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No. of bitstreams: 1 zangallijr_pc_dr_prud.pdf: 4490493 bytes, checksum: e8908185944e66e900ddfa4e8c26704e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A hipótese desta tese é a de que as estratégias assumidas pelo Estado frente as alterações climáticas (em suas mais distintas dimensões), todo o seu conjunto normativo e político voltado ao tema, é resultado de um processo histórico de produção da natureza e divisão internacional do trabalho com hierarquias, contradições e conflitos produzidos e mobilizados pelos sujeitos que estruturam o capitalismo climático. Buscando a comprovação da tese, foram analisados um conjunto de normativas, diretrizes, planos e políticas públicas da União Europeia e do Brasil de modo comparado. Em um primeiro momento fizemos uma análise descritiva desses instrumentos políticos e legais se configurando como uma primeira aproximação analítica do tema. Para compreender de modo dialético o caráter contraditório inerente à relação sociedade e natureza adotou-se estratégias como a análise escalar da governança multinível, estruturando a tese em uma primeira parte que apresenta a tese do capitalismo climático, uma segunda que se fundamenta na antítese, por meio da crítica da produção capitalista da natureza. A síntese desses processos se deu por meio da identificação dos sujeitos envolvidos na formulação de políticas e por meio da comparação destes com o mercado de energia eólica no Brasil. Atravessa por toda a tese, novas e antigas formas pelas quais o capitalismo se expande e se reproduz no espaço. Distintas temporalidades se confundem, também, quando o Estado se coloca como um meio pelo qual o processo de produção da natureza se efetiva, ora emprestando seu aparato técnico-político, ora atendendo aos interesses do capital “modernizando” novas normas para que o capitalismo climático se reproduza. Conclui-se que o conjunto normativo e as políticas públicas sobre alterações climáticas estão voltadas à transição do atual estágio da economia capitalista para uma economia de baixo carbono. As políticas não são capazes de oferecer a sociedade uma alternativa que não seja voltada e orientada para o mercado das alterações climáticas e os interesses corporativos continuam prevalecendo sobre os interesses coletivos. Dessa forma a dicotomia da relação sociedade e natureza prevalece e com isso, a natureza e o clima continuam sendo encarados como uma mercadoria, como recurso e como insumo de produção. O capitalismo climático herda um complexo geográfico do qual tenta se apropriar para a sua reprodução. Os recursos do Estado são deslocados para a produção do espaço, principalmente aqueles voltados para a produção de energia ou para o incremento técnico e tecnológico de países em desenvolvimento. Isso ocorre mediante flexibilização das estruturas mutantes no tempo e espaço. Os sujeitos que produzem o capitalismo climático são os mesmos que produzem o capitalismo do clima no Brasil com destaque para o Pacto Global pelo Clima e o Conselho Empresarial para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável do Banco Mundial. As empresas do setor energético e financeiro possuem grande relevância e destaque nessa rede. Dessa forma, é imprescindível pensar em novas estruturas e novas relações sociais inerentes a novos modos de se produzir, caso contrário as políticas e as ações continuarão refletindo um paliativo aos problemas ambientais sem de fato apontar caminhos para a solução efetiva dos problemas. / The hypothesis of this thesis is that the strategies adopted by the State face of climate change (in its most different dimensions), all of normative and political set of issues, is the result of a historical process of nature production and international division of labor with hierarchies, contradictions and conflicts produced and mobilized by the agents that structure climate capitalism. To prove the thesis, were analyzed a set of norms, guidelines, plans and public policies of European Union and Brazil in a comparative way. At first, we did a descriptive analysis of political and legal instruments, being configured as a first analytical approximation of the theme. To understand in a dialectical way the inherent contradiction in the relationship between society and nature, have been adopted strategies as the scalar analysis of multilevel governance, structuring the thesis in a first part that presents the climate capitalism thesis. A second part present the antithesis, criticizing the capitalist production of nature. The synthesis of processes occurred through the identification of the agents involved in formulation of policies comparing with the wind energy market in Brazil. In whole thesis, were analyzed old and new ways in which capitalism expands and reproduces in space. Distinct temporalities are confused when State stand itself as a mean by which the process of the production of nature is effective, sometimes lending technical-political apparatus, other serving the interests of capital by "modernizing" new norms for climate capitalism to reproduce. Concluded that the normative set and public policies on climate change are geared towards the transition from the current stage of the capitalism to a low carbon economy. Policies are not able to offer society a non-market alternative to climate change, so corporate interests continue to prevail over collective interests. The dichotomy of relationship between society and nature prevails and nature and climate continue as a commodity, as a resource and as an input of production. Climate capitalism inherits a geographical complex from which tries to appropriate for reproduction. The resources of State shifted to production space, especially those geared towards the production of energy or technical and technological increase of developing countries. This occurs through flexibilization of structures in time and space. The agents who produce global climate capitalism are the same ones who produce climate capitalism in Brazil, with emphasis to United Nations Global Compact and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development. Companies of energy and financial sector have great relevance and highlight in this network. It is essential to think in new structures and social relations inherent to new mode of producing, otherwise policies and actions will continue to reflect a palliative to environmental problems without pointing out ways to solve problems.

The dissertation reinterprets the concept of forces of production through an ecological lens and analyzes the fettering of “green productive forces” in the context of the deepening climate crisis. In contrast to more established interpretations, I define forces of production broadly as the practices, processes, relations and objects through which we are purposefully linked to and transform the rest of nature. I demonstrate the basis for this interpretation in Marx’s own work and develop its implication through contemporary scholarship. In present circumstances, it allows us to see that ecological knowledge itself, as well as associated developments in renewable energy technology and green infrastructure, represent advancements in productive forces. However, I argue that such green productive forces are today fettered by capitalist relations of production. The second portion of the dissertation analyzes this process through case studies focusing on Canadian fossil capitalism. In this context, I examine the deepening of fossil-fuelled productive forces and simultaneous blockages in the development and productive utilization of renewable energy and ecological knowledge. This includes a focus on carbon capital’s strategic efforts to colonize such productive forces and fashion them in a manner that is consonant with the accumulation strategies and power relations permeating fossil capitalism. / Graduate / 2020-03-29

Climate capitalism has emerged over the last two decades as the response of a section of the global elite to the crisis of global warming. Greater consciousness of threats to the stability of the global carbon cycle, and thus to the general conditions for capital accumulation, has led certain members of the global elite to design a project of climate capitalism, that holds the promise of a smooth transition out of the crisis and into a new era of accumulation on renewed, ecologically modernized foundations. However, climate capitalism has been contested from the start. For one, many still do not accept that there exists any problem that needs addressing in the first place. At the other end of the spectrum, climate capitalism is challenged on the grounds of its incapacity to reduce GHG emissions and its complicity with neoliberalism in entrenching existing inequality. Debates abound around the latter critique. Should climate capitalism be opposed by all means, or should it be cautiously supported, for want of an alternative that can be realized rapidly enough? The response to this question crucially depends on whether support exists among the corporate and other global elites for a climate capitalism that stands a chance of actually reducing climate impacts in a timely manner. This dissertation directly addresses the issue of the existence and extent of corporate elite support for climate capitalism. It asks specifically, what forces support climate capitalism, how and to what degree they are organized, and how powerful they are relative to the forces of the status quo. This study answers the question of the potential of the climate capitalist project to become entrenched at the core of the neoliberal hegemonic bloc with a qualified yes: although broad support has not yet emerged, it seems poised to develop in the future as the global ecological crisis deepens – perhaps as an outcome of the 2015 Paris Climate Conference. As to the question of the content of climate capitalism, and thereupon the issue of whether climate capitalism can actually provide a reduction in GHG emissions, the study finds that the dominant view of climate capitalism is that of a weak ecological modernization, taking place over the long term. In view of the scientific consensus on the urgency of massive GHG emissions reductions in the near term, this confirms the argument put forth by critics that a realistic response to climate change cannot be founded on climate capitalist principles. / Graduate / 0626 / 0700 / 0616

Amidst the rising tides of inequality and climate change, movements are developing which aim to unify social justice and environmental agendas. Proponents of energy democracy recognize that renewable energy transitions have the potential to foster more equitable social relations. However, literature indicates that renewable energy can also worsen social relations, and may fail to hinder, or could actively contribute to, ecological degradation. Therefore, research is needed that examines how the contexts in which renewables are implemented lead to divergent socio-ecological outcomes. This project compares strategies of renewable energy implementation in Canada, as embedded within socio-environmental projects ranging from fossil capitalism to eco-socialism. The framing of renewable energy, climate change, and political-economic issues in the strategies of actors within these projects are analyzed. Canadian governments, fossil fuel and renewable energy corporations were found to undertake renewables implementation within a clean growth framework, which maintains capitalist hegemony while responding to pressure to take action on climate change. Renewables are also used by governments and fossil capital firms to justify the continued growth of fossil fuel industries. The renewables industry is more ambitious in its transition strategy but does not contest fossil fuel production and exports. Renewable energy co-operatives offer a form of energy transitioning that challenges the undemocratic nature of corporate power but appears limited in its ability to influence multi-scalar change. Meanwhile, Leap, the Pact for a Green New Deal, and Iron and Earth exhibit an emergent push for just, democratic, and sustainable alternatives to fossil capitalism and clean growth. Energy democracy is central to Leap’s strategy, which suggests paths toward addressing the limitations of renewable energy co-operatives while supporting other forms of democratic renewable energy systems. / Graduate