La question des rapports entre systématique phylogénétique et biologie évolutive est abordée sous l'angle de la fondation problématique des concepts, principes et règles de la première sur les hypothèses que formule la seconde concernant les processus évolutifs. La question de la nature et du rôle des hypothèses évolutives utilisées par la cladistique est posée à chaque étape de la méthode : formation de taxons de bases, formulation d'hypothèses d'homologie primaires, mise à l'épreuve de ces hypothèses avec la construction de cladogrammes et dérivation de classifications. L'analyse des choix effectués par les cladistes des années 1950 à 1980 aboutit à la caractérisation de trois rôles joués par la théorie de l'évolution dans la cladistique: ceux de théorie fondatrice, de théorie auxiliaire et de théorie d'arrière-plan. / The question of the relationships between phylogenetic systematics and evolutionary biology is discussed in terms of the problematical foundation of the concepts, principles and rules of the former upon the assumptions that the latter formulates about evolutionary processes. The question of the nature and role of evolutionary hypotheses used by cladistics is asked at each step of the method : formation of basic taxa, formulation of primary homology hypotheses, test of these hypotheses with the building of cladograms, and derivation of classifications. The analysis of the choices made by cladists from the 1950s to the 1980s leads to the characterization of three roles played by the theory of evolution in cladistics: those of founding theory, auxiliary theory and background theory.

This work analysed phylogenetic utility of several characters associated with basic coloration, moulting and whorls in Cervidae via comparison of these traits with relatively robust phylogeny of this group based on several morphological, ethological and molecular data. I was able to detect probable evolutionary history of some selected traits, their ancestral state and synapomorphies of recognized clades.

Orientador: Nilton Luiz de Souza / Banca: Edson Luiz Furtado / Banca: Marli Teixeira de Almeida Minhoni / Banca: Luiz Eduardo Aranha de Camargo / Banca: Eiko Kuramae / Resumo: Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn (teleomorfico: Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk) e um fungo basidiomycota, fitopatogeno anamorfico com uma ampla gama de hospedeiros, incluindo mais de 500 generos de plantas. Causam doencas em varias culturas importantes no mundo, infectando sementes, raizes, folhas, hastes e frutos. A diversidade genetica de 274 isolados de Rhizoctonia spp. coletados, em diversas partes do mundo, foram caracterizados utilizando-se a analise de sequencia da regiao ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2, para avaliar o grau de variabilidade genetica dentro e entre grupos de anastomose (AGs), incluindo os isolados padroes dos respectivos AGs. A arvore filogenetica gerada pela analise das sequencias da regiao ITS foi suportada por 66% gbootstraph para a separacao em nove maiores grupos. De maneira geral, o agrupamento dos isolados de Rhizoctonia spp. ocorreu de acordo com os grupos de anastomose ja previamente determinados. A similaridade de sequencias entre isolados de mesmo hospedeiro, mas de diferente origem geografica foi elevada. Por exemplo, isolados de melao do Brasil e Espanha mostraram 97,2% de similaridade na regiao ITS1 e de 98,6 a 99,3 % na regiao ITS2. Isolados de batata do Brasil e da Espanha mostram similaridade de sequencia de 94%. Para melhorar a qualidade das sequencias da regiao ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 dos isolados CBS316.84 (Waitea circinata) e CBS569.83 (Ceratobasidium globisporum) foram gerados clones, e a analise das sequencias dos clones apresentaram variacao de 94,9 a 100 % de identidade 2 entre os clones do isolado CBS316.84 e de 91,9 ate 100 % para os clones do isolado CBS569.83. Os 44 isolados selecionados previamente, a partir do cladograma gerado da regiao ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 foram submetidos ao sequenciamento dos genes ATP sintase subunidade 6 mitocondrial (ATP6), fator de elongacao 1-alpha (EF-1ƒ¿), RNA polimerase 2 (RPB2) e a regiao ITS. As arvores filogeneticas baseadas na analise gneighbor-joiningh geradas a partir das... / Abstract: Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn (teleomorph: Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk) is an anamorphic plant pathogenic basidiomycota fungus with a wide host range, including more than 500 genera of higher plants. Species cause disease in several important crops worldwide by infecting the seeds, roots, leaves, stems and fruits. Two hundred seventy four isolates from plant pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia spp. collected worldwide was characterized using ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 sequence analysis to assess the degree of genetic variability within and among anastomosis groups (AGs), including tester isolates of the respective AGs. Within the ITS phylogenetic tree, there was support (66% bootstrap value) for the separation into nine major groups. In general the clustering isolates of Rhizoctonia species agreed with previously determined anastomosis groups. Nucleotide sequence similarity between isolates from the same host but from different geographic origin was high e.g. isolates from melon from Brazil and Spain showed from 97.2 % similarity in ITS1 region and 98.6 to 99.3 % in ITS2 region. Potato isolates from Brazil and Spain showed a sequence similarity about 94%. Several isolates from the same geographic origin were found closely related to different anastomosis groups such as isolates from potato, tomato, soybeans, beans, sugar beet and have been reported different symptoms around the world. Were generated cloning of ITS region from CBS 316.84 (Waitea circinata) and CBS 569.83 (Ceratobasidium globisporum) isolates to improve the sequence quality. The clones showed 94.9 to 100% and 91.9 to 100% identity respectively. Fourty four isolates were selected from the ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 phylogenetic tree for sequencing using the genes of ssembling the Fungal tree of Life (AFTOL) such as ATP 4 synthase subunit 6 mitocondrial (ATP6), elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1ƒ¿) and RNA polymerase 2 (RPB2). The phylogenetic tree generated by sequences of EF-1ƒ¿ and RPB2 in general. / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:34:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-05-05Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:25:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 nakatani_ak_dr_fca.pdf: 853202 bytes, checksum: df12fbbfd3cd127e44acff93e2b14eff (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn (teleomorfico: Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk) e um fungo basidiomycota, fitopatogeno anamorfico com uma ampla gama de hospedeiros, incluindo mais de 500 generos de plantas. Causam doencas em varias culturas importantes no mundo, infectando sementes, raizes, folhas, hastes e frutos. A diversidade genetica de 274 isolados de Rhizoctonia spp. coletados, em diversas partes do mundo, foram caracterizados utilizando-se a analise de sequencia da regiao ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2, para avaliar o grau de variabilidade genetica dentro e entre grupos de anastomose (AGs), incluindo os isolados padroes dos respectivos AGs. A arvore filogenetica gerada pela analise das sequencias da regiao ITS foi suportada por 66% gbootstrap h para a separacao em nove maiores grupos. De maneira geral, o agrupamento dos isolados de Rhizoctonia spp. ocorreu de acordo com os grupos de anastomose ja previamente determinados. A similaridade de sequencias entre isolados de mesmo hospedeiro, mas de diferente origem geografica foi elevada. Por exemplo, isolados de melao do Brasil e Espanha mostraram 97,2% de similaridade na regiao ITS1 e de 98,6 a 99,3 % na regiao ITS2. Isolados de batata do Brasil e da Espanha mostram similaridade de sequencia de 94%. Para melhorar a qualidade das sequencias da regiao ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 dos isolados CBS316.84 (Waitea circinata) e CBS569.83 (Ceratobasidium globisporum) foram gerados clones, e a analise das sequencias dos clones apresentaram variacao de 94,9 a 100 % de identidade 2 entre os clones do isolado CBS316.84 e de 91,9 ate 100 % para os clones do isolado CBS569.83. Os 44 isolados selecionados previamente, a partir do cladograma gerado da regiao ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 foram submetidos ao sequenciamento dos genes ATP sintase subunidade 6 mitocondrial (ATP6), fator de elongacao 1-alpha (EF-1 ¿), RNA polimerase 2 (RPB2) e a regiao ITS. As arvores filogeneticas baseadas na analise gneighbor-joining h geradas a partir das... / Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn (teleomorph: Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk) is an anamorphic plant pathogenic basidiomycota fungus with a wide host range, including more than 500 genera of higher plants. Species cause disease in several important crops worldwide by infecting the seeds, roots, leaves, stems and fruits. Two hundred seventy four isolates from plant pathogenic fungus Rhizoctonia spp. collected worldwide was characterized using ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 sequence analysis to assess the degree of genetic variability within and among anastomosis groups (AGs), including tester isolates of the respective AGs. Within the ITS phylogenetic tree, there was support (66% bootstrap value) for the separation into nine major groups. In general the clustering isolates of Rhizoctonia species agreed with previously determined anastomosis groups. Nucleotide sequence similarity between isolates from the same host but from different geographic origin was high e.g. isolates from melon from Brazil and Spain showed from 97.2 % similarity in ITS1 region and 98.6 to 99.3 % in ITS2 region. Potato isolates from Brazil and Spain showed a sequence similarity about 94%. Several isolates from the same geographic origin were found closely related to different anastomosis groups such as isolates from potato, tomato, soybeans, beans, sugar beet and have been reported different symptoms around the world. Were generated cloning of ITS region from CBS 316.84 (Waitea circinata) and CBS 569.83 (Ceratobasidium globisporum) isolates to improve the sequence quality. The clones showed 94.9 to 100% and 91.9 to 100% identity respectively. Fourty four isolates were selected from the ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 phylogenetic tree for sequencing using the genes of ssembling the Fungal tree of Life (AFTOL) such as ATP 4 synthase subunit 6 mitocondrial (ATP6), elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1 ¿) and RNA polymerase 2 (RPB2). The phylogenetic tree generated by sequences of EF-1 ¿ and RPB2 in general.