Reverse Logistics (RL) is complex to be managed due to the uncertainty involved e.g. the quality range of products, timing of product returns, and volume of returns. A robust RL design can contribute to increase the effectiveness of RL operations. Therefore, an RL design framework needs to be formalised. Circular economy (CE) focuses on supporting the separation of treatments between technical and biological materials in maximising the design for reuse to return to the biosphere and retain value through innovations across fields. The aim of the research is to develop a new framework to design RL operations based on CE values that can increase the effectiveness and efficiency of RL operations. This research has been conducted through the qualitative research involving cases in product recovery (PR) options that are analysed in-depth. Literature review and interview are the main methods of this research. A test was conducted by interviewing expert and respondents to obtain the expert view and test the research result which is a developed framework to design RL based on CE values. The testing engaged five criteria (usability, feasibility, consistency, effectiveness, and utility). The formal RL design framework, 15 CE values, framework to design RL based on CE values specifically PR options (repair, refurbishment, remanufacturing, and cannibalisation) are main research findings. The research contributes academically to the development of a formal RL design framework and to the identification, reformulation, redefinition, and implementation of CE values. The research can be used as a basis for an effective design of RL that takes into account the economic, environmental, and social impacts. The research can be used as a guideline or an appraisal tool in designing/modifying RL based on CE values that can support the implementation of a single RL operation and also RL based on CE.

Our planet is threatened by a rapidly changing climate, alarming resource depletion and a steadily rising population growth. This calls for intensified sustainable practices within businesses of all sizes and industries. In recent years this resulted in a wholly new model called the circular economy. Inherent to this is the Cradle to Cradle framework which seeks to design and create commodities in such a way that the impact on the environment, i.e. the carbon footprint is neutralised. Significant efforts are currently being undertaken in Europe and the United States in various sectors with a recent focus on transforming the fashion industry. The literature finds that that there is generally still little known in this area, there was barely any evidence of this change taking in New Zealand. The objective of this research is to explore this and to eventually build a theoretical understanding to what extent Cradle to Cradle plays a role within the fashion industry. This was achieved by employing the grounded theory method. Data was collected by conducting semi-structured interviews with owners-managers supplemented by secondary data such as sustainability reports. In line with grounded theory principles, open and selective coding, theoretical sampling and constant comparison were used to analyse all data within the Nvivo 10 Software. The theory showed that somewhat severe resource constraints and an occurring loss of transparency by outsourcing manufacturing operations to overseas locations impede the shift towards the circular economy at present. This research contributes to sustainable development literature by providing a comprehensive model of how the uptake of sustainable practices is influenced and dependent on multiple aspects and therefore fosters the understanding of a complex, intertwined and intransparent industry. Furthermore, this research benefits companies and business networks alike.

During the use phase of products, a series of obsolescing factors contribute to why a product is disposed of. Currently the visual state of a product is considered primarily in terms of aesthetic obsolescence which is synonymous with influential factors such as changes in fashion or personal preferences in style. The physical condition of a product is not commonly understood within the context of product replacement and the physical changes due to use are not understood fully. The research contributes to and provides original empirical research findings for the current literature on product lifetime extension, material semantics, the circular economy, emotionally durable design and material culture. Through an initial exploratory study (Photographic Analysis (PA) Study) of previously unexplained types of wear and damage that occur on portable electronic devices a taxonomy of damage (TOD) was established which provided the nomenclature for further studies. The second study (Retrospective Assessment (RA) Study) established the attitudes to wear based on the wear type, location, material and the stage during ownership that the wear occurred at. The RA Study highlighted the differences in the attitudinal responses to differing types of wear and damage and identified the differences in the temporal assessments of wear and damage. A third study (Real Time Assessment (RTA) Study) aimed to confirm or repudiate the findings found in the RA Study. The focus during the study was attitudes to the wear and damage in relation to the differences in materials, the location of the wear and the type of wear and damage was also looked at and led to a fuller understanding of how products and materials are perceived during the use phase; a stage of the product lifetime that is not currently well understood in terms of users aesthetic or cosmetic sensibilities. The final study (Semantic Perception of Materials (SPM) Study) focused on the visual and tactile perceptions of materials. The study established attitudinal perceptions of wear and damage of materials with a quantitative research methodology which has produced a better understanding of material semantics within the context of electronic objects. Through the four studies, discussion topics arose and major findings of the doctoral study were drawn out and seen to be interesting enough for further research and study. These discussions include the importance of including cosmetic obsolescence into the lexicon of product obsolescence and product lifetime extension literature, the differences in the perceptions of materials when they are within the context of a product or being assessed as samples, how differing product contexts affect user perceptions of wear and damage on materials and the potential inclusion of a material wear index that could inform the material selection process that goes further than the technical aspects outlined in current material selection tools and literature.

The aim of this study is to analyze how the concept of circular economy is viewed and defined within the Swedish public sector. Discourse analysis was applied to the semi-structured interviews conducted with employees who work with circular economy projects at local, regional and national institutions. The research found that circular economy was perceived as a way to face resource limitations through continuous circulation of materials, which could also foster economic growth decoupled from extraction of finite resource. Actors perceived as important for the transition to a circular economy are: public sector, business, researchers and civil society, who are believed to be motivated by the notion that a circular economy will lead to a more sustainable society. Furthermore, it is assumed that different partners will work together towards the common goal of circular economy. In addition, the circular economy concept seems to offer a different rhetorical way of approaching environmental problems. The implications of this study could be used to deepen understandings of how circular economy could be implemented.

The purpose of this study was to examine and compare what causes some municipalities to work with and market their sustainability work in circle economy and what causes some other municipalities not to do so. The study focused on six municipalities, three who worked with and marketed their sustainability work and three who didn’t. Through telephone interviews a representative from each municipalitiey answered; how they defined circular economy, what drove/not drove them to work with circular economy, what difficulties there is with circular economy in the public sector and how the municipalities work can be improved. The results showed that the definition of the economic model was about the same, what differed was their knowledge about the importance of product design. Knowledge and interest in circular economy was two of the causes of why municipalities worked with the model. The fact that the issue was not a priority and the lack of resources from politicians seemed to be two determining factors of why the municipalities’ interest in working with circular economy was small. Sweden’s government needed to act in the question and focus more on top-down instead on today’s down-top work. The municipalities needed to get guidelines and support to make decisions that promoted circular economy since it was an important part of a sustainable development.

The current linear “take, make and dispose” economic model is not sustainable, therefore we need to move towards a circular economy. The society faces a major challenge and as experts and advisors to the society, the consultancy companies play a key role in the transition. The purpose of this study was to investigate how a consultancy company work with the circular economy concept today and how the concept further can be integrated into the company to meet future challenges. Qualitative interviews with eleven representatives from the consultancy company Ramboll were made. All the interviews were recorded and the collected data was analyzed in a qualitative analysis. The results showed a high awareness of the circular economy concept and that Ramboll can offer customers help in their progress towards a circular economy. The demand of circular services is currently low but it will probably increase in the future, both with respect to existing services but also new types of assignments.To meet the future demand the company needs to ensure knowledge within the company, raise awareness and concretize the concept throughout the company. The Nordic countries have an opportunity to be the forerunner in the transition to a circular economy but to do so, one must focus on the issue. If Sweden seriously starts to strive for a circular economy, much help and support will be needed and the consulting companies can be very helpful if they are prepared and have the competence.

The world’s 7 billion inhabitants depend on chemical fertilizers to meet the growing demand for food. The phosphorus used in fertilizer is sourced from ancient sedimentary deposits of Phosphate Rock (PR), largely in the form of carbonate calcium phosphate, called carbonate apatite, which resembles bone. PR is non-renewable and Canada’s reserves are extremely limited; currently, all 1,400,000 tonnes of phosphorus products used annually are imported. This project investigates a novel method to recycle phosphorus from municipal wastewater in a form that will enable its reuse as a fertilizer, through a reaction with CaCO3 from limestone and waste CO2 (g). This will contribute to the nascent circular nutrient economy within Canada. A review of the current state of phosphorus and nutrient recycling is presented, including a plan for establishing the Canadian Nutrient Platform. A series of inorganic phosphate (PO4-, or Pi) solutions was prepared to simulate the concentrations found in Ottawa’s municipal wastewater, between 2.5-30 mM Pi. These solutions were mixed with CaCO3 solutions that were highly supersaturated through a carbon capture technique. Batch tests successfully reduced the [Pi] and [Ca2+], as measured by colorimetry, and precipitate formed. These results were subsequently repeated in a continuous stirred lab-scale reactor. These precipitation products were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Raman Spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction, and carbon coulometry to measure carbonate content. This analysis confirmed the presence of both Pi and CO3 in a bone-like, carbonate apatite. Although other technologies are being explored to recycle phosphorus from wastewater streams, this is the first indication that it may be possible to precipitate a carbonate apatite by mixing two waste streams, municipal waste water and CO2 (g), with cost-effective CaCO3.

This paper explores how policy makers want a transition towards circular economy to look like and what solutions they visualize, with a focus on the why(?) arguments. By analyzing the discourse in states official roadmaps towards circular economy, this study forms an understanding for what motivates a transition. The findings show that the possibilities for economic gains and the creation of new markets are the main purpose to change. In addition to that, whenever the survivability of humanity and the environment was arguments for a change, it in almost all cases came back to the economical outsets with such transition, how much money can be gained/saved.

This theses presents a discussion on the symbiotic relationship between the economic development and environmental protection. The presentation is based upon an extensive literature overview with a strong focus on Chinese research publications.

More resources are being defined as critical, which can be attributed to the linear economy of ‘take, make and dispose’. An alternative is to implement the circular economy (CE) which could reduce several negative effects, among other things resource depletion. The aim of this thesis is to identify what current sustainability indicators are lacking to assess a resource with the CE concept. This is done by developing CE core indicators, which then are compared with sustainability indicators. The life cycle of rare earth elements (REE) is used as a case study to validate the CE core indicators. To achieve this literature studies and comparative analysis will be performed. Existing definitions and indicators of CE were studied to compile a complete set of core indicators. These compiled CE core indicators were then compared with adapted United Nation (UN) sustainability indicators. The UN indicators were chosen after analysing several different sustainability indicator system and their compatibility with the resource perspective. The main differences between the UN indicators and CE core indicators is that the UN indicators does not include economic aspects such as market diversity and social aspects such as consumption behaviour. However, the UN indicator system includes transportation and governance that could be beneficial to include into the CE concept. The economic viability to perform the CE analysis and non-existing CE indicators for companies and countries were identified as two barriers that could hinder development and efficient use of a CE indicator system. A way to increase the economic viability is to use already generated data for the CE indicator analysis, though the economical aspect has to be studied further. The non-existing CE indicators for companies and countries are counted as a barrier due to the risk of sub-optimisation of one resource. Additionally, the CE indicator results could be misinterpreted to blame a few for the problems of the resource instead of using the results to improve all parts of the life cycle. Further research is also needed to investigate how, or even if, social aspects such as culture and society could be indicated within a CE indicator system. In conclusion, the UN indicator system could be a good baseline to develop a CE indicator system for a resource though further research is needed.