Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio University, August, 2009. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references.

FACT Around 2.6 billion people worldwide lack access to adequate sanitation and hygiene.  WHY SHOULD WE CARE? Hand washing with soap shows the greatest reduction in diarrhea morbidity (over 40%), and can also reduce respiratory tract infection by about one third.  WHAT ARE WE WAITING FOR? Despite the cost effectiveness of hand washing with soap, and the fact that it is a relatively simple behavior, encouraging good hand washing practice remains a challenge. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE? This project aims to spread hand hygiene in rural Kenyan households by engaging local manufacturers. In this project, World Bank’s Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) supported preliminary consumer research and product design work for a new affordable hand washing station.

The ethics of economic sanctions is an issue that has been curiously neglected by philosophers and political theorists. Only a handful of philosophical journal articles and book chapters have ever been published on the subject; yet economic sanctions, as I will show, are significantly morally problematic and their use stands in need of moral justification. The aim of this thesis then is to consider how economic sanctions might be morally justified. Of the few writers who have considered this issue, the majority point to the analogies between economic sanctions and war and use the just war principles (just cause, proportionality etc.) as a framework within which to assess their moral permissibility. I argue that this is a mistake. The just war principles are derived from a set of complex and detailed arguments all planted firmly within the context of war. These arguments contain premises that, whilst they may hold true in the case of war, do not always hold true in the case of economic sanctions. Nevertheless, the rich just war tradition does offer a valuable starting point for theorising about economic sanctions and in the thesis I consider how the wider just war tradition might be brought to bear on the case of economic sanctions, beginning, not with the just war principles, but with the underlying arguments for those principles. In particular, I consider whether economic sanctions can be justified on the grounds that they are a form of self- or other-defence, that they are the ‘lesser evil’ and that they are a form of punishment. I argue that certain types of economic sanctions can be justified on the grounds that they are a form of self- or other- defence and that, in extreme circumstances, certain types of economic sanctions can be justified as the ‘lesser evil’. However, I argue that economic sanctions cannot be justified on the grounds of punishment. I also develop a ‘clean hands’ argument for economic sanctions that is unavailable to the just war theorist; I argue that where the goods and services to be supplied would contribute to human rights violations or other wrongful acts, there is a duty to impose economic sanctions to avoid complicity in this wrongdoing.

Ruthenium - catalyzed olefin metathesis is now an invaluable tool in organic synthesis. However, routes to the dominant metathesis catalysts, the second - generation Grubbs and Hoveyda catalysts (RuCl 2 (PCy 3 )(H 2 IMes)(=CHPh) and RuCl 2 (H 2 IMes)[= CH( o - O i Pr)C 6 H 4 ], respectively) are plagued with problems. The common reliance on in situ methods to generate the N - heterocyclic carbene H 2 IMes severely limits stoichiometric control, and results in contamination by byproducts, some of which are readily overlooked, and some of which are difficult to remove. Both can affect batch - to - batch reproducibility in catalysis. This thesis work demonstrated that widespread perceptions of the instability of free H 2 IMes are erroneous, and that the free carbene is readily handled under water - free conditions. Clean, convenient, near - quantitative routes were developed to these second - generation catalysts by ligand exchange of their first - gen eration counterparts RuCl 2 (PCy 3 ) 2 (=CHPh), RuCl 2 (PCy 3 )[= CH( o - O i Pr)C 6 H 4 ] with free H 2 IMes, with sequestration of the liberated phosphine by an ion - exchange resin. A second focus was examination of a much - debated hypothesis in olefin metathesis: that is, the extent to which the high productivity of the Hoveyda catalysts reflects re - uptake of the styrenyl ether functionality released in the initial cycle of metathesis. Current evidence for and against this "boomerang" hypothesis is critically examined, and new approaches to examining its operation are described. Specifically, the rate of decomposition, vs. re - uptake, is examined for the active species RuCl 2 (PCy 3 )(=CH 2 ), and background exchange of the parent catalyst with free styrenyl ether is measured by use of a 13 C - labelled styrenyl ether. These studies confirm the relevance of the boomerang mechanism for first - generation Hoveyda catalysts.

Zugl.: Giessen, Univ., Diss., 2008

Zugleich: Diss. Giessen, 2008. / Diss. Univ. Giessen, 2008. Literaturverz.

Zugl.: Münster (Westfalen), Univ., Diss., 2010

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2006. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 100 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-91).

Self-Neglect among older adults is a major concern in the United States. It is estimated that one in ten older adults report experiencing some form of abuse or potential for neglect (Acierno et al., 2010). The National Center on Elder Abuse has estimated that for every one case of elder abuse, neglect, exploitation, or self-neglect reported to authorities, about five more cases go unreported (National Elder Abuse Incidence Study, 1998). Among literature regarding elder mistreatment, researchers have indicated self-neglect as the most common form of elder abuse and neglect reported to adult protection and social service agencies (Dong, Simon, & Evans, 2012). Maintaining the environment is one of the most frequently cited concerns of elder self-neglect reported to adult protection services (Dyer et al., 2006). This study evaluated the efficacy of an intervention, found within the environmental neglect literature, as an intervention for environmental symptoms of self-neglect among older adults.

Food businesses must be able to ensure that they deliver safe food to the customers. Previous studies have shown that sufficiently cleanliness in ice machines are not always achieved. Since ice can be consumed the consequence of contaminated ice is that the food safety is not guaranteed. The aim of the study was to investigate bacterial contamination in ice machine in different food businesses with either an ordinary way to analyse ice as drinking water sample or with a newer and faster method measuring adenosine triphosphate (ATP). With the ATP-method a result will be obtained within about 30 seconds. In this study tests on the ice machines were made for microbiology testing the water, testing the surfaces with ATP and testing the water with ATP. Half of the result from the microbiology tested ice had results beyond the limit value. The categories of food businesses had problems, but the food stores had the highest proportions of unsatisfactory results. The result of the samplings shows a correlation between the parameters total microorganisms and ATP samples of water. The study also shows problems with the limits put up to the ATP-measuring and translating them to the testing for drinking water.