Uncertainty in climate change plays a major role in watershed systems. The increase in variability and intensity in temperature and precipitation affects hydrologic cycle in spatial and temporal dimensions. Predicting uncertainty in climate change impacts on watershed systems can help to understand future climate-induced risk on watershed systems and is essential for designing policies for mitigation and adaptation. Modeling the temporal patterns of uncertainties is assessed in the New England region for temperature and precipitation patterns over a long term. The regional uncertainty is modeled using Python scripting and GIS to analyze spatial patterns of climate change uncertainties over space and time. The results show that the regional uncertainty is significant in variation for changes in location and climatic scenarios. Watershed response to climate change under future scenarios is assessed using hydrologic simulation modeling for the Connecticut River watershed. Changes in water budgets are assessed for each of the subbasins using spatial analysis and process modeling using GIS and Soil and Water Assessment tool (SWAT). The results show that climate change uncertainty in precipitation and temperature can lead to uncertainty in both quantity and quality in the watershed system. A spatiotemporal, dynamic model was applied to subbasins within the Chicopee River Watershed to estimate climate change uncertainty impacts at a micro scale. These changes were assessed relative to changes in land use and climatic change. The results show that there is a significant potential for climate change to increase evaporation, watershed runoff and soil erosion rates and this varied with climate change uncertainty. Finally, water sustainability gradient analysis was applied to the Volga River watershed in Russia to assess potential climate change impacts by combining with downscaled Global Circulation Model estimates and spatial assessment. Results show that runoff and evapotranspiration are projected to increase with potential for more localized floods and drought events effecting both water resources and food supply. Overall results show that climate change uncertainty can impact watershed systems and spatial and temporal assessments is important for developing strategies for adaptation to climatic change conditions at local and regional scales.

This is a thesis about water efficiency, a particular set of practices in the water industry of England and Wales designed to reduce end-use water demand in homes and businesses. Broadly, the thesis aims to understand how water efficiency activities organised and funded by water companies might more effectively support the development of sustainable patterns of domestic demand, in order to contribute to long-term sustainable water management. To achieve this aim, mixed qualitative methods are used to; a) evaluate the extent to which two non-conventional water efficiency activities engage with the collective elements of everyday consumption that existing research deems necessary to steer demand (Strengers, 2012, Macrorie et al., 2014, Shove, 2014, Geels et al., 2015); b) develop a conceptual understanding of demand management as a professional practice, to understand how Water Company activities are shaped, sustained and stifled; and c) develop an understanding of what future water efficiency activities might look like that take account of the findings from this research. Central to this research and analysis is the notion of 'collective', a term that denotes a conceptual perspective on demand that departs from a focus on individuals, towards the shared social, technological and natural relations that structure everyday activity (Browne et al., 2014). The analysis uses this notion of collectives to examine the impacts and limitations of Save Water Swindon, a large-scale 'whole-town' approach to water efficiency (Case Study 1); to explore how Care for the Kennet contributes to demand management by reconfiguring relations between water in the home and water in the river (Case Study 2); and to uncover the collective context of the professional practices of managing demand (Case Study 3). The findings illustrate that demand is shaped by routines that extend far beyond the spaces in which water is used, both intentionally and unintentionally, and therefore highlight a distributed web of people and practices that might be involved in demand management. The findings from these empirical enquiries are used to as the basis to work with the water industry to reimagine interventions that engage in the collective context of demand, and elicit conceptual understandings of the processes and actors involved in governing social change. Overall, the approach taken in this thesis demonstrates the vitality of practice-based enquiry that provides deep analytical detail to better understand the mundane yet complex processes that sustain everyday water use. Supplementing the analysis with ideas from a variety of social science disciplines and working alongside the water industry, facilitated by the CASE studentship, pushes the analysis beyond the confines of domestic practices typical of practice-based research. Subsequently this research offers contributions to policy, practice and theoretical developments as it explores the intersections between demand and professional practices and local environments, evaluates interventions, examines practices of demand management, and unravels the possibilities for future intervention. Consequently, though focused on water management in the UK, this research offers insights for other resource agendas and regional contexts, expanding discussions in these spaces to think creatively about avenues for future policy and management practice.

Im Rahmen des Forschungsverbundvorhabens „Veränderung und Management der Risiken extremer Hochwasserereignisse in großen Flussgebieten – am Beispiel der Elbe“ wurden verschiedene Handlungsstrategien zur Verringerung potenzieller Hochwasserrisiken unter Berücksichtigung des Klimawandels untersucht. Risiko wird als Produkt aus Schaden und Eintrittswahrscheinlichkeit definiert. Eine Möglichkeit zur Minderung des Risikos infolge von Hochwasserereignissen besteht demnach in der Beeinflussung der Eintrittswahrscheinlichkeit bzw. aus wasserwirtschaftlicher Sicht des damit einhergehenden Hochwasserabflusses. Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt Möglichkeiten der Hochwasserscheitelabsenkung mithilfe potenzieller, gesteuerter Flutpolder an der Elbe als Reaktion auf eine mögliche Erhöhung der Hochwasserrisiken infolge des Klimawandels auf. Diesbezüglich werden die angewendeten Modelle zur numerischen Berechnung der hydrologischen und hydraulischen Verhältnisse, die Auswahl von Standorten, wasserbauliche Grobkonzeptionen sowie Besonderheiten bei der Bemessung potenzieller Flutpolder an der Elbe erläutert. / As part of the integrated research project “Changes and management of risks of extreme flood events in large river basins – the example of the Elbe River”, various strategies to reduce potential flood risks, including climate change considerations, have been investigated. Risk is defined as a product of injury and probability of occurrence. With regard to hydraulics, one way to reduce the risk resulting from floods is to manage the discharge during the flood’s peak. This paper introduces the possibility of managing flood peak reduction using controllable flood polders along the Elbe in response to the possible risk of increased flooding due to climate change. The numerical models used to calculate the hydrological and hydraulic conditions are explained, alongside discussion of the site selection and preliminary hydraulic designs for potential flood polders.

Die Auswertung der statistischen Zusammenhänge zwischen Lufttemperatur und den Temperaturen der Fließgewässer lässt zukünftig einen signifikanten Anstieg der Wassertemperaturen aufgrund des projizierten Klimawandels erwarten. In den Unterläufen der Flüsse zeigt die statistische Auswertung eine 1:1-Beziehung der Temperaturen an. Die Veränderung der mittleren Lufttemperatur um 1 Kelvin hat eine Veränderung der Wassertemperatur um 1 Kelvin zur Folge. Die Oberläufe der Bäche in Quellnähe oder in höheren Lagen werden aufgrund des größeren Grundwassereinflusses voraussichtlich eine geringere Temperaturveränderung in Relation zur Lufttemperaturveränderung erfahren. Alle übrigen Fließgewässerabschnitte liegen hinsichtlich der Temperaturdynamik und Temperaturveränderung zwischen den beiden genannten Grenzfällen ohne auffällige regionale Unterschiede.

Nach Abschluss des KliWES-Teilprojektes »Säule B – ArcEGMO« liegen sachsenweite Wasserhaushaltsdaten für den Ist-Zustand (1961–2010) und ausgewählte Zukunftsszenarien (2011–2100) des Klimas und der Landnutzung vor. Der vorliegende Bericht ergänzt die als interaktive Karten erfolgte Veröffentlichung von Projektergebnissen im Wasserhaushaltsportal Sachsen. Diese sollen vorrangig Umweltverwaltungen, wissenschaftliche Einrichtungen sowie Ingenieur- und Planungsbüros bei der Bearbeitung regionaler Fragestellungen der Anpassung an Klimawandelfolgen unterstützen.

No description available.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Fala-se hoje muito sobre as possÃveis mudanÃas climÃticas como resultado das emissÃes de gases na atmosfera. Embora nÃo seja de comum acordo, grande parte da comunidade cientÃfica acredita que acontecerà uma elevaÃÃo na temperatura mÃdia global, o qual pode provocar, por exemplo, um aumento mÃdio nos nÃveis dos oceanos. Associada a isto, hà tambÃm um consenso de que haverà significativas transformaÃÃes no regime pluvial e de evaporaÃÃo em vÃrias partes do planeta. Entretanto, a quantificaÃÃo dessas mudanÃas, em locais especÃficos, ainda necessitam de mais estudos, os quais permitirÃo avaliaÃÃes mais conclusivas a respeito do tema. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho procurou jogar um pouco de luz neste tema e, considerando alguns cenÃrios de alteraÃÃo nos padrÃes de precipitaÃÃo e evaporaÃÃo (considerando a evaporaÃÃo lÃquida = E-P), avaliou os impactos destas mudanÃas climÃticas na vazÃo regularizada de reservatÃrios no Nordeste semi-Ãrido, cujos rios apresentam altos coeficiente de variaÃÃo dos deflÃvios anuais. Observou-se que em rios menos variÃveis â CV iguais a 0,6 e 0,8 â à necessÃrio que a lÃmina lÃquida (EL) aumente 60% para que o reservatÃrio perca cerca de 10% de sua vazÃo regularizada. Jà para rios de maior variabilidade - CV iguais a 1,4 e 1,6 â a lÃmina lÃquida precisaria de um aumento de apenas 30%, para que o reservatÃrio fosse objeto desta mesma reduÃÃo. Concluiu-se, portanto, que como a maioria dos reservatÃrios do Nordeste semi-Ãrido localiza-se em rios que apresentam coeficientes de variaÃÃo dos deflÃvios anuais em torno de 1,2 a 1,6, uma atenÃÃo maior deverà ser dada aos mesmos, uma vez que se mostraram bastante sensÃveis as variaÃÃes climÃticas. / It is much talked nowadays about the possible climatic changes as a result of the gas emission on the atmosphere. Although it is not a common agreement, a great part of the scientific community believe that an elevation of the measured global temperature will occur, which can provoke, for example, a medium increase on the ocean levels. Associated to this, there is also a consensus that significant transformations will happen on the pluvial and evaporation regimen around the world. However, the quantification of these changes, on specific locations, is still needed more studies, which can allow more conclusive evaluations about the theme. With that been said, this study tried to put some light on this theme, and considering some scenarios of alteration on the precipitation patterns and evaporation (considering liquid evaporation = E-P) it was evaluated the impact of these climatic changes in reservoirs yield at Northeast Semi-Arid of Brazil. whose rivers present high coefficient of variation of the annual emanations. It was observed that in rivers less variable â CV equal to 0,6 and 0,8 â it is necessary that the net evaporation EL increase 60% so that the reservoir can lose about 10% of its regularized outflow. But for rivers with high variability â CV equal to 1,4 and 1,6 â the net evaporation â would need a increase of just 30% so that the reservoir could be the object of the same reduction. It was concluded that, as most of the half-barren northeastâs reservoirs are located on rivers that present variation coefficients of the annual emanations in lathe of 1,2 to 1,6 , a greater attention should be given to these, since it showed sensible enough to the climatic variations.

The research explores the potential impact of climate change on water availability in the highlands of Yemen across various future scenarios. To overcome the challenge of limited ground observations in Yemen, the study first evaluated multiple advanced climate datasets, including satellite-based, reanalysis, and gauge-based data. It then employed statistical downscaling to produce more accurate projections with higher spatial resolution and used the SWAT hydrological model to examine how key water components will be affected by changes in precipitation and temperature. Additionally, the study included a socio-economic analysis to identify practical adaptation measures to mitigate the impact on water availability, with a particular emphasis on local strategies that can be effectively implemented by the community.:List of Figures v List of Tables x Abbreviations and Symbols xii Abstract xv General Abstract xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview 2 1.2 Description of the study area 5 1.3 Objectives of the study 7 1.4 Arrangement of the research chapters 8 1.5 A List of the Papers and their Contributions to the Thesis 10 Evaluation the Performance of Several Precipitation Products over the Highland Region of Yemen for Water Resources Management 13 2.1 Introduction 15 2.2 Study area and climate data 18 2.2.1 Region of interest 18 2.2.2 Data sets 19 2.2.3 Satellite-based data 20 2.2.4 Reanalysis data 21 2.2.5 Gauge-based data 22 2.3 Materials and Methods 24 2.3.1 Quality control of ground data 24 2.3.2 Comparing the precipitation products against observations 24 2.4 Results 27 2.4.1 Examination of rainfall daily estimates 27 2.4.2 Monthly evaluation 30 2.4.3 Annual timescale evaluation 36 2.5 Discussion 39 2.6 Conclusion 40 Projection of Climate Variability on the Yemeni Highlands by Statistical Down-Scaling for the Period 2010-2100 44 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 The study area 52 3.3 Methodology and data sets 54 3.3.1 High-resolution gridded data 55 3.3.2 Reanalysis data 55 3.3.3 Global Climate Models (GCMs) data 56 3.3.4 Assessment of GCMs ensembles (CMIP5 and CMIP6) 57 3.3.5 The Statistical Down-Scaling Model (SDSM) 58 3.3.6 Predictors and steps of calibration and validation of SDSM 60 3.4 Results 60 3.4.1 Calibration and validation of precipitation 60 3.4.2 Calibration result of the temperature 65 3.4.3 Current condition of precipitation across the region 66 3.4.4 Seasonal future scenarios of precipitation 68 3.4.5 Annual projections of precipitation 72 3.4.6 Evaluation of SDSM precipitation output with GCMs estimates against rainfall observations 74 3.4.7 Long-term changes in maximum temperature 75 3.4.8 Long-term changes in minimum temperature 77 3.4.9 Evaluation of SDSM output and GCMs estimates against observed temperature 78 3.5 Discussion 79 3.6 Summary and conclusion 82 4 Hydrological Investigation of Climate Change Impacts on Water Balance Components in the Terraced Watersheds of Yemeni Highlands Region 85 4.1 Introduction 86 4.2 Materials and methods 88 4.2.1 Description of the catchments 88 4.2.2 Soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) 91 4.2.3 Topography and watershed configuration 92 4.2.4 Soil data 92 4.2.5 Land use and land cover (LULC) data 93 4.2.6 Hydro-meteorological data 94 4.2.7 Elevation bands and terraces integration 96 4.3 Model performance metrics 99 4.4 Results 100 4.4.1 Sensitivity analysis 100 4.4.2 Result of calibration and validation 102 4.4.3 Climate change projected change on the region 105 4.4.4 Impact assessment of the hydrological regime of Sana’a catchment 107 4.4.5 Assessment of hydrological regime of Surdod catchment 109 4.4.6 Assessment of climate change impact on the hydrological regime of Siham watershed 111 4.5 Discussion 113 4.6 Summary and conclusion 118 5 Potential of Traditional Adaptation Measures in Mitigating the Impacts of Climate Change 120 5.1 Introduction 121 5.2 Materials and methods 125 5.2.1 The study area 125 5.2.2 Data collection 125 5.3 Result and discussion 127 5.3.1 Agricultural water management 127 5.3.2 Farming measures 132 5.3.3 Soil protection measures 134 5.3.4 Conservation of natural resources 135 5.3.5 Household measures 137 5.3.6 Social aspects and challenges 139 5.4 Conclusion 142 6 General Conclusion and Recommendations 145 6.1 General conclusion 145 6.1.1 Summary 146 6.1.2 General recommendations 148 Acknowledgement 151 Bibliography 179 7 Supplementary Materials 180 7.1 Supplementary material Chapter 3 181 7.2 Supplementary materials chapter 4 184

Temperature and precipitation are the most important indicators of climate change. Especially for the basins fed by snow, the shifts of melting to earlier times, affects the streamflow. Increase in temperature causes to shifts of melting of snow to shift to earlier times so that hydrologic regime of the river system changes, and leads to changes in climatic conditions of the region. In this study the shifts of snow melting times are analyzed for the selected 15 streamflow stations located in Euphrates, Tigris, Aras, and &Ccedil / oruh basins in Eastern Anatolia of Turkey along with period from 1970 to 2010. The shifts in snowmelt runoff are determined by Center Time (CT) method. Meteorological stations representing the stream gauge stations regarding the basin characteristics are also selected to be used in the analyses. In order to relate CT shifts to temperature and precipitation changes, trend analysis are applied to temperature, precipitation and streamflow data. In addition to these, days with daily average temperature less than freezing and wet days below freezing until CT for each station pair between stream gauge and meteorological stations and each year are also analyzed. These days till CT within a year for each station pair can be indirectly linked to snowy days and accumulated snow amount. Complete analyses show significant warming at each station in the region and no important trends in annual precipitation. However at a few stations meaningful seasonal changes in precipitation are observed. Regional warming and associated changes in precipitation and snowmelt runoff cause significant shifts to earlier times of snowmelt runoff. In the region eight out of fifteen stream gauge stations in Euphrates, Tigris and Aras basins showed significant time shifts according to statistical trend tests.

The Master's thesis responds to the current challenge of the Czech landscape - reflecting its adaptation to climate change. At the local level, according to Czech legislation, the instrument forming the landscape should be primarily the physical plan, which was therefore selected as the subject of interest for this work. The work examines the possibilities of the physical plan in the field of water management by means of a case study focused on five municipalities in Vysocina region. The aim of this work is to verify whether spatial planning in the Czech environment responds to climate change, and thus whether it participates in responsible landscape water management. Firstly, the work analyzes the expected climate changes, their impact on the Czech landscape and approaches of society to these changes. Another part of the work is devoted to spatial planning, its tools and possibilities in the formation of landscape. In the practical part of the work, two qualitative research methods are used. The first is a semantic analysis of municipal spatial plans, the second chosen method are semi-structured interviews with representatives of public administration. The results of both methods show that the physical plan rather permits water management. Near natural measures are in the physical plans expressed...