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Lean refers to the concepts of Lean operations, Lean principle, Lean philosophy, etc. It is what people often talk about in operation management. Clean refers to the concepts of being green, environmental friendly, less environmental impact, etc. These two words seem to be unrelated, but somehow connected. In this thesis, we explored the linking between Lean and environmental issues; analyze the possible benefits of coordination between Lean and environment. In the case study, we assessed the overall Lean performance of Alderholmens mekaniska, a local manufacturing company in Gävle, Sweden. This company was seeking for solutions of their environmental wastes in the production. We found that Lean activities could be used to achieve environmental objectives. Lean methods are capable of reducing environmental waste. To coordinate Lean and environmental issues could foster an organizational culture of continuous improvement in order to encourage people to improve for better overall performance; this also benefits the environmental performance. Based on the observation in the company, and the questionnaire made during an interview with their Lean specialist, we gave some proposals on Lean implementation with emphasis on environmental issues, in order to solve their problems of environmental wastes and, furthermore, improve the performance.

One of the main challenges that investors in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project face is the management of the volatility of the price of Certified Emission Reduction (CERs). Large scale CDM projects require a long-term investment with significant amount of costs, and this type of investment is often irreversible. Project investors should quantitatively assess the CER trigger price that justifies the initiation of a CDM investment. The traditional discounted cash flow valuation is unable to capture the option value associated with uncertain investment, and thus it tends to underestimate the trigger price which initiates the investment. Real options theory explicitly considers the option value of delayed investment and can provide a better measurement of the trigger price. This paper presents a theoretical model of the CDM investment project and derives the CER trigger prices that guide investment decisions by using historical market data. It develops a stochastic dynamic programming model for both the geometric Brownian motion process and the mean-reverting process. An analytical solution for the trigger price is derived for the former process, and the trigger price is numerically estimated for the latter. By considering various parameter values, it analyzes the effects of different market environments on the trigger price.

In recent years, the demand for higher cleanliness and air quality control of the indoor environment is increasing especially during the manufacturing process. Although different design standards and codes were adapted worldwide, the air flow pattern analysis still dominates the design process. The parameters affecting the design process were cross-examined, including the air change rate, clean room sizes and layout, air supply and exhaust ports layout, unbalanced supply and exhaust air volume (QR=1.2QS), until system optimization is achieved. Furthermore, FFU system with 0.46m/s air speed was identified to be appropriate for injection module designs. In order not to increase manufacturing cost, the FFU can be design with three-fiered speed control to provide energy efficiency with space flexibility. However, in low-speed operation, the slightly positive pressure cannot be maintained properly and should be avoided to operate in unconditioned rooms.

Starting this thesis with the intention to inspire and to be inspired, I have tried to zoom out and look on designing a car from a new perspective. By telling a holistic design story rather than solving a specific problem I want people to imagine a future where one can live a modern and connected life in rural communities, all made possible after a green energy revolution. Design research, brand analysis, sketching, form verification using clay and digital modeling and advanced visualization were the main activities performed during the project. They helped me to explore, understand and successfully propose a complete story of vehicle and context. The result is BMW iMPULSE, a shared and fully autonomous vehicle that is wirelessly powered by clean energy and is always ready to support the spontaneous lifestyle

Rapid field-based assessment methods for classifying stream permanence in headwater streams are needed to accurately inform regulatory decisions regarding which streams are protected under the Clean Water Act. In North Carolina, a rapid field-based assessment method for identification of intermittent and perennial streams has been developed. The North Carolina Method (NC method) uses 26 attributes divided into three categories geomorphology, hydrology, and biology to assess a particular study reach's flow permanence. In this method, the attribute scores for a given study reach are totaled and the sum of the score is used to rank the reach as ephemeral, intermittent, or perennial. The study objective were to (1) evaluate the NC method's ability to classify the flow permanence of agricultural, low order, study reaches in Southern Illinois and (2) create empirical models that predict flow permanence at a given stream location. The results of the study show the NC method successfully differentiated ephemeral from intermittent and perennial study reaches 100% of the time. However, there was lower fidelity in differentiating between intermittent and perennial study reaches and correctly determined flow permanence 82% of the time. In two of the cases where the NC method categorized the streams incorrectly, the score was on the threshold between intermittent and ephemeral. If these study reaches were categorized during a drier period they may have scored correctly. These results suggest the NC method would be a strong foundation for the development of a rapid field-based assessment protocol method for Illinois. Regression models were developed to predict NC method scores using a variety of hydrologic, geomorphic, and land-cover metrics. Two statistically significant models (>95% confidence interval) for estimating NC method stream permanence scores were developed using these physical parameters. One of the significant regression models developed used watershed area alone as a predictor of the NC method stream permanence scores. The second significant regression model employed bankfull width, upslope surface-water area, and upslope area of grass lands. These models explained 61% and 69% of the variance in the NC method stream-permanence scores, respectively. While the regression models develop here are not capable of explicitly modeling stream-permanence class with a high degree of accuracy, they are useful for guiding stream-permanence study-site selection.

The Clean Water Act's §404 allows states to assume control of wetland dredge-and-fill permitting from the Federal Government. However, since the bill was passed in the 1970's, only two states have successfully assumed control of the permitting program. Each state that has looked into assumption has run into barriers, issues, and problems that have prevented them from successfully assuming the program. I interviewed people involved with assumption at different levels of involvement, and this thesis seeks to provide a conflict management design system that will help states overcome some of the most pernicious issues.

The advancement in computational thermodynamics can help researchers to test their hypotheses regarding complex steelmaking operations in a more quantified manner. The main aim of the current work was to use develop a kinetic model that can predict changes in steel, slag and inclusions during ladle refining and use this model as a tool to develop better understanding of the steelmaking process itself. The important reactions during ladle refining are: steel-refractory reaction, slag-refractory reaction, flotation of inclusions to slag, steel-inclusion reaction, steel-slag reaction and inclusions originating from slag. The chemical reactions between two phases were considered to be mass transfer controlled. The macro-processing feature in FactSage was used to do multiple equilibrium calculations and calculate the change in steel, slag and inclusion composition. Targeted experiments and industrial trials were conducted to find model parameters. For laboratory experiments, the rate of magnesium-transfer to oxide inclusions in steel due to steel-crucible and steel-slag reaction was studied. It was concluded that the presence of spinel layer on MgO crucible at the steel-crucible reaction can help in significantly reduce the rate of Mg pick-up due to steel-crucible reaction. For industrial trials, a comparison between the rate of steel-slag reaction and inclusion flotation rate showed that the steel-slag reaction could be significantly slowed due to slag inhomogeneity. The kinetic model was also used to identify artifacts in steel and slag sampling during ladle refining. One of the main limitations of the kinetic model was the over-prediction of calcium pick-up in steel due to steel-slag reaction. Induction furnace experiments were conducted using MgO, ZrO2 and CaO crucible with different slag composition and silicon concentration to study the extent of calcium pick-up due to steel-slag and steel-crucible reactions. The steel-CaO crucible equilibrium experiment was used to estimate Ca-O interaction parameter. The equilibrated steel was reoxidized with known amount of oxygen to allow all the dissolved calcium to precipitate as oxide inclusions. Inclusion analysis of sample taken after reoxidation was used to estimate dissolved calcium in steel. The measured dissolved calcium was used to estimate Ca-O interaction parameter. A private database for liquid steel was created in FactSage and used for kinetic modeling of laboratory scale steel-slag-crucible experiments. The use of private database for kinetic model helped in avoiding excess calcium pick-up in steel due to steel-slag reaction. However, the model and database should be tested for conditions where significant calcium pick-up is experimentally observed. In the present work, the inclusion removal was assumed to be first order reaction with fixed rate constant. In practice, the inclusion removal is expected to be a more complicated process of agglomeration and flotation. Similarly, the steel-inclusion reactions were considered in equilibrium for each time step of calculation. Sometimes, the composition difference inside single inclusions was found. Some characterization tools were used that could be useful in future to study the agglomeration of inclusions and composition differences inside single inclusion. The agglomeration behavior of inclusions at the steel-argon interface inside confocal laser scanning microscope was compared to the agglomeration in bulk samples from laboratory and industrial steel samples. The size and morphology of inclusion clusters were studied using X-ray micro CT. The composition and morphology of single inclusion was studied using focused ion beam methods: Ga-FIB instrument and plasma-FIB instrument.

Miss Clean es una empresa dedicada a la limpieza y mantenimiento de carteras para mujeres ejecutivas y modernas que no disponen de tiempo suficiente para realizar dicha actividad. La empresa está ubicada en el distrito de San Borja para atender los pedidos de nuestro público objetivo, mujeres entre los 25 y 55 años que viven en los distritos de San Borja, San isidro, Surco, La molina y Miraflores del NSE B. Gracias al análisis del entorno realizado se detectó una necesidad insatisfecha en mujeres que no encuentran un lugar confiable donde hacer el mantenimiento a sus carteras con total garantía. Miss Clean pone a disposición un servicio personalizado donde podrán contactarnos mediante nuestra página web, redes sociales y el personal de recojo se encargará de la recepción en la comodidad de su hogar o centro de laborales. Nuestro equipo de trabajo está liderado por 5 integrantes altamente calificados para la gestión de las áreas claves de la empresa. La estrategia principal para el éxito del negocio es el enfoque por diferenciación ya que contaremos con una ventaja competitiva a través de un servicio de calidad que genere valor para el cliente. Este proyecto ha sido evaluado efectivamente por diferentes indicadores financieros, obteniendo una tasa interna de retorno (TIR) de 61% y un valor actual neto (VAN) de S/458,308. Por último, confiamos que el 6.25% la rentabilidad que ofreceremos al inversionista será una propuesta atractiva para atraer el capital necesario para el desarrollo de nuestro plan de negocio. / Miss Clean is a company dedicated to the cleaning and maintenance of portfolios for executive and modern women who do not have enough time to carry out this activity. The company is located in the district of San Borja to meet the requests of our target audience, women between 25 and 55 years living in the districts of San Borja, San Isidro, Surco, La Molina and Miraflores of NSE B. Thanks to the analysis of the environment carried out, an unmet need was detected in women who do not find a reliable place to maintain their portfolios with full guarantees. Miss Clean offers a personalized service where you can contact us through our website, social networks and the pick-up staff will take care of the reception in the comfort of your home or work center. Our team is led by 5 highly qualified members for the management of key areas of the company. The main strategy for business success is the differentiation approach, since we will have a competitive advantage through a quality service that generates value for the client. This project has been effectively evaluated by different financial indicators, obtaining an internal rate of return (IRR) of 61% and a net present value (NPV) of S / 458.308. Finally, we trust that the 6.25% profitability that we offer to the investor will be an attractive proposal to attract the necessary capital for the development of our business plan. / Trabajo de investigación

As time passes, more and more code is written, and as companies owna large quantity of code, the importance of readable and easy-to-understand codeincreases. It is well known that a developer's time is spent primarily on reading and understanding source code. This study aims to answer the questions: do students and professionals in software development agree on the current state-of-the-art of source code readability, what inhibits developers from writing code with high readability, and what activities they perceive to help them write code with high readability. In this context, readability is defined as the ease with which a person can read, understand, and comprehend source code, and the effort it takes to understand the logic, relations, cohesion, and ideas behind the code. A survey was distributed by email and social media to people working in the field. The respondents were asked to answer questions about readability and three self-evaluating questions about how they work with code. Responses were analyzed and compared to the state-of-the-art in readability of source code.  A literature study was performed to determine the current state-of-the-art of source code readability.The survey result showed considerable support for the findings of the literature review. The survey results also revealed that the most significant inhibitors for writing code with high readability are connected to lack of time, and the most recognized method of increasing readability is code reviews.