipsilateral striatum and ventral mesencephalon. Systemic nicotine associated to physical exercise may trigger trophic events in basal ganglia that could lead to neuroprotection within striatal dopaminergic terminals.
5

Neuroproteção dopaminérgica pela associação de exercício físico espontâneo e tratamento crônico com nicotina no modelo da doença de Parkinson em ratos - indicativos dos mecanismos envolvidos / Dopaminergic neuroprotection through the association of spontaneous physical exercise and chronic treatment with nicotine in a rat model of Parkinsons disease indicative of involved mechanisms.

Andreas Betz 18 March 2011 (has links)
A doença de Parkinson é uma patologia neurodegenerativa progressiva, que acomete mais de 1% da população acima de 60 anos, caracterizada pela morte de neurônios dopaminérgicos do sistema nigroestriatal. O tratamento atualmente disponível não fornece a cura para a doença de Parkinson. Contudo, a abordagem interdisciplinar tem sido capaz de melhorar a qualidade de vida dos indivíduos acometidos. Dados descrevem a relação entre o hábito de fumar e menor predisposição a esta doença, sugerindo que a nicotina proteja neurônios dopaminérgicos. Na área experimental, a prática de exercícios físicos também exerce efeitos benéficos nos modelos de parkinsonismo. Juntas, estas observações poderiam propor que a nicotina e o exercício físico atuariam sinergisticamente, de maneira a preservar os neurônios dopaminérgicos. Cinco grupos de ratos Wistar foram submetidos ao implante de pastilhas de nicotina ou placebo e dois destes grupos foram colocados em gaiolas-moradia com acesso às rodas de correr, durante duas semanas. Os outros grupos permaneceram em gaiolas-moradia simples. Foi realizada lesão estriatal unilateral com 6-OHDA em quatro grupos, após a qual os ratos permaneceram em suas respectivas gaiolas, por outras 5 semanas. Os animais foram submetidos por três vezes a testes comportamentais, ao longo das 7 semanas. Por fim, as áreas de interesse foram removidas e processadas para as técnicas de Western Blotting e PCR em tempo real. Os ratos submetidos à atividade física espontânea, com ou sem nicotina, não mostraram déficit na pata contralateral à lesão, contrastando com os ratos sedentários. A interação nicotina - atividade física mostrou-se importante para que a síntese de TH e de NF-200 não diminuísse, além de aumentar os níveis de RNAm do BDNF no corpo estriado e mesencéfalo ventral ipsilaterais à lesão. Estes resultados sugerem que a nicotina sistêmica, associada à atividade física, podem induzir alterações nos núcleos da base, que facilitariam a neuroproteção dos terminais dopaminérgicos estriatais. / Parkinsons disease is a progressive neurodegenerative pathology that affects 1% of the elderly population characterized by death of dopaminergic neurons at the nigrostriatal system. Nowadays the cure is not possible with the treatments available, but an interdisciplinary approach improves the quality of life. It has been already described a relationship between smoking habit and less predisposition for this pathology, suggesting that nicotine could be able to protect dopamine neurons. Besides, it is known that physical activity offers benefic effects in Parkinsons disease models. Together, these observations suggest that nicotine and exercise can act synergistically for dopaminergic neurons protection. Five groups of Wistar rats underwent an operation to implant a nicotine or placebo pellet; two rats were placed in cages with running wheels for 2 weeks after surgery. Remaining groups were maintained in simple cages. Four groups received striatal injection with 6-OHDA, and were returned to their respective cages for additional 5 weeks. Rats were submitted 3 times to behavioral tests along these 7 weeks. At the end of this period, brain areas of interest were removed and submitted to immunoblotting and real-time RT-PCR. Rats exposed to running wheels (placebo and nicotine groups) did not show deficit in the contralateral paw, contrasting to the findings of parkinsonism without physical activity. Nicotine and exercise counteracted the striatal down-regulation of TH synthesis and NF-200 levels. Combined strategies also increased BDNF mRNA levels in the ipsilateral striatum and ventral mesencephalon. Systemic nicotine associated to physical exercise may trigger trophic events in basal ganglia that could lead to neuroprotection within striatal dopaminergic terminals.
6

Efeitos cr?nicos do aumento da libera??o de serotonina, da inibi??o da recapta??o pr?-sin?ptica de serotonina e da estimula??o de receptor 5-HT1A, na sede e no apetite por s?dio em ratos / Chronic effects of increased release of serotonin, inhibiting pre-synaptic reuptake of serotonin and the stimulation of 5-HT1A receptor in the thirst and the appetite for sodium in rats

Nunes, Ana Paula de Magalh?es 13 March 2009 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:18:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009 - Ana Paula de Magalhaes Nunes.pdf: 2100747 bytes, checksum: 71718bf8a01eaa5a22f6b041a009a396 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-13 / Funda??o Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / In order to investigate the hypothesis of the influence of serotonergic system on the control of dipsogenic and sodium appetite, we examined the effects of chronicallytreated rats with the brain serotonin releaser, fenfluramine, the 5-HT1A agonist, 8-OHDPAT and the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor, sertraline. Animals treated with 5- HT1A agonist and brain serotonin releaser were sodium depleted and then their fluids intake analyzed. The first group decreased significantly the salt intake response while the second group intensified the sodium appetite 2 weeks after the first administration of fenfluramine. The water consumption was not altered in none of the groups when compared to their respective controls. Sodium-depleted animals that were treated with sertraline showed a more intense natriorexigenic response. On the other hand, water deprivation induced a lower water intake in SERT-treated rats than the controls. Osmotic simulation evoked a dipsogenic response significantly lower in SERT group. Fluids and food deprivation induced a weak dipsogenic response in SERT treated-rats compared to controls but without difference on saline intake. An increased urinary density and decreased plasma sodium levels in SERT-treated rats correlated with the highest plasma vasopressin and oxytocin levels at the 3rd week post-treatment. The obtained results in chronically-treated rats with the 5-HT1A agonist and the brain serotonin releaser, suggest that the alteration on the brain serotoninergic activity influences the sodium appetite expression, possibly after 5-HT1A autoreceptor desensitization produced by 8-OH-DPAT or brain serotonin depletion achieved with fenfluramine treatment. The results of chronically-treated rats with sertraline, constitute the first evidence of alterations on the threshold for thirst and sodium appetite response in SERT-chronically-treated rats. These alterations possibly are consequence of the hyponatremia provided by inappropriate secretion of AVP and OT. / Para investigar a hip?tese da influ?ncia do status do sistema seroton?rgico no controle da resposta dipsog?nica e do apetite ao s?dio, analisamos os efeitos de ratos tratados cronicamente com um liberador cerebral de serotonina, fenfluramina, um agonista 5-HT1A, 8-OH-DPAT e um inibidor da recapta??o pr?-sin?ptica de serotonina, sertralina (SERT). Animais tratados com agonista 5-HT1A e com liberador cerebral de serotonina, foram submetidos a deple??o de s?dio e, posteriormente, a ingest?o de fluidos foi aferida. O primeiro grupo diminuiu significativamente a ingest?o de salina hipert?nica, enquanto o segundo grupo intensificou o apetite ao s?dio 2 semanas ap?s o ?n?cio do tratamento com fenfluramina. O consumo de ?gua n?o foi alterado em nenhum dos grupos, quando comparados aos seus respectivos grupo controle. Os animais tratados cronicamente com SERT que sofreram deple??o de s?dio, obtiveram uma intensa resposta natriorexig?nica. Por outro lado, a priva??o de ?gua induziu uma menor ingest?o de ?gua em ratos tratados cronicamente com SERT quando comparado-os aos do grupo controle. O est?mulo osm?tico evocou uma resposta dipsog?nica significativamente menor no grupo SERT. A priva??o de fluidos e de alimentos induziu uma baixa resposta dipsog?nica em ratos tratados com SERT quando comparados aos controles, mas sem diferen?a significativa na ingest?o de salina hipert?nica. O aumento da densidade urin?ria em ratos tratados com SERT correlaciona-se com os maiores n?veis plasm?ticos do horm?nio anti-diur?tico e ocitocina na 4? semana p?s-tratamento. Os resultados obtidos em ratos tratados cronicamente, com o agonista 5-HT1A e com o liberador cerebral de serotonina, sugerem uma poss?vel altera??o da atividade cerebral serotonin?rgica, influenciando assim a express?o do apetite ao s?dio, pois possivelmente ocorreu uma dessensibiliza??o de autoreceptores 5-HT1A com o tratamento com 8-OH-DPAT, e deple??o cerebral de serotonina, obtida com o tratamento com fenfluramina. Os resultados relativos aos animais tratados cronicamente com sertralina, constituem as primeiras evid?ncias de altera??o no limiar de sede e de apetite ao s?dio. Essas altera??es s?o possivelmente conseq??ncia da hiponatremia gerada pela secre??o inapropriada de ADH e OT.

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