Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:08:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ariadine R C de Souza.pdf: 3448582 bytes, checksum: c9a134accab4a823b60c11ba4b8a1727 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research project aimed the evaluation of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (CIP (HCl)) removal in solution, by applying an electrocoagulation (EC) process. The CIP (HCl) solution was prepared with an initial concentration of 25 mg L-1 CIP (HCl) in distilled water. The experiments were conducted in an EC reactor in laboratory scale, consisting of aluminum electrodes. In order to get the best reactor operating parameters, regarding its variables (initial pH, current intensity and time of electrolysis), a response surface methodology was applied based on a complete experimental design (CED) 3³. The CIP (HCl) concentration was monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the mineralization was accompanied based on the reduction of total organic carbon (TOC). To obtain the operating conditions considered ideal for the operation of the EC reactor, a predicted second-order model was adjusted to the experimental responses and then validated by ANOVA. The influence of each reactor operating parameter was individually investigated, in a wider range than the one studied in the CED. Thus, the optimal values for each operating parameters were initial pH at 9.0 and current intensity of 0.8 A. From these responses, a kinetic analysis of the EC process was performed, reaching a rapid reduction of CIP (HCl) in the first minutes of electrolysis, stabilizing at 99% in times greater than 40 minutes. The toxicity of the treated solution was measured by applying ecotoxicity and phytotoxicity bioassays, taking as bioindicators Artemia salina and Lactuca sativa, respectively. The toxicity test using Artemia salina was susceptible to the type of remaining toxic compounds formed after the CIP (HCl) solution treatment of short duration. Furthermore, the remaining toxicity after 75 min of EC became nearly harmless to this bioindicator. On the other hand, the bioindicator Lactuca sativa was not susceptible to the action of these compounds at any treatment time. Due to the possible presence of the organic compound CIP (HCl) at a low concentration in the solutions treated by high electrolysis time, an antimicrobial activity analysis using the microorganisms S. aureus and E. coli was applied. The antimicrobial activity of the solution over 40 min electrolysis treatments was almost null or absent. In order to identify the CIP (HCl) in the sludge generated during the process, an X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was applied. CIP (HCl) was not identified in the residual sludge or the treated solution, indicating degradation of the compound during the treatment, possibly by electro-oxidation reactions. Therefore, the electrocoagulation provided the degradation of CIP (HCl) pollutant maintaining the treated solution free of toxicity and adverse biological effects to aquatic biota enabling their disposal in the environment, if the ideal operational conditions are maintained (initial pH 9.0, current density 0.8 A and electrolysis time of 75 min). / Este projeto de investigação visa avaliar a remoção do antibiótico cloridrato de ciprofloxacina (CIP(HCl)) em solução, por meio de um processo de eletrocoagulação (EC). A solução de CIP(HCl) foi preparada com concentração inicial de 25 mg L-1 de CIP(HCl) em água destilada. Os experimentos foram realizados em um reator de EC, em escala laboratorial, constituído por eletrodos de alumínio. A fim de obter os melhores parâmetros de operação do reator em relação as suas variáveis (pH inicial, intensidade de corrente e tempo de eletrólise), uma metodologia de superfície de resposta foi aplicada baseada em um planejamento experimental completo (PEC) 3³. A concentração de CIP(HCl) foi monitorada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) e sua mineralização foi baseada na redução do carbono orgânico total (COT). Para obtenção das condições operacionais consideradas ideais para o funcionamento do reator de EC, um modelo previsto de segunda ordem foi ajustado às respostas experimentais e em seguida validado pela ANOVA. A influência de cada parâmetro de funcionamento do reator foi investigada individualmente em uma faixa de estudo mais ampla do que a avaliada PEC. Desta maneira, os valores considerados ideais para cada parâmetro operacional foram: pH inicial 9,0 e intensidade de corrente 0,8 A. A partir destas respostas, foi realizada uma análise cinética do processo de EC, onde se atingiu uma rápida redução de CIP(HCl) nos primeiros minutos de eletrólise, se estabilizando em 99% em tempos superiores a 40 min. A toxicidade da solução tratada foi avaliada aplicando bioensaios de ecotoxicidade e de fitotoxicidade, tomando como bioindicadores a Artemia salina e a Lactuca sativa, respectivamente. O teste de toxicidade utilizando a Artemia salina foi susceptível aos compostos tóxicos remanescentes formados após o tratamento da solução de CIP(HCl) de curta duração. Além disso, a toxicidade após 75 min de EC se tornou quase inócua a este bioindicador. Por outro lado, o bioindicador Lactuca sativa não foi susceptível à ação dos compostos tóxicos remanescentes a qualquer tempo de tratamento. Devido a possível presença do composto orgânico CIP(HCl) em baixas concentrações, nas soluções tratadas por elevados tempos de eletrólise, aplicou-se a análise de atividade antimicrobiana utilizando os micro-organismos S. aureus e E. coli. A atividade antimicrobiana da solução com tratamentos acima de 40 min de eletrólise foi ausente. Visando a identificação da CIP(HCl) no lodo gerado durante o processo, análises de difração de raio-X (DRX) foram realizadas. Não se identificou CIP(HCl) no lodo residual nem na solução tratada, indicando a degradação do composto durante o tratamento, possivelmente por reações de eletroxidação. Portanto, o processo de EC proporcionou a degradação do poluente CIP(HCl), mantendo a solução tratada isenta de toxicidade e de efeitos biológicos adversos à biota aquática possibilitando seu descarte no meio ambiente, se mantidas as condições operacionais ideais para o funcionamento do reator (pH inicial 9,0, intensidade de corrente 0,8 A e tempo de eletrólise de 75 min).

Staphylococcus aureus a été classé parmi les bactéries les plus pathogènes du genre Staphylococcus. Ce pathogène est responsable d'infections localisées (plaies chroniques, infections sur prothèses) voire de septicémies et d’infections nosocomiales. L’objectif principal de ce projet est d’élaborer des vecteurs colloïdaux biocompatibles à base de polysaccharides, chargés en principe actif antibactérien, et ciblant spécifiquement des biofilms de S. aureus. La méthode de complexation polyélectrolytes entre polysaccharides de charge opposée (chitosane/alginate et chitosane/dextrane sulfate) a été sélectionnée pour élaborer des particules de taille micrométrique. Ces microparticules n’étant pas stables, elles ont été stabilisées par réticulation chimique. Un antibiotique à large spectre d’activité de la famille des fluoroquinolones, la ciprofloxacine, a été séquestrée dans les microparticules. Des essais microbiologiques ont été réalisés en planctonique et sur biofilms, sur une souche de S. aureus et une souche de Pseudomonas aeruginosa. La ciprofloxacine encapsulée présente une activité antibactérienne (CMI, CMB et CMEB) plus importante que la ciprofloxacine libre. Par ailleurs, les MPs à base de chitosane/alginate sont plus actives que celles constituées de chitosane/dextrane sulfate. Enfin, un greffage d’un anticorps anti-protéine A a été réalisé sur les microparticules chitosane/alginate chargées en ciprofloxacine. Ces microparticules présentent une activité antibactérienne sur le biofilm de S. aureus légèrement améliorée par rapport aux microparticules dépourvues d’anticorps. / Staphylococcus aureus has been classified as one of the most pathogenic bacteria of the Staphylococcus genus. This bacterium is responsible for localized infections (chronic wounds, infections on artificial joints) or even septicemia and nosocomial infections. The main objective of this project is to develop biocompatible colloidal vectors based on polysaccharides, loaded with antibacterial active compound, and specifically targeting Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. The polyelectrolyte complexation between polysaccharide of opposite charge (chitosan / alginate and chitosan / dextran sulfate) has been selected to produce micrometric particles. By varying the total concentration of polysaccharide and the charge ratio between polyanion and polycation, it is possible to obtain variable sizes. As these microparticles were not stable, they were stabilized by chemical crosslinking. An antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone family, ciprofloxacin, with a large spectrum of activity, was entrapped in the micoparticles. Microbiological tests were carried out in planktonics and biofilms on different strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Loaded ciprofloxacin exhibits greater antibacterial activity (MIC, CMB and CMEB). Moreover, the chitosan / alginate-based MPs are more active than those consisting of chitosan / dextran sulfate. Finally, a grafting of an antiprotein A antibody was carried out on chitosan / alginate microparticles loaded with ciprofloxacin. These modified microparticles exhibit a slightly improved antibacterial activity compared to loaded ciprofloxaxin microparticles whitoutantibody.

The aim of this work was to gain new knowledge about mechanisms of autoimmune uveitis and to test new therapeutic possibilities that have not yet been studied in uveitis or whose effect is questionable. The main emphasis was placed on the role of microorganisms in the process of uveitis. A mouse model of experimental autoimmune uveitis including a germ-free model was used to achieve the aims and samples of patients' intraocular fluids were analyzed. In the experimental model, the intensity of inflammation was evaluated in vivo clinically and post mortem histologically. The effect of immunomodulatory treatment was evaluated. The intensity of inflammation was compared between groups of germ-free and conventional mice. The therapeutic effect of antibiotics administered to affect microbiome was investigated in conventional mice. In intraocular fluid samples of patients with autoimmune uveitis signs of infection were monitored and levels of cytokines and other factors were evaluated. Evaluation of the effect of immunomodulatory therapy has demonstrated the efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil, which supports its wider use in the treatment of autoimmune posterior uveitis in human medicine. The decrease in bacterial load has led to a decrease in the intensity of inflammation, thereby confirming the importance of...

Ce travail étudie la faisabilité de différents procédés d’oxydation avancée (POAs) pour le traitement d’eaux usées industrielles. Le secteur visé est l’industrie pharmaceutique, les essais ont été menés sur des eaux synthétiques contenant deux molécules modèles: le paracétamol et la ciprofloxacine. Les procédés étudiés dans ce travail sont l’ozonation, la sonochimie, le traitement par radiation gamma et la dégradation par radiation ultraviolet. Ces techniques sont envisagées en mono-traitement ou en combinaison avec des oxydants et/ou des catalyseurs (peroxyde d’hydrogène, réactif de Fenton et zéolite Fe/MFI). Pour chaque procédé, l'influence de différents paramètres opératoires est analysée et interprétée dans l'objectif de déterminer les meilleures conditions pour la conversion et la minéralisation du chaque polluant. Parmi les paramètres étudiés se trouvent le pH, la concentration en oxydant, la concentration du catalyseur, la dose de la radiation gamma, la fréquence et la puissance ultrasonore. Des effets synergiques importants sont trouvés pour l’ozonation catalytique et pour le photo-Fenton par rapport aux procédés seuls. D’un point de vue purement énergétique, les traitements les plus efficaces sont l’oxydation radio- Fenton et l’oxydation photo-Fenton. Sur la base de ces résultats, un photo-réacteur solaire à recirculation est mis en oeuvre pour traiter par oxydation photo-Fenton des solutions synthétiques préparées avec un mélange de paracétamol et de ciprofloxacine dans l’eau du robinet mais aussi avec des eaux usées réelles dopées avec les deux composés. Dans les deux cas, la dégradation des molécules dépasse 95% dans les 15 premières minutes et la minéralisation dépasse 55% en 180 minutes. / In this work, the feasibility of paracetamol and ciprofloxacin degradation by different advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) was investigated. These molecules are representative of pharmaceutical pollutants found in wastewater. The used processes were the ozonation, the high frequency ultrasound, the gamma radiation and the ultraviolet radiation, alone or in combination with oxidizers and/or catalysts (hydrogen peroxide, Fenton’s reagent and zeolite Fe/MFI). The influence of different operations parameters (pH, oxidant concentration, catalyst concentration, gamma radiation dose and ultrasonic power and frequency) for each processes were studied, in order to determine the optimal operating ranges for the degradation and mineralization of the pharmaceuticals pollutants. Results showed marked synergistic effects by combining individual processes with hydrogen peroxide or Fenton’s reagent, being the most important synergy factors those corresponding to the heterogeneous catalytic ozonation and photo-Fenton processes. Taking into account the energy consumption, the mineralization and the synergy factor, the most effective treatments were radio-Fenton oxidation and photo-Fenton oxidation. Optimal conditions for photo-Fenton oxidation were studied in an open channel reactor at bench scale in tap water and in a real matrix from a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Samples were spiked with a mixture of the pharmaceuticals. In both cases 95% degradation within the first 15 minutes was achieved and its mineralization exceeded 55% in three hours.

Saskatchewan is the only province in Canada to have routinely tested the antimicrobial susceptibility of all provincially reported human cases of campylobacteriosis. From 1999 to 2006, 1378 human Campylobacter species infections were tested for susceptibility at the Saskatchewan Disease Control Laboratory using the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance panel and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) breakpoints. Of these, 1200 were C. jejuni, 129 were C. coli, with the remaining made up of C. lari, C. laridis, C. upsaliensis and undifferentiated Campylobacter species. Campylobacter coli had significantly higher prevalences of ciprofloxacin resistance (CIPr), erythromycin resistance (ERYr), combined CIPr-ERYr resistance and multidrug resistance (to three or greater drug classes) than C. jejuni. Logistic regression models indicated that CIPr in C. jejuni decreased from 1999 to 2004 and subsequently increased in 2005 and 2006. The risk of CIPr was significantly increased in the winter months (January to March) compared to other seasons. A comparison of logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard survival models found that the latter were better able to detect significant temporal trends in CIPr and tetracycline resistance by directly modeling MICs, but that these trends were more difficult to interpret. Scan statistics detected significant spatial clusters of CIPr C. jejuni infections in urban centers (Saskatoon and Regina) and temporal clusters in the winter months; the space-time permutation model did not detect any space-time clusters. Bernoulli scan tests were computationally the fastest for cluster detection, compared to ordinal MIC and multinomial antibiogram models. eBURST analysis of antibiogram patterns showed a marked distinction between case and non-case isolates from the scan statistic clusters. Multilevel logistic regression models detected significant individual and regional contextual risk factors for infection with CIPr C. jejuni. Patients infected in the winter, that were between the ages of 40-45 years of age, that lived in urban regions and that lived in regions of moderately high poultry density had higher risks of a resistant infection. These results advance the epidemiologic knowledge of CIPr C. jejuni in Saskatchewan and provide novel analytical methods for antimicrobial resistance surveillance data in Canada. / Saskatchewan Disease Control Laboratory (Saskatchewan Ministry of Health); Laboratory for Foodborne Zoonoses (Public Health Agency of Canada); Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (Public Health Agency of Canada); Ontario Veterinary College Blake Graham Fellowship