Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia (CIH) is a model used to study obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Previously, we showed that baroreflex control of heart rate (HR) (baroreflex sensitivity) is reduced in CIH rats. While afferent function and HR in response to vagal efferent stimulation are enhanced, the effect of CIH on the central components, in particular NTS, is still not completely understood. F344 rats (3-4 mo) were exposed either to CIH or room air (RA) for 35-50 days. Following CIH exposure, rats were anaesthetized with Ket/Ace. Using single-unit extracellular recording technique, we recorded NTS barosensitive neurons in response to arterial pressure (AP) changes induced by descending aorta occlusion. Our data indicated that 1) the mean arterial pressure and HR were similar in RA control and CIH groups. 2) The majority of neurons from RA and CIH NTS neurons increased firing rate, whereas other neurons decreased firing upon AP elevation. 3) In 27 RA and 31 CIH NTS neurons with increased firing rate, 15 RA and 15 CIH neurons were activated at a low ?MAP at the early phase of AP increase (early neurons); whereas 12 RA neurons and 16 CIH neurons were activated at a late phase of AP increase (late neurons). The early neurons rapidly increased their firing during the rising phase of MAP, whereas late neurons did not increase their firing until the ?MAP reached its peak. 4) Early neuron activity-?MAP relationship was further characterized by the logistic sigmoid function curve. CIH significantly increased the maximal gain of the neuron activity-?MAP curve and the range of the response. In addition, CIH early neurons had a significantly higher firing rate than RA early neurons, whereas CIH did not change the firing rate in late neurons. 5) For late neurons, HR reduction correlated with neuronal activity. HR reduction-neuronal activity increase curve was shifted to the right in CIH neurons, indicating that CIH decreased HR control in response to NTS firing increase. Collectively, our data suggest that NTS barosensitive neurons have both early and late neurons, CIH selectively enhances neuron activity in response to AP changes in NTS early neurons and attenuate the baroreflex bradycardia. Along our previous work that CIH-induced the cell loss in the nucleus ambiguus (NA), we conclude that CIH attenuates the functions of NA, whereas enhances the NTS functions to compensate for the loss of function in NA

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Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2018-02-09T16:58:35Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Jefferson_Silva2017.pdf: 21962500 bytes, checksum: b5f3e1638dea54ab903a20e7e41671d6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-09T16:58:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Jefferson_Silva2017.pdf: 21962500 bytes, checksum: b5f3e1638dea54ab903a20e7e41671d6 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-10 / Brazil is the fourth largest swine producer and exporter in world, with swine farming being very representative in the national scenario. This production, however, implies generation of waste and this needs to be mitigated. One of the alternatives to reduce the impact caused by pig waste is the application of anaerobic biodigestion treatment, obtaining biogas and digestate as by-products. Digestate can be used as biofertilizer, generating a new product. In this context, this work proposes to define a geographic database from different sources about the national production of swine and to estimate, supported by calculation methodology defined in activities of the BiogasFert Network, the respective production of waste and biogas. These results were provided in an web system using GeoServer map server. In addition, a methodology was defined in this work to identify areas of permanent preservation in top of hills, based on the Brazilian new forest code published since 2012, and in classes of declivity unfit for fertilizer inputs (regions with slopes greater than 45%). As result, a total of 60,879,431 km² (0,72%) of areas considered inapt for the application of fertilizers in the national territory were identified. Another objective of this work was to highlight the use of free GIS software and its processing power, since the metrics applied here were elaborated using exclusively open source software. / O Brasil é o quarto maior produtor e exportador de carne suína mundial, tendo a suinocultura uma grande representatividade no cenário agropecuário nacional. Essa produção, contudo, implica na geração de resíduos, que necessitam ser mitigados. Uma das alternativas para reduzir o impacto causado por dejetos de suínos é a aplicação de um tratamento de biodigestão anaeróbia, obtendo-se como subproduto o biogás e o digestato, o qual pode ser utilizado como biofertilizante, tornando-se não só uma forma de tratamento como também de geração de novos produtos. Neste contexto, este trabalho propôs definir uma base de dados geográfica a partir da integração de fontes distintas acerca da produção nacional de suínos e estimar, apoiado por metodologia de cálculo definida em atividades da Rede BiogásFert, a respectiva produção de dejetos e biogás. Tais resultados foram aportados em sistema web via servidor de mapas GeoServer. Além disso, define-se neste trabalho metodologia para identificar áreas de preservação permanente em topo de morro, a partir do novo código florestal veiculado desde 2012, bem como as classes de declividade inaptas ao aporte de fertilizantes (regiões com declividade superior a 45%). Como resultado, foi identificado um total de 60.879,431 km² (0,72%) de áreas consideradas inaptas à aplicação de fertilizantes no território nacional. Um outro objetivo deste trabalho foi o de evidenciar o uso de softwares SIG livres e o seu poder de processamento, visto que as metologias aqui aplicadas foram elaboradas com uso exclusivo de softwares open source.

Abstract This research studied the dropouts who later attended the Cih-Huei class of Yong Ren Junior High School in Tainan County, by using methods such as document analysis, participant observation and deep interview. The goal was to assess the impact of the Cih-Huei class upon dropouts regarding their learning, daily living, family perspective and technical ability. It also examined the general courses, technical courses and living improvement activities provided by the Cih-Huei class in order to make suggestions that would improve the effectiveness of the Cih-Huei class. The growing track and family background of the dropouts were obtained through their personal information; their performance in the Cih-Huei class were assessed by the researchers who participated in the dropouts¡¦ living and teaching activities; and a semi-structured interview with the dropouts was employed to understand their true feeling about the Cih-Huei class. Finally, several suggestions were made on the course arrangement, living improvement activities and other related tasks for the Cih-Huei class. Hopefully these suggestions could serve as useful references for the future planning of general courses, technical courses, living management and improvement activities for the Cih-Huei class.

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