Thesis--University of Oklahoma. / Bibliography: leaves 86-90.

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Determination of rumen escape of rumen protected nutrients is needed to accurately assess the amount of nutrients that can be absorbed and utilised from the intestinal tract of dairy cows. This assessment allows more precise feeding of specific nutrients, thereby increasing metabolic efficiency and reducing production of animal wastes. The currently used method of choice to determine the rumen escape of rumen protected nutrients is ruminal in situ evaluation, which cannot measure actual rumen escape, as the experimentalist can only estimate the rate at which a rumen protected product (RPP) will exit the rumen. The two-part objective of the study was to use an in vivo dual liquid phase marker system to determine ruminal stability of RPP and to determine the stability of the three RPP, as well as determine the best in sacco incubation time to match the determined stability. Four multiparous, ruminally cannulated, lactating Jersey cows [body weight 384 kg ± 28.0 kg, milk yield 24 ± 4.0 L, days in milk 69 ± 42 d, parity 4.5 ± 1.29 (mean ± standard deviation)] were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Cows were assigned to one of four groups with one group being the control group and the other three each receiving a different RPP. The study was composed of four 14 d periods with a 10 d adaptation period before the start of the study to allow the cows to adjust to the individual stalls, diets and conditions. Days 1-6 of each period were for recovery/ rest, days 7-8 for an in sacco measurement to determine the stability of the RPP, days 8-11 for pH logging, and days 11-14 to determine the in vivo stability of the RPP. Cows were fed ad libitum a common total mixed ration (TMR) composed of chopped lucerne hay, maize stover, maize meal, soybean oilcake, hominy chop, molasses, urea, rumen inert fat and a vitamin/mineral premix containing 180 g/kg crude protein, 317 g/kg neutral detergent fibre and 213 g/kg starch on a dry matter basis. Cows were fed twice daily at 2 kg above their daily voluntary feed intake level and kept in individual stalls of 6 x 6 m with wood chips on the floor as bedding. The three RPP were: RP Ascorbic Acid (A), RP Lysine (L) and RP Niacin (N). The RP A and RP N were both composed of 623 g/kg nutrient (Ascorbic acid/ Niacin respectively), 89 g/kg Co-EDTA and 288 g/kg fat matrix, with a measured specific gravity of 1.21. The RP Lysine was composed of 518.7 g/kg Lysine, 86.5 g/kg of Co- EDTA and 394.8 g/kg fat matrix, with a measured specific gravity of 1.21. The fat matrix used in all the RPP’s was the same. The method used in this study aimed to create an accurate quantitative value of true ruminal stability, which traditional methods lack. Stability of the RPP was measured as the proportion of the area under the curve from the ruminal clearance of Co (included in the RPP as Co-EDTA) relative to the clearance of the Cr (as free Cr-EDTA). In sacco measures consisted of insertion of six Dacron bags into each treatment cow (i.e. A, L, N), with each Dacron bag containing 5 g of the relevant product and each cow receiving a different product. Two bags were collected after 12, 24 and 30 h of incubation and then weighed back to determine the stability of the RPP as well as disappearance of the RPP over the 30 h period. Ruminal pH logging occurred directly after and the pH loggers were left in the rumens for 48 h to measure pH every 10 min in each cow. During in vivo measurements each cow was dosed simultaneously with 150 g of the relevant RPP (calculated to contain 15g Co-EDTA) as well as 16.679 g of Cr-EDTA (Control group was dosed with 16.679 g Cr-EDTA and 15 g Co-EDTA) calculated to deliver 2.4 g of Co and 2.4 g of Cr respectively, into the rumen of each cow. Pre-dosing rumen fluid samples were collected and samples were then collected, starting one hour post dosing, every 2 h through 25 h post-dosing, then every 4 h until 49 h post dosing, and thereafter every 6 h until 73 h post dosing. These samples were analyzed for Co, Cr and pH. Samples were also collected every 6 h throughout the 74 h test period for nitrogen ammonia and volatile fatty acid analysis. Rumen pH was within normal ranges and showed normal diurnal variations during sampling. Ruminal pH was unaffected by in vivo treatment and averaged 5.88, with a diurnal variation between 5.65 and 6.40. Animal performance was unaffected by treatment with average milk production of 24.6 L/ day, milk fat of 41.8 g/ kg and milk crude protein of 35.6 g/ kg. The rumen stability of the RPP differed, despite having the same fat matrix, presumably due to differences in the chemical interactions of the nutrients with the fat cover; for example lysine is known to be more reactive. The rumen stability of RP Niacin was the highest (p = 0.06) at 66.7% relative to RP Lysine at 55.0%, with RP Ascorbic acid at 58.7%. In sacco incubations of the RPP showed variation in results. This in vivo method can be utilised to quantitate rumen stability of RPP, although it can not indicate the most appropriate rumen in sacco incubation time to reflect that measurement. / Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted

<p>The thesis offers an interpretive account of the formation of a field of struggle relating to low-income housing in Toronto during the Depression. The stakes in the struggle are established by showing how rival authorities competed for influence over the definition of a housing problem and promoted new state projects of slum clearance, district redevelopment, public housing, and neighbourhood rehabilitation. A particular contribution of the research is to link interventions made to direct state development with the production and reproduction of spatially constituted social structures of Toronto. Through the reconstruction of the form and trajectory of a local housing market using oral histories, archived commentaries, photographic and quantitative sources, practices of housing provision are connected with patterns of service that contributed to class relations in the city.</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

In adult horses and foals, renal dysfunction can occur as a secondary complication to gastrointestinal disorders, dehydration, septicemia, endotoxemia and nephrotoxic drug administration. Measurement of renal function is an important feature not only in the diagnosis, but also in the prognosis and management of renal disease. Commonly used drugs such as phenylbutazone and gentamicin can be highly nephrotoxic under certain conditions. Estimation of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), accepted as one of the earliest and most sensitive assessments of renal function, can be determined in horses using standard techniques such as endogenous or exogenous renal creatinine clearance. These techniques can be time consuming, dangerous to perform on fractious patients, require trained personnel and are subject to errors most often associated with improper or incomplete urine collection. Recently, tests using iohexol, a radiographic contrast agent, have been developed to estimate the GFR in human beings, pigs, sheep, dogs, cats and horse foals with results that have been validated by traditional standards. Serum clearance of a substance that is freely filtered by the kidneys without tubular secretion or reabsorption, that is not protein bound, and that is not metabolized, is a measurement of glomerular filtration rate. Iohexol meets all of these requirements and thus its clearance from serum should accurately estimate GFR. Utilization of serum clearance studies for estimation of GFR provides a clinically feasible and reproducible method in order to measure GFR in horses. Other commonly used methods to assess renal function in horses are fraught with inherent and operator error. Serum clearance of iohexol does not necessitate collection of urine and has been shown to be a safe, reproducible method using collection of timed blood samples to assess renal function in humans and animals. The objectives of this project were 1) to determine a method of estimation of GFR based on serum clearance of a substance that meets the requirements of a marker for GFR, and 2) to make the method clinically applicable by developing a method using two blood samples to derive clearance and thus GFR in normal adult horses. Results of this study showed good agreement between GFR derived by exogenous creatinine clearance and serum clearance of iohexol. In addition, GFR values for all horses using either method were within published reference ranges for this species. The results of this study indicate that a single intravenous injection of iohexol at a dose of 150 mg/kg, followed by collection of 2 serum samples at 3 and 4 hours post injection can be used to estimate the GFR in healthy horses. / Master of Science

Estudos anteriores (Zayas, 1990) tem sugerido a existência de uma melhor transportabilidade por cílio do muco respiratório de pacientes fumantes que não apresentam câncer de pulmão em comparação com pacientes fumantes com câncer de pulmão e semelhante carga tabágica. Nosso principal objetivo foi verificar esta hipótese. Nós estudamos 16 tabagistas com câncer de pulmão (média carga tabágica = 58,78), 16 tabagistas com câncer extra-pulmonar (média carga tabágica = 53,87) e 11 não Tabagistas com Metástase Pulmonar com indicação de broncoscopia diagnóstica. O muco respiratório foi coletado durante a broncoscopia, usando um pequeno cateter através do canal de aspiração do broncoscopio. A transportabilidade por cílio no palato de rã, ângulo de contato (wetabilidade), transportabilidade pela tosse e viscosidade (cone-plate) e análise morfológica do epitélio respiratório foi realizado. Não foi encontrada diferença estatística entre os pacientes Tabagistas (Câncer de pulmão e Câncer extra-Pulmonar) para os parâmetros de muco estudos. Da mesma forma não foi encontrada diferença estatística nas análises do muco coletado de um lado do tumor comparado com o lado contralateral. Entretanto, encontramos diferença estatística entre os grupos não tabagistas com Metástase Pulmonar e Tabagistas com câncer Pulmonar e Extra-Pulmonar para os parâmetros de Transportabilidade pela Tosse (p = 0,018), Viscosidade 10 rpm (p= 0,021), FEV 1 (L) (p= 0,028) e FEV 1 (%) (p= 0,042) e diferença estatística nos Tabagistas para Correlação entre carga tabágica e idade (p=0,038) e Viscosidade (p= 0,029). Na análise histologica observamos 10 Tabagistas (60% alteração, sendo, 30% metaplasia escamosa; 20% hyperplasia e 10% epitélio com ausência de cílios) e 15 não Tabagistas (40% com alteração histológica sendo 20% destes com metaplasia escamosa e em pacientes com Câncer pulmonar ou Câncer extra-pulmonar). Não teve diferença na composição das mucinas entre os tabagistas. Concluímos que não há diferença entre as propriedades físicas do muco respiratório de Tabagistas com Câncer de Pulmão e Câncer Extra-Pulmonar com similar carga tabágica e que essas alterações das propriedades físicas do muco respiratório e alterações morfológicas, devem-se mais à exposição dose-tempo da fumaça do cigarro ao epitélio respiratório / Previous study (Zayas 1990) has suggested the existence of a better transportability by cilia in respiratory mucus of smoking patients who did not present lung cancer in comparison to lung cancer patients smoking similar packages/year. Our aim was to verify this hypothesis. We studied 16 smoking patients with lung cancer (mean packages/year = 58,78), 16 smoking patients with extra pulmonary cancer (esophagus and head and neck), (mean packages/year = 53,87), and 11 non-smoking patients (metastasis) that underwent diagnostic bronchoscopy. Respiratory mucus was collected during bronchoscopy, using a small catheter passed through the aspiration channel of the bronchoscope. Mucus transportability in frog palate, contact angle (wettability), transportability by cough and viscosity (cone-plate) as well as morphological analysis the respiratory epithelium were performed. No statistical differences were found between smoking patients (lung and extra pulmonary cancer) in the mucus parameters studied. In the same way, no difference was found in the analysis of mucus samples collected from the tumor side compared to contra lateral samples. Nevertheless, statistical difference between Smoking (Lung Cancer and Extra-Pulmonary Cancer) and non Smoking (metastasis Pulmononary) for valous Clearance by cough (p = 0,018), viscosity 10rpm (p=0,021) FEV 1 (L) (p= 0,028) and FEV1 (%) (p=0,042) and statistical difference for correlation between smoking history and age (p=0,038) and viscosity 10 rpm (p= 0,029). The analysis histological of the 10 smoking, observed 60% of cases with alteration histological (30% with squamous metaplasia; 20% with hyperplasia and 10% with epithelium with cilia absence) and 15 non smoking presented 40% of cases with alteration histological (205 with squamous metaplasia in patients with lung cancer or exra-pulmonary cancer. We conclude that there is no difference between the physical properties of the respiratory mucus of smokers with lung cancer and extra-pulmonary cancer with similar packages/year and that changes in physical properties of respiratory mucus and morphological changes, due to more exposure to the dose-time of cigarette smoke in the respiratory epithelium

As distrofias musculares em crianças e adolescentes acometem 1 em cada 3000 nascimentos. A distrofia de Duchenne é de origem genética e herança recessiva ligada ao cromossomo X, sendo determinada pela ausência da proteína distrofina, apresenta caráter invariavelmente progressivo, natureza mórbida e fim letal. Até o momento não se conhece tratamento efetivo, mesmo com todo o conhecimento que se tem da etiopatogenia. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, no modelo animal, utilizando cães golden retrievers normais portadores e afetados pela distrofia muscular progressiva, a existência de alterações na função glomerular, através da comparação entre os clearances de creatinina, clearance do radionuclídeo EDTA-cromo e da concentração sérica de uréia e creatinina. Os animais foram divididos em 3 grupos de 9 animais sendo grupo 1 controle, grupo 2 portador e grupo 3 afetados. Todos os animais foram submetidos ao mesmos protocolos de exames. Não foram identificadas alterações significativas entre os grupos ou individualmente, sendo que todos os resultados encontraram-se dentro dos limites de normalidade. Sendo assim lesões renais primárias, obscuras aos testes convencionais, descartando-se uma correlação entre a distrofia muscular e lesão na musculatura dos vasos renais que pudessem levar a alterações da função do órgão. / The muscular dystrophys in children and teenagers is taken in 1 each 3000 births. The Duchenne`s dystrophy is from genetics origin and recessive heritage linked to X cromossome, and also determined by the lacre of dystrophyne protein; it shows progressive characteristics, morbid nature and a letal end. So far there is no known effective treatment, even with all the ethiopatogein knowledge. The goal of use of normal golden retrievers dogs, bling then carriers and affected by the progressive muscular dystrophy, the changing existence in the glomerular function through the comparison between the creatinine clearance, EDTA-crome clearance and seric urea and creatinine. Aiming the early diagnostic of the renal pathology. The animals were divided in 3 groups of 9 animals, bling group 1 control animals, group 2 carriers animals and group 3 affected animals. All of then were submitted to the some examinations protocols Their was no relevant identification between the groups or either individually, as all the results were within the expected and natural limits. Likewise, renal primary wounds are not clear in traditional tests made in dystrophyc animals, mainly caused by the muscular wounds in reanal vases harming this way the organ function.

Os efeitos da suplementação de creatina sobre a função renal são debatidos intensamente na literatura científica. Os poucos trabalhos sobre o tema envolvendo humanos têm sido severamente criticados por apresentarem ausência de randomização, dosagens não uniformes de creatina, baixo poder estatístico e, sobretudo, ausência de marcadores padrão-ouro de função renal. Além disso, embora tenhamos mostrado recentemente que a suplementação de creatina não prejudica a função renal em sujeitos submetidos a treinamento aeróbio, a natureza desse tipo de atividade, bem como o habitual consumo de proteína dessa amostra, não permite que generalizemos nossos achados à população que mais utiliza creatina: praticantes de treinamento de força sob dietas ricas em proteína. Desta forma, foi conduzido um ensaio randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado por placebo, com o objetivo de investigar os efeitos da suplementação de creatina e sua possível interação com o alto consumo de proteínas sobre a função renal, em praticantes de treinamento de força. Os sujeitos foram divididos aleatoriamente em 2 grupos: a) suplementação de creatina (20g/dia durante cinco dias e 5g/dia até o término do estudo) e b) placebo (dextrose). No período basal e após 12 e 24 semanas, os sujeitos tiveram acompanhamento do consumo alimentar, e foram analisados o clearance de 51Cr-EDTA, creatinina sérica, sódio e potássio séricos e urinários e microalbuminúria. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nas variáveis analisadas após 12 e 24 semanas. Demonstrando assim, a ausência de alteração da função renal decorrente da suplementação de creatina, em praticantes de treinamento de força recreacionais com consumo proteico >=1,2g/kg peso/dia / The effects of creatine supplementation on renal function are discussed extensively in the literature. Few studies on the topic involving humans have been severely criticized because of the absence of randomization, non-uniform doses of creatine, low statistical power and, above all, the absence of a gold standard markers of renal function. Furthermore, although we have recently shown that creatine supplementation does not impair renal function in subjects undergoing aerobic training, the nature of this type of activity, as well as the usual protein intake in this sample does not allow generalization of our findings to the population who consume creatine: practitioners of strength training with a high protein intake. Thus, we conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, in order to investigate the effects of creatine supplementation and its possible interaction with high protein intake on renal function in practicioners of strength training. The subjects were randomly assigned to 2 groups: a) creatine supplementation (20g/day during five days and 5g/day until the end of the study) and b) placebo (dextrose). At baseline and after 12 and 24 weeks, food intake, 51Cr-EDTA clearance, serum creatinine, sodium and potassium serum and urinary microalbuminuria was assessed. No significant differences were observed throughout the trial. Demonstrating that creatine supplementation on practitioners of strength training with high protein intake does not harm renal function

As distrofias musculares em crianças e adolescentes acometem 1 em cada 3000 nascimentos. A distrofia de Duchenne é de origem genética e herança recessiva ligada ao cromossomo X, sendo determinada pela ausência da proteína distrofina, apresenta caráter invariavelmente progressivo, natureza mórbida e fim letal. Até o momento não se conhece tratamento efetivo, mesmo com todo o conhecimento que se tem da etiopatogenia. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, no modelo animal, utilizando cães golden retrievers normais portadores e afetados pela distrofia muscular progressiva, a existência de alterações na função glomerular, através da comparação entre os clearances de creatinina, clearance do radionuclídeo EDTA-cromo e da concentração sérica de uréia e creatinina. Os animais foram divididos em 3 grupos de 9 animais sendo grupo 1 controle, grupo 2 portador e grupo 3 afetados. Todos os animais foram submetidos ao mesmos protocolos de exames. Não foram identificadas alterações significativas entre os grupos ou individualmente, sendo que todos os resultados encontraram-se dentro dos limites de normalidade. Sendo assim lesões renais primárias, obscuras aos testes convencionais, descartando-se uma correlação entre a distrofia muscular e lesão na musculatura dos vasos renais que pudessem levar a alterações da função do órgão. / The muscular dystrophys in children and teenagers is taken in 1 each 3000 births. The Duchenne`s dystrophy is from genetics origin and recessive heritage linked to X cromossome, and also determined by the lacre of dystrophyne protein; it shows progressive characteristics, morbid nature and a letal end. So far there is no known effective treatment, even with all the ethiopatogein knowledge. The goal of use of normal golden retrievers dogs, bling then carriers and affected by the progressive muscular dystrophy, the changing existence in the glomerular function through the comparison between the creatinine clearance, EDTA-crome clearance and seric urea and creatinine. Aiming the early diagnostic of the renal pathology. The animals were divided in 3 groups of 9 animals, bling group 1 control animals, group 2 carriers animals and group 3 affected animals. All of then were submitted to the some examinations protocols Their was no relevant identification between the groups or either individually, as all the results were within the expected and natural limits. Likewise, renal primary wounds are not clear in traditional tests made in dystrophyc animals, mainly caused by the muscular wounds in reanal vases harming this way the organ function.