published_or_final_version / English Studies / Master / Master of Arts

This paper examines the archaeological data collected during the 2008 and 2009 seasons at the Maya settlement, Hun Tun, in northwestern Belize. Hun Tun was initially identified in 2008 where preliminary investigations have focused on survey, mapping and testing courtyard spaces. Architectural evidence and material culture will be discussed generally in terms of chronology and possible function. Ceramic analysis suggests a single occupation with a Late Classic hiatus. Analysis of field research will be limited to studies of settlement patterns, chronological sequencing of courtyard spaces and proposed function of limestone features. These initial field seasons have yielded information pertaining to socioeconomic status, sociopolitical interaction and potential hypotheses related to these topics. Future research at Hun Tun is presented with an emphasis on household archaeology. / text

While most scholars agree that the development of increasingly sophisticated computer-based technologies over the past thirty years and their ubiquitous use in work settings are important technological transformations, it is still question whether they constitute large-scale and meaningful social transformations. In this dissertation, it is argued that transformations cannot be understood by studying technologies in isolated and circumscribed analyses, rather they must be understood in the historical and socio-political context of their development and use. Several important questions are being asked: Will social relations in work settings be transformed so that they are more collaborative and less hierarchical, as many proponents of new group support systems predict? Will workers in computer-using organizations share equally in the production and control of skills and knowledge? Or will the use of new technologies reinforce and reproduce the current distribution of power, authority and knowledge in organizations? In order to answer these questions, a meta-analytic framework is developed. It comprises a continuum from micro- to macro-social interaction contexts, including six key fields of action surrounding the use of new technologies: (1) design; (2) use; (3) infrastructure of support; (4) work group governance; (5) organizational contexts; and (6) organizational fields. Four field studies are conducted with in vivo, ongoing organizational work groups using three new computer-based information technologies. There is little indication that hierarchical forms of work group governance are being restructured along the lines of more flexible and collaborative forms of work organization. There is, however, some evidence for power shifts among relatively disenfranchised high status participants in ongoing project teams. In addition, distinctive cultures emerged in ongoing groups that used group collaboration systems. In the desktop computing and desktop group support system work groups, skills and knowledge about their own computing environment were differentially distributed, so that lower status workers were less knowledgeable. Thus, the routine use of new technologies is most likely to reinforce the current distribution of authority and power in organizations.

Architectural historians have always seen the Islamic city and Islamic house as unsystematic in design and layout. In this work I show that there is a basic spatial symbolism predating, and then adopted by, Islam, based on three major concepts. The first is that there is a residual notion of center as something sacred; secondly that instead of dichotomies or binary oppositions space in Islamic architecture is a continuum and lastly that the center of the center, whether or not it has any visible symbolism, (fountain for example) is an axis mundi, or vertical axis to the heavens. These features are seen not just in urban and housing designs, but also in mosques, madrassas, and garden layouts.

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This thesis examines the concept of the state in the context of the Indus River Valley, located in northwest India and Pakistan. In the first section, I synthesize several popular trends in state discussion from both inside and outside of archaeological theory. I then apply my synthesized approach to state definition to the archaeological record from the Indus River Valley. The resulting work visits both the concept of the state and the rich cultural history of the Indus Civilization. I determine that there was a state in the Indus River Valley, but that the Indus state was very different from others scholars have identified in the archaeological record.

M.A. (Greek) / The three mutually divided parallels of space, time and the peoples who crossed the Mediterranean, transformed the militant disposition of the Greek people into the athletic ideal. This competitive spirit accompanies the Greeks since the Age of Mythology: it formulates their legends, is linked with their religion, is included in their martial acts, serves as the foundation of their education and is conveyed in all forms of their lives. Crete, the island where we encounter the first indications of the subsequent athletic Greek spirit, lies on the border between the eastern peoples and Egypt on the one hand and Mycenaean Greece on the other. When the historical fate of the Greeks scatters them in the most remote regions, the athletic ideal will compromise the conjunctive link amongst them, which is expressed by their involvement in the Pan-Hellenic games. The five days of the Olympic Games, which constituted a feast of the body and spirit and were manifested by the participation of citizens from all the Greek city – states, ensconced the idea of pan Hellenic unity. During the Hellenistic Age, when Hellenism rooted, the long-lived public institution of the games also deeply established itself. The Olympic Games presented the first signs of decline during the 4th century A.D. Ever since the subjugation of Greece to the Romans, having been cut off from the roots which gave birth to them, the Games progressively to began decline until finally they were abolished, while new ideological doctrines, such as Christianity, began to prevail in the world of the Eastern Mediterranean. During the 18th century, the deeper search of classic antiquity by traditional humanism, presents the demand of reconstitution of the Olympic Games by Baron Pierre de Coubertin. The Games are reestablished in Athens in 1896 and the Zappeia Olympics serve as the connecting link with the ancient Greek Olympic Games. Since 1896 up to this date, 28 contemporary Olympiads, which have traveled to various cities of the world, have taken place, having already completed 108 years of existence. Today the Olympic Games constitute the leading athletic event of our planet as well as the celebration of peace and coexistence amongst peoples. On the threshold of the 21st century, humanists, who for centuries have ensured the unity and universality of education, propose the introduction of the subject of ‘Olympic Education’ in schools. Today, in the dawn of the 3rd millenium, the Olympic Games which fulfill an ecumenical mission, returned to the country where they were born and to the city where they were revived. In the year 2004 Greece was called upon to elect the Olympic ideals, placing athletics in the service of peace.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences. / Department of Communication

A proposta deste trabalho é refletir de que forma a construção do horror presente em alguns contos de Horácio Quiroga revela aspectos da dicotomia, civilização e barbárie do Facundo de Sarmiento. Trata-se de buscar entender os contornos que o horror recebe deste contista uruguaio, a partir do horizonte estético e temático das suas influências ou pressupostos, bem como discutir alguns aspectos possíveis do Estado Nacional Argentino em suas fantasmagorias, enquanto espaço de inclusão e exclusão de atores e cenários sociais e históricos. / The purpose of this paper is to reflect on how the construction of horror in some tales of Horacio Quiroga reveals aspects of dichotomy, civilization and barbarism of Facundo de Sarmiento. It seeks to understand the contours that receives this Uruguayan horror short story writer, from the aesthetic and thematic horizon of their influence or assumptions, as well as discuss some possible aspects of the Argentine Government in its phantasmagoria, for as much as an area of inclusion and exclusion of actors and social and historical settings.

著者 李廣健. / 稿本複印本. / Thesis (M.A.)--香港中文大學, 1990. / Gao ben fu yin ben. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 206-217). / zhu zhe Li Guangjian. / Thesis (M.A.)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 1990. / Chapter 第一章 --- 前言 --- p.1 / Chapter 第二章 --- 文化傳播與媒介人物 --- p.8 / Chapter 第三章 --- 官方的媒介人物-使節 --- p.21 / Chapter (一) --- 南北互派使節的頻密程度 --- p.21 / Chapter (二) --- 南北使節出身背景 --- p.23 / Chapter 甲、 --- 北朝胡人使節的問題 --- p.23 / Chapter 乙、 --- 南北使節出身的比較 --- p.26 / Chapter (三) --- 個別使節出使的密度與逗留時 間 --- p.27 / Chapter (四) --- 使節接觸的人物階層 --- p.33 / Chapter (五) --- 小結 --- p.39 / Chapter 第四章 --- 非官方的媒介人物 --- p.53 / Chapter 第一節 --- 僧侶 --- p.53 / Chapter (一) --- 僧傳所載南北僧侶的活動 --- p.53 / Chapter (二) --- 南北朝僧侶南下、北上的原因 --- p.56 / Chapter (三) --- 南來北往僧侶的學識及接觸的 人物 --- p.66 / Chapter (四) --- 小結 --- p.70 / Chapter 第二節 --- 荒人 --- p.80 / Chapter (一) --- 邊荒的出現 --- p.80 / Chapter (二) --- 南北朝的邊荒 --- p.81 / Chapter (三) --- 史籍中所見的荒人 --- p.84 / Chapter (四) --- 荒人溝通南北的作用 --- p.89 / Chapter (五) --- 小結 --- p.92 / Chapter 第三節 --- 降人 --- p.101 / Chapter (一) --- 降人的産生原因及出身背景 --- p.101 / Chapter (二) --- 降人的數量及待遇 --- p.110 / Chapter (三) --- 小結 --- p.120 / Chapter 第五章 --- 對峙時期的文化接觸（上） -衣飾和飲食 --- p.126 / Chapter (一) --- 服飾形制 --- p.127 / Chapter (二) --- 飲食習慣 --- p.134 / Chapter 第六章 --- 對峙時期的文化接觸（下） -墓葬和書籍 --- p.148 / Chapter (三) --- 墓葬制度（附論宮室建造） --- p.148 / Chapter (四) --- 書籍 --- p.152 / Chapter (五) --- 小結 --- p.163 / Chapter 第七章 --- 結論 --- p.173 / Chapter 附錄 --- 《附表一》 --- p.177 / 《附表二》 --- p.192 / 《附表三》 --- p.193 / 《附表四》 --- p.195 / 《附表五》 --- p.196 / 《附圖一》 --- p.198 / 《附圖二》 --- p.199 / 《附圔三》 --- p.200 / 《附圖四》 --- p.201 / 《附圔五》 --- p.202 / 《附圖六》 --- p.203 / 《附圖七》 --- p.204 / 《附圖八》 --- p.205 / 參考書目 --- p.206